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... Supervising Instructor: Mr. Arsenio Pascual SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT PROJECT PROPOSAL I. PROJECT NAME: GARAGE SALE FUND RAISING II. VENUE: SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY MARY HEIGHTS CAMPUS, BAKAKENG III. TERM AND DATE: MIDTERM, SHORT TERM 2016 IV. PROJECT PROPOSAL OF: NSTP-CWTS 1 12:00-1:30 M-S 7003 V. PROJECT PROPONENTS: 1. NSTP Coordinator 2. Project Supervising Instructor 3. Assigned Students Of The School Of Accountancy And Business Management VI. PROJECT RATIONALE 1. CONCERN: The students are in need of more trash bins since garbage is increasing. A clean surrounding would be for the betterment of the environment 2. MANDATES: a. RA No. 9003: Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 b. PD No. 1151: Philippine Environment Code c. PD No. 984 National Pollution Control Commission d. “LAUDATO SI” Encyclical of Pope Francis on Environment 3. PRINCIPLES: * “Open the child’s mind to his natural existence, develop his sense of responsibility and of self-dependence, train him to respect the resources of the earth, teach him the obligations of citizenship, interest him sympathetically in the occupations of men, touch his relation to human life in general, and touch his imagination with spiritual forces of the world” (Bailey, 1911). * This NSTP Apostolate or project is one avenue where students can exercise and share their sense of “Mission to Transform and Beyond Borders...
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...Study of the different flow patterns in the melting section of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Polymer Engineering and Science - February 1, 2003 Guo Yichong Word count: 5666. citation details [pic] INTRODUCTION Twin-screw extrusion (TSE) Involves solid conveying, melting, mixing, venting and homogenizing, and the extrusion process affects the quality of polymer products considerably. Co-rotating twin-screw extruders are mainly used for compounding, and they are commonly of modular design, which means the screw elements can be configured to reach optimal conditions. Conveying elements and kneading blocks are the two common types of screw elements, which are designed based on conjugation or kinematics principles. Investigations of co-rotating TSE have covered many aspects. Recent literature shows that some investigations first obtained data from experiments, and then obtained the regularity about the TSE process according to the experimental results (1-3). Such studies usually had some practicality, for instance, to clarify the temperature profiles, pressure drop, etc. Other investigations simulated the process with physical and mathematical methods, and then verified the simulation results with experimental data (4-9). They often emphasized the theoretical significance. Several experimental methods have been used in TSE melting studies. Todd (10) conducted his experiments using a clam-shell barrel. Bawiskar and White (11) and Potente and Melish (12) adopted the screw extraction...
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...of Liquids and Solids compound. Abstract: In this experiment we will determine the density of liquid and a solid by two quantities of mass and the volume of a given quantity of matter.To properly measure density,we need container whose volume is known to a high degree of accuracy. This container is known as a flask and stopper. Introduction: Density is the ratio of the mass of a substance or object to its volume. At any given temperature, the ratio of mass to volume is characteristic for a given substance.Common liquids and solids of various densities are layered in a beaker. The liquids form different layers and the solids float at the interfaces between them. This demonstrates that a solid's ability to float or sink depends on its density relative to the liquid it is in.The physical properties of a pure substance are those that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance. The density of a substance is an intensive property of the substance. The property is independent of the mass of the substance ( intensive ). The density of a substance is a measure of the mass of the substance per volume occupied by the substance. The density of solids and liquids are generally given in units of grams per milliliter, while for gases the units are grams per liter. We will be determining the density of water, the density of an unknown liquid, the density of a regular solid and the density of an irregular solid.The Density of solid, liquid is the...
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...Written Assignment 1: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids Answer all assigned questions and problems, and show all work. 1. Explain and give an example for each type of intermolecular force. A: a. Dipole-dipole interaction: a dipole-dipole interaction is the electrostatic attraction between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of the other. Dipole-dipole attraction occurs between molecules which are permanent dipoles (polar covalent molecules). An example of a dipole-dipole interaction is HCl and HCl. b. Dipole-induced dipole interaction: a dipole-induced dipole interaction is produced in neutral molecules when they are introduced into a magnetic field (i.e induced by an electric current or by a permanent dipole). Subjecting a neutral molecule to such magnetic fields has effects on the charge of the molecule. The negative charges concentrate in a specific point totally opposite from the positive charges. An example of dipole-induced dipole interaction is HCl and H2 c. Ion-dipole interaction: an ion-dipole interaction is the force between an ion and a neutral polar molecule which possess a dipole moment. Polar molecules are dipoles; they have a positive end and a negative end. The positive ions are attracted to the negative end of a dipole, while negative ions are attracted to the positive end. An example of ion-dipole interaction is K+ ---H2O d. Dispersion forces (London forces): London forces are weak intermolecular...
