...sequence=1) In a developing country, the problems associated with solid waste management are more acute than in a developed country. Lack of financial resources and infrastructure to deal with solid waste creates a vicious cycle; lack of resources leads to low quality of service provision which leads to fewer people willing to pay for said services, which in turn further erodes the resource base and so on. The problem is further complicated by rapid growth in population and urbanization, which adds greatly to the volume of waste being generated and to the demand for waste retrieval service in municipal areas. However, more often than not, an increase in population is not matched with an equal increase in revenue for the local municipalities for waste management. Besides this, rapid urbanization means rapid growth of shanty dwelling units that are largely unplanned for, and add to the waste, health, and hygiene problems. Another significant factor that contributes to the problem of solid wastes in a developing country scenario is the lack of proper collection and transportation facilities. Improper planning coupled with rapid growth of population and urbanization serves to add congestion in streets, and as a result the waste collection vehicles cannot reach such places, thus allowing filth to build up over time. Lack of monetary resources, at times, results in improper or no transportation vehicles for waste disposal adding another dimension to the ever rising cycle of problems...
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...INTRODUCTION 1.1 General For the sustainable development of the society it is very important to judiciously handle the environmental issues like the solid waste management. In order to manage the solid waste effectively we need to understand the composition and all the activities that follow once the waste is generated. Basically the composition and the characteristics of the waste depends a whole lot of factors and also vary periodically. Different approaches can be employed for the management of the solid waste, depending upon the factors such as the varying composition and quantity. The management of solid waste becomes further more necessary with the increasing pollution due to the solid waste and the out coming consequences...
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...SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SMALL HOTELS JESSICA MOULD OKANAGAN COLLEGE Introduction Tourism is “one of the world’s fastest-growing industries”; as of 2012, “global tourism accounts for 1.2 trillion dollars (USD) in exports annually, 9% of worldwide GDP and is responsible for one out of every 12 jobs” [ (Canadian Tourism Commission, 2013) ]. Ninety percent of hotels worldwide are small hotels, e.g. hotels with less than 50 rooms (Radwan et al., 2010, p. 179). This essay addresses the problems associated with solid waste produced by the hotel industry including the difficulties faced by small hotels in managing their solid waste and ultimately describes benefits and solutions for sustainable waste management by small hotels. Waste minimizatioin is priority area 1 on Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry [ (Stipanuk, 2006, p. 89) ]. The objective of priority area 1 is “to minimize resource inputs, maximize product quality, and minimize waste outputs” [ (Stipanuk, 2006, p. 89) ]. Waste is defined as “unused material produced as a result of inefficient production and/or consumption practices” that “puts economic and environmental costs on society through its collection, treatment and disposal” (Radwan et al., 2012, p. 535). “Waste can be regarded as a human concept as there appears to be no such thing as waste in nature” where “waste products created by a natural process or organism quickly become the raw products used by other processes and organisms”(Full Cycle...
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...Solid waste management is an emerging issue as the world’s municipalities become increasingly affected by the huge generation of waste. According to the UNEP (2010), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated worldwide an estimated 1.7 – 1.9 billion metric tons of waste. Rapid urbanization, industrialization and economic development are responsible for increased volumes of municipal solid waste. As a result, municipalities - typically the level of government responsible for waste management in cities - must provide effective and efficient solid waste services to their inhabitants. They often face problems beyond the ability of municipal authorities to tackle the problem (Sujauddin et al, 2008). This has been attributed to a lack of organization,...
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...IMPROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY AT BARANGAY 19, SAMPAGUITA STREET BATANGAS CITY Introduction Solid Waste Management refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved. The primary sources of solid waste include waste generated in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments are classified as hazardous; these are discussed in the article hazardous-waste management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps....
