...when it comes to political interactions, commercial alliances, diplomatic communication and socio-cultural connections. The appellation of United States of Europe can highlight the crucial importance of these nations and the impact of its cooperation and interactions at the international level. In July 13th 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy had triggered a process that led to the Union for the Mediterranean that became today a huge union between countries all around the world, over and above the Mediterranean Sea, attesting of the tremendous magnitude of its geopolitical power. To me, the major objective of this Union should be conducted by a real long-term geopolitical, economic and socio-cultural strategy aiming the promotion of the economical integration and democratic reforms among and between Euro-Mediterranean nations. Since this geopolitical area is highly characterized by an ambient heterogeneity, between North Nations and South Nations in one hand, between wealthy powers, and more underprivileged countries on the other hand, economical and socio-cultural disparities between different geopolitical regions seems to me that they represent the 1st major problem and geopolitical challenge. Indeed, this inevitable battle for a homogeneous united geopolitical area can be a capital step that will lead us to a troubleshooting at various and numerous levels. I also think that this approach can solve two issues that seems crucial to me. 1) The Financial and Economic Crisis and Decline...
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...including network due to RBE, to explore the changing situation (social, economic and political) that displaced people face due to loss of social capital including network by RBE, to discover how do displaced people create new social capital including network and to assess the role of safety net to meet present crisis. In the context of socio-economic, geographical and ecological condition, the social capital including network and safety net is more important tool to meet any natural crisis. In this study village, the displaced people lost their material object as well as social capital and network. That’s why this study has focused on social capital including network and safety net programs in the context of river bank erosion. In this research problem, the word social capital has been considered as relationships, connections, links, and affiliations among displaced people and network has been referred as an informal relationship among persons, individuals and groups and safety net has been referred as the roles/programs of government and non government organizations to meet any natural crisis. In chapter one and two, a short introduction, study background and methodology of this research have been discussed. Here also contains the study background of safety net programs in the context of Bangladesh, the causes and the seasonality of River Bank Erosion (RBE). The ecological, oral and historical, demographic, economic and occupational, family and...
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...institution of slavery from the Colonial Period to the 1860s. | 1860-1865 | To the southern colonist, slavery became profitable after the cotton gin was invented. The cotton gin helped produce a large cash flow along with manual labor jobs. Prior to the cotton gin slave trade was done most by the New England colonies, this was called “Triangle Trade”. (www.civilwarhome.com) | 2) The socio-cultural impact of the abolitionist movement including: a) The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act c) The Compromise of 1850 d) The Underground Railroad | 1800-1870 | In the middle colonies the abolitionism began early. Most people in Pennsylvania were against slavery due to a moral stand, while the upper and middle colonies did not contribute to the slave market. While on the other hand in the south the use of slaves continued to thrive for labor plantations as well as creating a group in which the poorest of whites could turn their noses up at. A small group of religious and moral causes began the Abolition Movement. Nevertheless they took to the north as a political group with federal powers. In the 1800’s efforts were curved too avoid the issues of slavery altogether such as Henry Clay’s compromises attempting to delay conflict, which quickly deteriorated after his death. The south began to make the slavery issues one of State Rights and free will instead of Federal. The south used the Underground Railroad as an example of laws being mocked by Abolitionists...
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...Alipore Campus Kolkata 700 027 India achinchak@rediffmail.com Abstract There are two basic approaches to measuring inequality in non-income dimensions. One views inequality as variation of an outcome indicator across individuals and the other views inequality as essentially disparities across socioeconomic groups. While the latter view now dominates the inequality measurement in health, measurement of education inequalities has so far taken the first view. In this paper, we have argued the importance of reckoning inequality in socio-economic group terms and advocated use of an ‘education concentration index’ exactly in the same way as the health concentration index measures socio-economic inequalities in health. The index has been applied to the Indian data to reckon two kinds of inequalities in educational attainment (years of education) – one across economic classes and the other across socially identified groups such as the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and others. We find a strong correlation between the two types of inequalities across the states of India. We also find, as one would expect, that the inequality index values are negatively correlated with the average years of education. However, in actual policy context, analysis of the outliers might be more illuminating than studying the general pattern. 1. Introduction Inequalities in the specific dimensions of human functioning, such as...