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...that consist of solid, tree-like structures called dendrites (meaning tree-like) and metal. The formation of Stable Nuclei in Liquid Metals: The two main mechanism by which the nucleation of solid particles in liquid metal occurs are homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous Nucleation in a liquid melt occurs when the metal itself provides the atoms needed to form nuclei. When a pre liquid metal is cooled below its equilibrium freezing temperature to a sufficient degree, many homogeneous nuclei are created by slow-moving atoms bonding together. For a nucleus to be stable so that it can grow into a crystal, it must reach a critical size. A cluster of atoms bonded together that is less than a critical size is called an embryo and one that is larger than the critical size is called a nucleus. Embryos: Small particles of a new phase formed by a phase (i. e. solidification) that are not of critical size and that can resolve. Nucle: Small particles of a new phase formed by a phase change (e . i . solidification) that can grow until the phase change is complete. Homogeneous Nucleation: The formation of small regions of a new solid phase ( called nuclei) in a pure metal that can grow until solidification is complete. The pure homogeneous metal itself provides the atoms that make up the nuclei. Heterogeneous nucleation: The formation of very small regions of a new solid phase (called nuclei) of a new solid phase interfaces of solid impurities. These...
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...Picture of molecule in the Solid, Liquid, Gas. Solid- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas,). It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Liquid- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. Gas- is one of the fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. anoble gas or atomic gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen)...
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...BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS According to quantum free electron theory of metals, a electron in a metal experiences constant(or zero) potential and free to move inside the crystal but will not come out of the metal because an infinite potential exists at the surface. Bloch Theorem: According to this theorem, the periodic potentials due to the positive ions in metal have been considered. (i.e. the electrons moves in a periodic potential provided by lattice). If the electron moves through these ions, it experiences varying potentials. The potential of an electron at the positive ion site zero and is maximum in between two ions. i.e. the potential experienced by an electron varies periodically with the same period as the lattice. The potential is negative because of attractive force between electrons and positive ions. Along X- direction in the crystal, the potential function V(x) has the periodicity of lattice given by V(x) = V(x + a ) where, ‘x’ is distance of the electron from the core and ‘ a’ is the periodicity of the lattice. The energies of electron can be known by solving Schreodinger’s time independent wave equation for motion of an electron along x-direction is given by Bloch showed a type of solution for the above equation, given by ψ(x) = uk (x) eikx where uk(x) represents periodic function given by uk (x) = uk(x+a) Here, K = 2π/λ = propagation vector and λ = wavelength of debroglie’s wave associated with the moving...
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...The purpose of this experiment was for the student to be able to perform the dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide in order to produce an alkyne, diphenylacetalyene. The dehydrobromination of meso-stilbene dibromide requires removal of two hydrogen bromides—in other words, a double elimination. In order for the elimination of the halogen to happen, the hydrogen being attacked and the leaving group need to be on the same plane. More specifically, the molecule has to be in an anti-periplanar orientation in order to have the elimination reaction happen more efficiently. Even though a molecule in a syn-periplanar orientation also has the hydrogen and leaving group in the same plane, the fact that both groups are on the same side makes the molecule sterically hindered. The staggered conformation of the meso-stilbene dibromide is orbitally more favorable than the eclipsed conformation making the anti-periplanar orientation the more favorable orientation for an elimination reaction. Fortunately, the fact that meso-stilbene dibromide had a single bond allowed for this molecule to develop the anti-periplanar orientation by having rotated the bond until the hydrogen and the leaving group were on opposite sides of the molecule. When producing alkynes, there are two steps involved in the reaction: the formation of an intermediate alkene with a vinyl halide followed by the elimination of the halide to result in an alkyne. For the creation of the intermediate vicinal bromide in this...
