...The Nation, the State, the art of Statecraft and Development The Global Policy Forum (2005) describes the nation as a large group of people with strong bonds of identity. There are a number of things that groups can share that help develop a national identity. For example, a language, a race, a religion etc. As the great liberal thinker John Stuart Mill further describes in Considerations on Representative Government, that national identity is a “…feeling of nationality may have been generated by various causes. Sometimes it is the effect of identity of race and descent. Community of language, and community of religion, greatly contribute to it. Geographical limits are one of its causes. But the strongest of all is identity of political antecedents; the possession of a national history, and consequent community of recollections; collective pride and humiliation, pleasure and regret, connected with the same incidents in the past. (Mill, 1861, p. 546)”...
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...the groups own destiny. Nationalism has many different sources with people that share ethnicity, language, religion culture, history and geographical location, which all generate feelings of togetherness and belongingness to a certain group. As humans we naturally organize into groups and communities these communities determine how we interact with others and who we interact with we consider other people used to be a part of our group or to be a part of an outside group. People tend to gather in groups with intent of attaining certain goals. in many cases share Identity can become political. when the goal is...
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...legalized Calvinism, not only taking away reason to fight over religion, but also taking away the Holy Roman Empire’s ability to dictate religious beliefs throughout Europe. Politically, the Catholic Church loses a lot of influence, likewise to the Holy Roman Empire losing a lot of power when other countries started to take over, especially as France started to emerge. When the treaties of the Peace of Westphalia were signed, Europe brought back the religious peace between Europe. This allowed German princes to govern their territory, and...
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...Sovereignty is understood in jurisprudence as the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity. It is a basic principle underlying the dominant Westphalian model of state foundation. Derived from Latin through French souveraineté, its attainment and retention, in both Chinese and Western culture, has traditionally been associated with certain moral imperatives upon any claimant. Different approaches The concept of sovereignty has been discussed throughout history, from the time before recorded history through to the present day. It has changed in its definition, concept, and application throughout, especially during the Age of Enlightenment. The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority and recognition. According to Stephen D. Krasner, the term could also be understood in four different ways: domestic sovereignty – actual control over a state exercised by an authority organized within this state, interdependence sovereignty – actual control of movement across state's borders, assuming the borders exist, The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that: The imperium of the people is transferred to the Emperor. The Emperor is not bound by the law. The Emperor's word is law. Emperor is the law making and abiding force. Ulpian was expressing the...
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...itself was inspired by liberalism due to such ideas. In addition to this, similarities exist in the multiculturalist and liberal support of principles such as equality, justice and pluralism. However, tensions between the ideologies exist, including the tension between the classical liberal promotion of the rights of the individual and the multiculturalist rights of a culture or ethnic group and the argument over essentialism and the nature of multiculturalism. Despite both multiculturalism and liberalism promoting the rights of minority groups and pluralist societies, tensions lie over the focus of this promotion. Classical liberals such as John Stuart Mill stress the importance of the individual, promoting the rights of the rights and sovereignty of all individuals, and therefore of ethnic minorities; “over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign”. On the other hand, multiculturalists promote the rights of cultures and ethnic groups, assuming that minorities adopt the will of their cultural community over individual self-centredness. Liberals argue that this threatens genuine liberty as cultures can continue to oppress individuals, evidenced in the issues such as forced marriages and the wearing of the burka. As Tariq Modood argues that “multicultural rights flow out of the fact that individual autonomy depends upon membership of a ‘societal culture’; this is a highlight Another tension between multiculturalism and liberalism regards the question of essentialism...
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...Student McResearcher Mr. Milroy Honors World Literature [DUE DATE] The Enlightenment and the Atlantic Revolutions Before the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment movement in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, divine reasoning and superstition were the explanation for unknown events, leadership, and government. Kings and emperors were justified by the gods or God of the people. People were killed due to accusations of witchcraft because there was no other explanation for the peculiar event that took place. Religion was the center of almost everyone’s life, and it explained many unknown elements of the world, such as creation. However, with new ideas and a scientific background, the world went through drastic changes. The Enlightenment, with its new radical ideas, particularly about government and human reason, served as the basis and...
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...objectives and appeal. Since being established the United States Constitution has been the highest law of this country. The Declaration of Independence however, is a document that was adopted by congress on July 4, 1776 and announced the 13 colonies who were at war with Great Britain at the time were seeking and declaring sovereignty from the British, thus signifying to all other nations that America had indeed become a free nation. The reason this document came to be was because Throughout the 1760s to early 1770s, North American colonists realized that they were constantly at the losing end of British policies regarding taxation. Although the most commonly remembered phrase within the context of the Declaration of Independence may be that “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”(Hole, 2001 ). In reality there are more to it than just that, although it discussed the importance of human rights, stating that we as people are given unalienable rights by God our creator, that no human nor government can take away the. It granted national sovereignty by declaring our independence. The document also addressed the list of issues that the American colonist had against King George III and the actions of Britain’s Government, such as his continuous...
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...sovereign entity; a state cannot exist without a centre of sovereignty that is in control of the territory as sovereignty is at the heart of the formation of a state. Normally a state is characterized as having for major components: population, sovereignty, government and territory. If one of these is missing the state is unable to exist. States don’t have to take into account individual’s thoughts towards belonging to a state, as they are purely political bodies. A nation is defined by a community, which is united by a numbers of elements. These include; land, culture, language, tradition and a mutually accepted identity. Being part of a nation is more of a psychological bond supported by patriotism. Therefor it is subjective. The individuals themselves therefor decide upon membership. Patriotism is defined as a strong emotional attachment to an individual’s homeland and therefore giving their primary allegiance to the nation over all other aspects like religion. Nations do not necessarily have a defined geographical area however nations are still able to survive such as the case of the Kurds, which can be found in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq or the Jews. They are still able to survive as they have a number of other components such as history, ethnicity, and values. This makes most states multi-national, for example the UK contains Welsh, Scottish, English, and Northern Irish nationals. Nations do not have to have sovereignty to exist but rather rely on strong emotional unity and a...