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...Dimensions of development 5 Economic Development 5 Human Development 6 Sustainable Development 7 Territorial Development 8 Western Definition of Development in Practice 8 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Perspectives of Development Introduction When the concept of international development was initially developed in the post-World War II era, the countries of the First World had 65 percent of the world’s income with only 20 percent of its population, while the Third World was home of 67 percent of the world’s population but had only 18 percent of its income. People embraced the word development as a desirable objective of postwar economic policy in the late 1940s. "Development" was not precisely defined, but it was taken to mean improved economic opportunity by increasing production of goods and services in a long-term way, through capital formation. In short, it was associated with economic growth. In the 1960s the association of development with economic growth came under increasing criticism by authors such as Dudley Seers, Gunnar Myrdal, Paul Streeten, Hollis Chenery, Mahbub ul Haq and institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). They pointed out that developing countries did not experience much change in the living conditions of the masses of the poor in spite of the impressive growth figures in the post-World War II period and came to the conclusion that development involves more than economic growth and changes in economic structures. Other critics...
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...The study of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) has focused mainly on the policies, practices and strategies of Human Resource practitioners in individual multinational firms. The goal of this special issue is to move beyond this narrow focus at the enterprise level and situate HRM within wider economic, organizational, political and institutional contexts. HRM differs across countries but to date the comparative literature has tended to focus on cultural issues. Research that systematically analyzes socio-economic, institutional and societal contexts and their impact on HRM remains underdeveloped and there is a significant opportunity for work which draws on theory from adjacent fields - e.g. the varieties of capitalism literature, theories of cross-national organization and research in comparative political studies and economic geography all offer potentially useful frameworks. Companies are socially embedded on different levels; local economies, regional districts, national institutions, international networks and transnational regulation are all aspects of the social, organizational and economic structures in which companies are situated. Despite the all-pervasive talk of globalization, the seasoned international business traveller will be acutely aware of differences in the ‘way of doing things’from country to country and from region to region. Such differences are seldom more apparent than in the field of organization and management. Not only will...
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...LANGUAGE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT Examine the socio-cultural and political and religious implications of English as a national language in a multi lingual society like Nigeria. What is Language? Hornby (2001:667) defines language as the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by a people of a particular country. Oderinde (2005) sees language as a “system and vehicle of communication. Language is a symbol used by members of a given society, both in written and oral form. What is a Nation and a National Language? According to the Oxford Learners Dictionary, a nation is also considered as a group of people with the same language, culture and history who live in a particular area under one government. Countries like Cameroun, France, Thailand, Switzerland, United States of America etc. are nation states . A national language is a language or language dialect that has some connection with a people and the territory they occupy. It can be described as a dominant language in a multilingual environment used for regional and nation-wide communication. French is used as a mother tongue and national language in France, Thai in Thailand, Urdu in Pakistan, English in the United Kingdom and English in Nigeria but some scholars have argued that Nigeria cannot be called a nation exactly because of the presence of various ethnic groups which have their own languages, Hausa, Yoruba and Ibo being...
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...many other countries. Guatemala has being denominated Mesoamerican Center, is one of eight important world centers of cultivated plants. It is also part of the Mesoamerican Eco-region, which is one of twenty-five terrestrial eco-regions most important in the world, not only for its large biodiversity but also because of the high threats of itself (Galvez, 2000). This essay will present some of the elements of most importance of the biological biodiversity in the development of the human kind, as its relevance of the natural capital. Guatemala it’s a place of big amplitude of different live organisms that interact as to form complex connections of interdependence. The biodiversity is an important aspect of the Guatemalan’s lives that, despite of its importance in the economic and social-cultural spheres, does not figures within the political priorities of the state. In order to retrieve this situation is crucial to utilize a reference point base, in which the different elements of development can be aboard...