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...forces. Forces between molecules, between ions, or between molecules and ions. Table 13.1 Summary of Intermolecular Forces Ions Dipoles Induced Dipoles (Overhead & book p 585) Covalent bond energies 100-400 kJ/mol Attractive forces between ions 700-100 kJ/mol Intermolecular attractions less than 15% of bond energies Intermolecular Forces Ion-Ion Forces Na+ — Cl- in salt. These are the strongest forces. Lead to solids with high melting temperatures. NaCl, mp = 800 oC MgO, mp = 2800 oC Intermolecular Attractions Coulomb’s Law Force ~ (n+)(n-)/d2 Distance - twice the distance = 1/4 the force Charge on the Ion Magnitude of the dipole Composition - Solids and Liquids are closer so composition has greater role in attractive forces Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Water is highly polar and can interact with positive ions to give hydrated ions in water. Dissolving Ionic Solids Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Many metal ions are hydrated. It is the reason metal salts dissolve in water. Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends on ion charge and ion-dipole distance. Measured by DHhydration for Mn+ + H2O --> [M(H2O)x]n+ Solvation (aka hydration) Attraction Between Ions and Permanent Dipoles Attraction between ions and dipole depends...
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...in a uniform distribution of the molecules throughout the system. This process is called diffusion (Everett and Everett, n.d.). Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules away from the area of their highest concentration to an area of low concentration. Net diffusion can be restated as the movement of particles along the concentration gradient. According to Meyertholen (n.d.), there are several factors which may affect the rate of diffusion of a substance. These factors include the following: (1) Temperature: higher the temp-higher the rate of diffusion, (2) Size of particle: bigger the particle-higher the energy to diffuse , (3) State of matter: solid takes more time to diffuse compared to liquids, liquids take more time to diffuse compared to gases and gases take less time to diffuse compared to liquids and solids, (4) Nature of matter: denser the matter-slower the rate of diffusion. My objective was to determine the properties of ammonia (NH3) and of hydrochloric acid (HCl) that are related to diffusion. I hypothesized that ammonia diffuse faster than hydrochloric acid. For more support we conduct also an experiment that would detect the diffusing substances in an agar plate using colored compounds; potassium permanganate, methylene blue and potassium...
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...Sean Davis GE 254 8/12/13 The Rock Cycle The rock cycle is the natural transformation of rock over a period of time. Rocks are created and destroyed in cycles. The rock cycle is a model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes. Rocks are made of minerals; which are naturally occurring, crystalline solid of definite chemical composition and a characteristic crystal structure. Rocks are any naturally formed, nonliving, firm, and clear aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet. Igneous rocks are formed from magma cooling underground, or lava above ground are formed from prior igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks which have become melted, usually as a result of plate collision and seduction. When these igneous rocks are exposed to weathering and corrosion, they break down into smaller particles that are moved by wind and water to a place of deposition, where they can form into sedimentary rock strata, through a process where excess water is squeezed out by overburden pressures and the particles are cemented together by various minerals precipitating out of solution. Igneous and metamorphic rocks can both be turned into sedimentary rocks in this way. Igneous and sedimentary rocks can also be changed by heat and/or pressure into metamorphic rocks, by transforming their existing mineral structures into new minerals or realigning the existing minerals. There are...
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...physical means. For example salt dissolved in water can be recovered by allowing the water to evaporate. A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, colour, volume and density. An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge. Methods Heating and cooling Many elements and some compounds change from solids to liquids and from liquids to gases when heated and the reverse when cooled. Some substances such as iodine and carbon dioxide go directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation. Magnetism Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition. Crystallisation Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes includingbuckminsterfullerene. Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical...
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...will form when they are melted and the only way to make them solid again. Introduction: Is there a preferred crystal shape for solid salol? Rhombus Is cooling liquid salol a 100% effective way to cause solidification? No, it is not. Procedure: 1) Obtain a slide of solid salol, two magnifying glasses, and a match book. 2) Use a magnifying glass to look at the crystal and describe what you see. 3) Scratch off some of the crystal from the smaller side and save it on your desk. 4) Light a match and heat the bigger crystal side and time how many seconds it takes for the crystal to reach its melting point. 5) Let the melted crystal cool to room temperature and see if it has solidified. 6) Add a small piece of the crystal you previously scratch off onto the desk, and put it into the cooled crystal. 7) After you watch the crystal solidify again, heat the crystal up again. 8) This time, add a piece of lead, paper, or a piece of the match, and see if the solution solidifies. Observation: The crystal is flaky, shiny, and white. It is lumpy in some parts and flat in others. The crystals are in a shape of a rhombus. It took about 7 seconds for the crystal to melt. After adding the lead to the crystal, the lead did nothing. It did not re-solidify the crystal. Conclusions: After melting the crystal, the crystal does not solidify at room temperature. It does, however, re-solidify when solid crystal is added to it. We can conclude that this crystal remains...
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