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...Study of Solid Waste Management at a College Campus Abhilash Krishna1, Krishna Nandanan2, Pradeep Kumar S.S.3, Srihari K.S.4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India. abhilash.krishnadbz@gmail.com1,krishna_92@hotmail.com2,sspk1992@gmail.com3,srihariks12@gmail.com4 ABSTRACT This paper examines the technical, economic and environmental aspects of the waste management techniques practiced at an educational campus in South India. It encompasses the entire spectrum of waste collection, segregation, reuse, recycle, incineration and landfill. An in-depth analysis of this process has been done as it helps to both emulate and improve this complex yet essential practice. The study involves interaction with people directly associated with this process by which a clear understanding of the technical and management aspect of the entire process can be obtained. It has also provided a substantial amount of raw data regarding the amount and types of waste generated, labour, cost and other related aspects. Appropriate suggestions and justifications had been put forth to improve the efficiency of the system. Keywords - bio-degradable waste, compost, non bio-degradable waste, waste management. 1. INTRODUCTION A sample population of 8000 people in a 450-acre college campus had been considered. The college campus is located in a nondescript village in South India. In such a populous community, generation of large amount of wastes is not...
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...ripublication.com/ijaer.htm Case Study of Solid Waste Management at a College Campus Abhilash Krishna, Krishna Nandanan, Pradeep Kumar S.S. and Srihari K.S. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India. Abstract This paper examines the technical, economic and environmental aspects of the waste management techniques practiced at an educational campus in South India. It encompasses the entire spectrum of waste collection, segregation, reuse, recycle, incineration and landfill. An in-depth analysis of this process has been done as it helps to both emulate and improve this complex yet essential practice. The study involves interaction with people directly associated with this process by which a clear understanding of the technical and management aspect of the entire process can be obtained. It has also provided a substantial amount of raw data regarding the amount and types of waste generated, labour, cost and other related aspects. Appropriate suggestions and justifications had been put forth to improve the efficiency of the system. Keywords: Bio-degradable waste, compost, non bio-degradable waste, waste management. 1. Introduction A sample population of 8000 people in a 450-acre college campus had been considered. The college campus is located in a nondescript village in South India. In such a populous community, generation of large amount of wastes is not surprising. Waste generated here varies from paper, plastic...
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...III. Accounting for Solid Waste Landfills for MSWLFs who use Enterprise Fund Accounting Government’s operation of solid waste landfills can be reported within the Enterprise Fund if citizens and companies are required to pay a fee in order to use the landfills. Enterprise Funds are usually established for public utilities, health care, transportation and recreation. Certain circumstances might give rise to an obligation to account for solid waste landfills under Enterprise Fund accounting. If the operation is either (1) financed with revenue, (2) regulated by laws establishing that costs must be recovered by fees charged, or (3) designed to recover its costs by established fees as part of the pricing policies, the solid waste landfill must be accounted as an enterprise fund. Unlike the General Fund, which is accounted for on a modified accrual basis, the Enterprise Fund is accounted for on a full accounting basis, resembling the private sector’s accounting standards. This means that revenue recognition occurs when the revenue is earned, and expense is recognized when the cost is incurred. Some local and state governments might, if eligible and not arbitrarily required, decide to use Enterprise Fund accounting for its solid waste landfills in order to benefit from certain advantages. One of the benefits is that it allows governments to determine the actual cost of providing a service. Since all costs related to operating the enterprise must be identified and classified, governments...
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...improve the operational system and implement efficient recycling management for proper Solid Waste Management.( Rahmah Elfithri et al (2011)) Md. Zohur-uz-zaman, A.S.M. Riyad (2014) found out that all the environmental problems that have come into focus in Khulna, Academic Institutional Solid Waste Management has been the slowest to develop either in direction or regulatory mechanisms. The study was conducted at different educational institutions in Khulna, Bangladesh to determine the waste generation rates and identify the current situation of the Academic Institutional Solid Waste Management (ISWM). Which can be helpful to sustainably manage the institutional solid waste. It was found that the organic food waste dominates in...
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...DECLARATION The group hereby declares that except for references to other people’s work, which has been acknowledged, this dissertation is the outcome of our own independent investigation under the supervision of Mr. Sumani John Bosco. NAME ID SIGNATURE GYAMFI KINGSLEY KWAKU IDS/3498/06 ………………………….. JEBUNI BERNARD IDS/3548/06 …………………………. SALIA ELIZABETH ZENABU IDS/3794/06 ………………………… YANGFO JACOB IDS/3902/06 ………………………… ZIEM ABRAHAM IDS/3934/06 ………………………… …………………………… Mr. Sumani John Bosco (Supervisor) Date…………………….. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the parents and relatives of the group members for their love, care, prayers and support. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The group wishes to render its first thanks to the Almighty God without whose divine intervention the work would not have been possible. We also acknowledge the immense contribution of the chiefs, elders and people of Zanko and Sokpayiri communities who contributed in diverse ways to making our research a successful one. The group also...
