...Causes of Deforestation: Agriculture - As demands on agricultural products rise more and more land is brought under cultivation for which forests are cleared, grass-lands ploughed, uneven grounds leveled, marshes drained and even land under water is reclaimed. Plantations and commercial agriculture - A major force behind deforestation is commercial agriculture: Wealthy companies clear large areas of forest to be converted into farmland. Commercial agriculture such as: Palm oil and acacia trees, cattle ranching, soybeans, etc. Urbanization - Industries and towns are developing in former rainforest. Hydroelectric power - Rivers are dammed and huge areas of forest are flooded as a result. Transport - Transport networks are built through the forest to link settlements. Industries - Forest are cleared to support industrial activities and extraction of resource, Two main types are: Logging for timber and mining for minerals. Forest Fires - Fire is often used to clear forested land, as it is cheaper than employing laborers and bringing in machinery to remove the trees and vegetation. The vegetation is cleared and left to dry out, then the area is set on fire. Burning of forest has taken place on a small scale for many thousands of years, by small groups of subsistence farmers, this is known as slash and burn agriculture. Mining - Large areas of forest are cleared for the open-cast mining of minerals such as iron, gold and copper. Roads - Road shave been...
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...we have Cayenne Pepper that is grown in Guinea. Cayenne Pepper is used as a cooking spice. For dinner, I had consumed some Raw Kale that was topped with Cayenne Pepper. Last, we have Agave which is natural sweeter nectar from the Agave Plant. Agave serve a few great purposes such as it absorbs slowly into the body so that it does not cause a rapid increase in blood sugar as graduated sugar does. Agave contributes to a sustainable environment in which we do not deplete our natural resources. Agave provides a great taste to breads, toasts, waffles, and pancakes. 2. Discuss 5 major causes of Deforestation: Deforestation is the process of removing trees and other vegetation covering the soil and converting the forest to another land use, often leading to erosion and loss of soil fertility. The causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion, wood extraction, Infrastructure expansion such as road...
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...Factor x line 3) Weight Measurements 5 Weight of tare + wet soil from hole 6 Weight of tare 7 Weight of wet soil, W Moisture content 8 Weight of moisture tin 9 Weight of tin + wet soil 10 Weight of tin + dry soil 11 Weight of water (line 9 – line 10) , Ww 12 Weight of dry soil (line 10 – line 8), Ws 13 Moisture content (line 11 /line 12) OR 14 Moisture content determination by Calcium Carbide Method Density Calculations 15 Wet density, γ = (line 7/line 4) 16 Dry density, γd = (line 14/(1+line 13) Average dry density d...
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...Impacts of a Borderless Society Kaplan University SC300: Big Ideas in Science: From Methods to Mutation Carmelisa King December 1, 2014 Living in the United States there are resources that are more readily available to us than in other parts of the world. However, in the world today there are endless boundaries when it comes to how we obtain goods, services and food. In certain countries it’s hard to obtain clean water, foods with all the necessary nutrients and vitamins that are needed. However, in the United States we live in an era where everything is available for consumption and all we have to do is go to the local grocery store, Walmart, Target or Farmers Market. This paper will discuss the impacts of a borderless society. Where we get our foods from? The farming methods that are used and how these methods impact the environment and the employees who work with these farms. Were the items grown and shipped in from other countries? Lastly, this paper will cover the ecological and economic advantages and disadvantages of purchasing foods locally. First of all we will discuss my breakfast yesterday. It consisted of eggs, potatoes, onions, green peppers, and orange juice. Some people buy food from the local grocery store. However, I normally purchase our groceries from Stiles Farmer’s Market, Brother’s Farmer’s Market, Publix or Winn Dixie. My breakfast meal consisted of: eggs, onions, potatoes, green peppers from Farmer’s Market, and Simply Orange Juice from Publix...
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...The farm has received an average rainfall of 625 mm a year, but not as much during a drought. The manager/ farmer always produces roughage on his pastures – Oats and Lucerne. Grain, Molasses and protein is bought and the farmer mixes these 5 components to provide feed for some of his animals. Mariendahl turns waste (faeces) into fertiliser (manure) and then uses the manure on their own crops (oats and Lucerne) to try enrich the soil and boost the fertility, thus saving costs of buying fertiliser and utilising the waste that would have accumulated on the...
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...Soil Erosion Environmental Science Wanda Black 2/12/15 Soil is solid material of geological and biological origin that is changed by chemical, biological and physical processes. This gives the soil the ability to support plant growth. Erosion is the process of soil and humus particles being picked up and carried away by water or wind. Erosion follows when soil is bared and exposed to the elements. This is how soil erosion happens as well as when there are no plants or trees and soil getting swept into the river. The negative impacts of soil erosion, is overgrazing, over cultivation and deforestation. Overgrazing is grassland that is constantly plowed and crops grown on it. The grasslands don’t get enough rain to support cultivated crops or are too steep for cropping and for grazing livestock. It reduces the ability of plants to grow and water to not penetrate the land. Overgrazing can be prevented by farmers getting information from the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). They do testing and analysis of soil. The NRSC have helped decrease soil erosion from 2.1 billion tons in 1992 to 1.7 billion tons in 2007 and made consequences of improved conversion practices such as windbreaks, grassed waterways and field border strips of perineal vegetation. If the land is left untreated it could cause a problem with the food chain. Overcultivation is when the soil has been plowed to control weeds and the soil is exposed to wind and water. The soil may...