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...answer the following questions. Be prepared to answer all of them. ACTUAL QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM 1) Consider what you learned in lecture and from the readings by Rohter, Guimarães, Goldstein, Vaughan, and Stout. Discuss how people are racialized in Brazil and Cuba. Be sure to cover the following issues: a. What historical conditions explain the high level of inequality in these countries? Why are socio-economic conditions connected to race? (10 pts) b. Provide one concrete example from the readings that shows how constructions of race in Brazil and Cuba are similar, and one concrete example from the readings to show how they are different (10 pts) c. Discuss why identities are mediated and how media is used as part of the process of racialization (10 pts). Use one example provided in class to explain your argument (10 pts). 2) Considering the movie “Even the Rain” and from the readings by Barron, Thomson, Spronk, and Monasterios discuss the connections between extraction process, natural resources and social movements in Bolivia. a. Explain what the connections are between the extraction process, natural resources and social movements in Bolivia? Use one example from the movie and one example from the readings to develop your answer. (10 pts) b. Explain...
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...you may write a maximum of 250 per subtopic listed. Be sure to cite all sources. Major Event/Epoch in American History | Time Period/Date(s) | Description and Significance of the People/Event(s) to American History | 1) The evolution of the institution of slavery from the Colonial Period to the 1860s. | 1619-1860 | At first, slaves could earn their freedom. When they did, slaves tended to own their own slaves. This is how it was up until 1750 when Georgia legalized slavery. Slavery was more needed in the south than the north due to the climate and ability to grow more crops. (Webmaster, 2011) Around 1808, the importation of slavery ended due to the rise in births. Blacks then made up 20% of the American population. | 2) The socio-cultural impact of the abolitionist movement including: a) The effect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin b) The Kansas-Nebraska Act c) The Compromise of 1850 d) The Underground Railroad | A) 1851-1852B) 1854C) 1850D) 1830-End of the civil war | A) After the publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, there were many uproars. The liberals said the book was not strong enough. The moderates praised the author for writing a book that personified slaves. Those for slavery...
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...convenience and snack food, chilled and frozen meat and food for gifts. The major food retail outlets in Hong Kong are supermarket chains and department stores, specialty stores, traditional markets and convenience stores. Hotels, restaurants, airlines and hospitals comprise the food service sector in Hong Kong and there is a trend toward quality food and non-Chinese restaurants like Japanese food, fast food, coffee and snacks and casual dining restaurants.[1] Hong Kong consumers are typically sensitive to price and not loyal to brands and prefer small and convenient packaging, with middle and high income young groups favoring premium Western food products. The qualities of clean and green production environments and high safety standards in connection with foods are seen as competitive advantages. Australian and Victorian producers in the Hong Kong market are particularly well-served in in-store promotion, alongside international trade shows and menu promotions of their products. Hong Kong is lenient in import regulations and standards, food labeling, organic certification and tariffs because of the policy of a free economy and no tariffs on food product imports. Prior market testing is mandatory in promoting a new food product due to varying taste preferences and long term relationship building with a suitable food agent or importer is important for success.[2] Because of the healthy eating and consumer product awareness trend in Hong Kong, demand for fruits,...