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...READINESS AND EXTENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF MATINA PANGI AND MAA COMMUNITIES: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM By: Melissa C. Napil ABSTRACT Solid waste management is a factor of sustainable environmental development. However, many countries including the Philippines still consider solid waste management a problem. Hence, this study was conducted to determine if readiness significantly influence the extent of implementation of solid waste management in two communities namely, Matina Pangi and Maa, Davao City. The study revealed that the two communities are very much ready in terms of implementing solid waste management, and their extent of implementation of solid waste management was high. It was found that there was no significant difference on level of readiness and extent of implementation of solid waste management between the two communities. Finally, the influence of readiness on extent of implementation of solid waste was found significant. Key words – Solid Waste Management, Readiness and Extent of Implementation of Solid Waste Management INTRODUCTION There is increasing evidence that community-based approaches to waste management, than top-down program created by bureaucrats, can promote a more sustainable development. The UNESCO Resource book on Environmental Education (1995) as cited by Santiago, et al, (1998) stressed that community readiness and participation are powerful strategies in attaining sustainable environmental...
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...According to the UN-Habitat, state of the world’s cities, 2008/09, page 129, a major flood in Surat, India, in 1994 resulted in an outbreak of a plague-like disease, and the official inquiry cited uncollected solid waste of which plastics are of greater percentage blocking drains. The disease caused panic country-wide and while the citizens blame the municipality, the public authorities in turn blamed the citizens for their lack of civic sense. Such a phenomenon of blame games when it comes to waste management and whose responsibility is it occurs in most major cities in the developing world, and Accra, Ghana is no exception. Solid waste management is a herculean task and can easily become a crisis if it is ignored. A solid waste crisis can...
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...RESEARCH BACKGROUND Globally, waste generation is on the rise with significant increases being recorded in developing countries, such as Jamaica. In Jamaica the average per capita waste generation increased from 0.74 kg/day in 2007 to 0.86 kg/day in 2009, ESSJ (2010), and is expected to continue in light of the government’s plans to achieve developed country status by 2030. The higher the per capita GDP of a country, the higher the quantity of waste produced, Stanners and Bordeau, (1995); European Environment Agency, (2000). The type of development path chosen will also influence the type and volumes of waste produced. Socioeconomic and demographic factors influence the type and quantity of waste being produced. These factors include population...
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...ASSESSMENT OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, IKERE – EKITI, EKITI STATE, SOUTH WEST NIGERIA BY IKUDAYISI, Akinola Mayowa Lecturer II, Technical Education Department, College of Education, Ikere – Ekiti ikmayor@yahoo.com +2348035630740 AND BELLO, Rufus Oluwatayo Principal Lecturer, Technical Education Department, College of Education, Ikere – Ekiti Rufusoluwatayobello@gmail.com +2348038814108 ABSTRACT This paper assesses the problem of solid waste management at College of Education, Ikere – Ekiti located in South West Nigeria as an institution. Since solid waste is being generated in the school, it is imperative to make sure they are properly handled in the specified way. Solid waste management is defined as the branch of Solid Waste Engineering associated with waste control of generation, storage, collection and transfer, transportation, processing and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accordance with the best principle of Public Health Economics, Engineering Conservation, aesthetics and other environmental consideration. The various problems facing the management of these solid wastes in the College were discussed and appropriate solutions were suggested. INTRODUCTION Waste according to Fantola (1997) can be defined as any material flow pattern that is rejected by the society. Waste according to their state can be either solid or liquid. This paper seems to concentrate on the management of solid waste alone...
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...Abstract —To study the effect of serious games on teaching and learning aspect through a game for solid waste management. Also to promote ideal waste management practices in real world to simulate different scenarios of different types of waste and their proper disposal. It is a pedagogical approach for students to learn effectively a subject. The evaluation result will be shown through a graphical simulation. Keywords—Game based learning, Solid Waste Management, Segregation, Processing sites. I. INTRODUCTION With increasing population the quantum of municipal waste has also increased many fold and there is an urgent need to implement appropriate waste management methods. Waste materials can be classified into hazardous and Non-hazardous....
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