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...Main Concepts Chapter 13: * Soil forming factors * Soil formation begins with fragmentation of parent material. * Parent material consists of ancient layers of rock, or more recent deposits from lava flows or glacial activity. * The first organisms to gain a foothold in modified parent material also contribute to soil formation. * Lichens form pioneer communities. * Decomposition of dead lichens further alters underlying rock. Humus is the organic material resulting from the decay of plant and animal remains. * It mixes with top layers of mineral particles, and supplies needed nutrients to plants. * It creates a crumbly soil that allows adequate water absorption and drainage. * Burrowing animals such as earthworms bring nutrients up from deeper soil layers, improving soil fertility. * * The organic material resulting from the decay of plant and animals remains is called………….? HUMUS * Soil properties: Soil texture Soil texture is determined by the size of mineral particles within the soil. * Too many large particles (sand, gravel) lead to extreme leaching. * Too many small particles (clay) lead to poor drainage. * What are the major soil classification types in North America Over 15,000 separate soil types have been classified in North America. * Most cultivated land can be classified as either grassland or forest soil. * Grassland soils usually have a deep topsoil layer...
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...PROSPECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE BY ADELAKUN EMMANUEL OLUWAGBENGA. CSP/07/9943 SUMMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CROP, SOIL AND PEST MANAGEMENT. SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AKURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY APRIL, 2013. CERTIFICATION This seminar report has been read and approved as meeting the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Crop, soil and pest management. ……………………………….. …………………………… Student’s supervisor Date Dr. Awodun -------------------------------------- …………………………… Head of Department Date TABLE OF CONTENT Certification Table of content PREFACE CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT (I N M) 1.1 GOALS OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT INM 1.2 PLANT NUTRIENT APPLICATION 1.3 ADVANTAGES OF INM 1.4 CONCEPTS 1.5 DETERMINANTS CHAPTER TWO 2.0 THE PLANT NUTRIENT BALANCE SYSTEM 2.1 COMPONENTS OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT SYSTEM 2.1.1 ORGANIC MANURES 2.1.2 LEGUME PLANTING 2.1.3 BIO-FERTILIZERS 2.2 ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS 2.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS 2.4 PLANT NEEDS CHAPTER THREE 3.0 NUTRIENT CYCLE 3.1 NUTRIENT CONSERVATION AND UPTAKE 3.2 CONCLUSION REFERENCE Preface Plants require from the soil macro nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in large amounts which normally the organic manures are not able to supply in sufficiency...
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...Limiting Factors Trees and stands of trees are able to survive and grow under unique combinations of environmental conditions (e.g., nourishment, moisture, light and space). Different types of trees or stands require different combinations of these factors depending on their particular adaptations. Healthy, productive stands are those in which these factors are found in appropriate quantities for optimum growth and development for the species mix in question. When one or more factors are in short supply the growth and development of the tree or stand is affected. Where a serious soil moisture shortage exists, for example, increasing the abundance of light, space or soil nutrients would not likely increase the growth rate of trees at that site. As soil moisture is increased, however, a corresponding increase in the growth and development of the stand could be expected until some other factor becomes limiting. The manner in which these factors interact at the scale of the seedling will determine the ability of seedlings to germinate, become established, survive, and grow. Among the factors affecting growing conditions at any site, the one that, if increased, will result in the greatest corresponding increase in productivity of the stand, is considered to be the “most limiting factor”. ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS REGENERATION HANDBOOK 1 Limiting Factors Light and Space. All growing plants require sunlight for photosynthesis…trees included! For most tree species...
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...Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action Bashir Jama and Abdi Zeila World Agroforestry Centre LIMITED CIRCULATION Titles in the Working Paper Series aim to disseminate information on agroforestry research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Other series from the World Agroforestry Centre are: Agroforestry Perspectives, Technical Manuals, and Occasional Papers. Correct Citation: Jama B and Zeila A. 2005. Agroforestry in the drylands of eastern Africa: a call to action. ICRAF Working Paper – no. 1. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre. Published by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Eastern and Central Africa Regional Programme United Nations Avenue PO Box 30677 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224 000, via USA +1 650 833 6645 Fax: +254 20 7224 001, via USA +1 650 833 6646 Email: b.jama@cgiar.org Internet: www.worldagroforestry.org © World Agroforestry Centre 2005 ICRAF Working Paper no. 1 Photos: World Agroforestry Centre Staff Articles appearing in this publication may be quoted or reproduced without charge, provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and...