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...underperformance in education of students from low socio-economic environments, therefore, is a matter of great concern. When young people enter and exit the school setting without being given opportunities to advance to a greater level of socio-economic status, our system has failed to deliver its promise of a programme “that supports 21st century learning in all Australian schools” (ACARA, 2009, p. 1). Educational design must respond to the impact of class in Australia. Curriculum, pedagogy and assessment may all be tailored to respond to and reduce the impact of low socio-economic status on academic achievement. The 1966 release of Coleman’s Equality of Educational Opportunity Study clearly showed that a child’s socio-economic background has a dramatic impact on academic achievement. Coleman (1966) found that the single most significant determinant in educational success was the child’s home life, be that influenced by upper or lower class origins. More recent research by Berends, Lara-Cinisomo, Lucas, Maggio, Pebley, and Vaiana (2004) also concluded that the critical factor in influencing educational achievement in students was not “race, ethnicity, or immigrant status” (p. 1) but rather, the impact that comes from socio-economic factors. The question can no longer be whether there is sufficient evidence to support this belief, but instead, how can this knowledge be synthesised to close the achievement gap between socio-economic...
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...Task 1 As social workers we live and work in very large complex and ever changing society therefore it may be very important as a social worker to know what social class her client, family or community belongs to, as this gives the social worker insight into how to intervene. Social class can be defined in a number of ways but the one that’s widely adapted by social workers is that social class is a large group of people whose economic circumstances, usually measured by their incomes, wealth and occupation, are broadly similar. There are three major social classes in the United Kingdom which include; the working class, middle class and the upper class. Socialists emphasize that social class is essentially an economic concept and they determine individual’s class on the basis of wealth income and occupation. However it is also important to say that there are other factors to consider when determining a person’s social class such as; their family social background, standard of living, home ownership, leisure pursuits, circle of friends and social connections and education. Broadly speaking most of the factors listed above are closely connected with one’s wealth, income and occupation. One may define Identity as who or what a person or thing is. Identity also helps to define who a person is; it is a self representation of a person’s interests, relationships and leisure activities. On the other hand belonging can mean to feel a sense of welcome and acceptance to someone or some thing...
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...Haitian Revolution resulted in the creation of the first successful independent freed slave state in the world, a fact that rocked the socio-political, economic, and moral foundations of the Caribbean.[1] However, in the period following the Revolution, there is a noted increase of slavery in the Caribbean as a whole. Did the success of the Haitian uprising merely serve as a lesson for Caribbean planters and reinforce the slave society? To answer this question one must examine the factors that led to the Revolution’s success both externally, in the European metropoles, and internally, in the psychological and socio-political dynamics of Caribbean societies. Therefore, the Haitian Revolution appeared to impede abolition in the Caribbean in the short term because it reinforced white stereotypes of African savagery and inferiority, convinced planters of the danger of liberal and abolitionist ideals, and created a large void in the coffee and sugar markets which other colonies quickly filled by introducing more slave labor. While these effects should not be minimized, they were merely the logical aftershock of the tumultuous events in the established racial hierarchy. Ultimately, the Haitian Revolution was a major turning point in abolitionist history because it restructured the balance of power in the Caribbean thereby allowing a political gap for British abolitionists, the first organized anti-slavery movement from a metropole, to enter and because it drastically altered the...
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...society, primarily with the Hutus and the Tutsis eventually led to the immensely destructive 1994 genocide of the Tutsi people as well as Hutu people perceived to be Tutsi sympathizers and supporters. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, executed mainly by Hutu powers, resulted in approximately 10,000 deaths for 100 days which is the highest rate of killing seen throughout any known act in history (Cohen, J). Within the time period of the communal existence of the Hutus and the Tutsis, political struggle, rivalry, colonization, and civil war were all factors that assisted in leading to the tension that finally erupted into a brutal act of genocidal violence against all Tutsi people. Close examination and analysis of the civil war which occurred during 1990-1993 between the Hutus and the Tutsis, will be elaborated extensively to assist in accounting for the eruption of the genocide. Through a close, detailed analysis of the political, ethnic and socio-economic factors that led to Rwandan Civil war, a close connection between the civil war and the genocide can be established. The conflicts and factors that led to the occurrence of the 1990 Rwandan civil war intensified and shifted to the 1994 genocide; it can be inferred that the civil war played an immense role in leading to the historic 1994 Rwandan genocide. The civil war in Rwanda had officially begun...
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