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...ecosystem services … . So severe that the residual forest can no longer qualify as forest in any practical sense of the world.” Alan Graigner (1980, AS quoted in Saxena and Nautiyal, 1997) asserts that selective logging does not “lead to forest clearance and does not constitute deforestation”, whereas Norman Myers (1980, 1993) thinks that logging is crucial because, although it may only affect a small proportion of trees per hectare, it damages wide areas and is the precursor of penetration by the forest farmers. For the purpose of this study, the FAO’s latest definitions (1993) will be used. The FAO defines forests as “ecosystems with a minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboo, generally associated with wild flora, fauna, and natural soil conditions, and not subject to agricultural practices” and deforestation as a “change of land use with a depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10% crown cover”. “A livelihood comprises the assets (natural, physical, human, financial and social capital), activities, and the access to...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE DIVISION DESIGN, O & M UNIT FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION (An Aid to the Development of Bioremediation Proposals) APRIL 1998 S:\CP\BIOREM\NEW_BIO.DOC TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv I. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 II. POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 III. IV. A. B. C. D. E. PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE FOR BIOREMEDIATION ----------------------------------- 3 GLOSSARY OF TERMINOLOGY -------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Intrinsic Bioremediation --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Engineered Bioremediation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Combination of Technologies-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 In Situ Bioremediation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 Ex Situ Bioremediation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 V. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY -----------------------------------------------------------------------------...
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...Abstract When software is being purchased for a company we must thoroughly examine all parties involved and make sure all input is considered before making a purchase. Key players that are not involved in daily IT functions were put in charge of purchasing new software and the users and IT personnel were not contacted on what the new system should do or what features are wanted. Introduction This assignment is a case study that shows the failures of a business while integrating over to a new software system. The MSCC displayed many areas of poor judgment on technology and software in the business. They were running on old system and software into the 21st century. The time to upgrade to more current systems had long past. Problems will arise when management and support staff are not on the same page when it comes to technology decisions. Improperly trained IT staff and office politics slowed the integration process to a standstill once the new system was approved. Improper steps were also taken by IT staff as no plans were laid out to what steps to take during the process. We will look at each key player and the roles they had in the case. We will also look at what steps we would need to take if we were in Leon Lassiter’s place. Questions 1. Who are the key players in the case and what are their respective roles? 1.1 Leon Lassiter – Lassiter was brought on work at MSCC during a time where they were struggling to keep the budget balanced and produce revenue. It pioneered...
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...Question 1 Mass customization, using mass-production technology to quickly and cost-effectively assemble goods that are uniquely designed to fit the demands of individual customers provides a competitive advantage to organizations (Daft, 2010). Mass customization has three main capabilities, elicitation, process flexibility, and logistics to meet customer demands (Zipkin, 2001). Elicitation is the process of providing consumers the ability to communicate what they desire, whereas information is gathered and processed. Process flexibility is the ability of an organization to take the information and provide or produce the customized product or service requested by the consumer. Once the service or product is ready, the logistics is the collaboration of the organization’s processes to employ or deliver the product or service. Mass customization may also be used in service firms, whereas unlike a manufacturing organization, service organizations accomplish their primary purpose through the production and provision of services, such as education, health-care, transportation, banking, and hospitality (Daft, 2010). An example of a mass customization utilized by service firms are colleges that offer specialties degrees. Students attending college may have a specialty they would like to pursue when obtaining a degree. Degrees offered at a college may be generalized such as obtaining a MBA, or more specialized such as a MBA with a cognate in marketing, project management, accounting...
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...Deforestation has become a serious global issue which is resulting in many negative effects such as a loss of biodiversity, land erosion and climate change. Deforestation can be broadly defined as “forest conversion and different types of degradation that reduce forest quality” (Sven, 2000). The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) provides a narrow definition: “depletion of tree crown cover to less than 10% as the deforestation” (FAO, 1993: 10). Forests play a significant role in humanity’s life. According to the World Rainforest Movement (1998), 25% of medicines come from the forests. Moreover, over the past 8000 years, about 5000 square miles of forest has been cut down annually (Rochen, 2008; Seitz, 2008). There are three main causes which lead to the deforestation: logging, overpopulation and road construction. This essay will examine each cause and evaluate the effects. It will begin with discussing the causes of deforestation. Next, it will examine the serious effects. Industrial logging is one of the most significant causes of deforestation. According to Phelps (2005), industrial logging is the clearance of trees for commercial purposes. In West Africa, over the past 40 years, about 2800-3500km² forests have been logged every year (Middleton, 2008). The peasants in Africa play an important role but it is modern industry that cut down so many trees. For example, as Heller (2001) found, every year more than 800 square miles of trees disappear due to the demand of paper...
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