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...To what extent has globalization had an impact on state sovereignty? Some suggest that nation state is still the dominant performer, other argue that state sovereignty is being undermined by non- state factors such as globalization. To answer to the question to what extent has the sovereignty of the nation-state been undermined by globalization, it is essential to look on the general definition of both terms. According to the more or less objective definition of globalization [there are many pessimistic and positive views of globalization], it is a term which illustrate the worldwide spread of influences of phenomena, such as culture, religion, language, transport, media, health concerns, technology and environmental concerns. Broadly speaking, state sovereignty is a supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed without foreign interference. In this sense, internal aspect refers to the ultimate source of authority within a state. Basically, there are two dimensions of sovereignty in course of political sense, namely internal and external sovereignty. Internal sovereignty shows exclusive political control, where state government is the ultimate source of legal and political power. Externally, sovereignty means that other governments have no right to interfere in that state’s affairs. An example in the course of undermined external sovereignty can be present the UK, where sovereignty was compromised by European Union, Devolution, UN, WTO...
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...Throughout history, this topic has generated much of controversy. Ancient history is full of examples of the state or governing authorities interfering with religion. There were rulers or kings that assumed various “priestly” titles, like the “temporal” titles that their offices command. An example of such state-church mixing and melding, led to the execution of Socrates, for his disrespect for the gods( in Biblical times, like kings of Israel were anointed by Priests, as a sign of God’s approval. This is why separation of church and state is bad for America. For centuries, Monarchs ruled by the idea of divine right. This later metamorphosed into monarchs ruling over church’s administration in a way. There was this catholic doctrine that the Pope, as Vicar of Christ on earth, should have authority over the church on earth and indirectly over the state. This led to claims in the middle ages that the pope has authority to depose Catholic kings and they did try to exercise this authority. Thus in the medieval times in western world, monarch who ruled in secular world tend to encroach on the church’s rule of the spiritual sphere. This led to power struggles and crises. In the 1530s, Henry VIII, rejected the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon by the Pope. He consequently, formed the Church of England (Anglican Church) and set himself as the ruler of the new church, thus ending the separation that had existed between the church and the state...
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...organization to maintain international peace and to prevent the world from a new world war has been emerged. As a result of that, on the 26th of October 1945, 51 country has established the United Nations. To protect and guarantee the rights of every individual in the world, the United Nations General Assembly has approved a bill, which contains the human rights of individuals. This document is called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which includes rights such as equality before the law, protection against arbitrary arrest, freedoms of speech, religion, assembly and political participation (Baylis et al, 2011). According to Heywood (2007), human rights are a set of rights which are available to every individual because they are valued as human beings. Human Rights are universal and inalienable, interdependent and interrelated. He states that human rights are universal because people belongs to humans, not to a state, race, religion, or gender, or ethnical background....
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...February 9, 2014 Themes (Messages) of the Pentateuch 1) The Sovereignty of God “sovereign” - ruler, leader “sovereignty” – leadership, authority This is the first theme (or the first thing that is emphasized) in the Pentateuch. a) Genesis 1-2: assumes the preexistence and eternality of God * God created the universe with no assistance from anyone * God created the universe out of nothing, “ex nihilo” (will be tested) * Genesis 1 clearly establishes God’s sovereignty (authority) over His creation b) This is further demonstrated with God’s dealings with people like Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph and Moses. * God always assured them of his presence, protection, and guidance c) God’s sovereignty over Egypt * Helping the Israel’s out of Egypt (the most advanced and sophisticated nation of the time) * The 7 plagues – demonstrated that God was the ruler, not only of Egypt, but all over the earth. * Exodus 19 – God appears at Mount Sinai; presents 10 commandments to Moses. This portrayed that God’s sovereignty had no geographical boundaries. 2) History The writings of religions such as Confucianism and Buddhism express their theology (study of the nature of God) through myths in which those events took place beyond time and space. But, in the Old Testament, God created history and worked and through its events: * Genesis 1:5, 9-10 – God talks about Day and Night; the ocean, sky and land. So, the Old Testament...
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...A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual (the monarch). [1] Forms of monarchy differ widely based on the level of legal autonomy the monarch holds in governance, the method of selection of the monarch, and any predetermined limits on the length of their tenure. When the monarch has no or few legal restraints in state and political matters, it is called an absolute monarchy and is a form of autocracy. Cases in which the monarch's discretion is formally limited (most common today) are called constitutional monarchies. In hereditary monarchies, the office is passed through inheritance within a family group, whereas elective monarchies are selected by some system of voting. Historically these systems are most commonly combined, either formally or informally, in some manner. (For instance, in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are considered eligible, whereas many hereditary monarchies have legal requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, and other factors that act both as de facto elections and to create situations of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election.) Finally, there are situations in which the expiration of a monarch’s reign is set based either on the calendar or on the achievement of certain goals (repulse of invasion, for instance.) The effect of historical and geographic difference along each of these three axes is to create widely...
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...The story of the Medusa begins in Paris in the year 1816. The French monarchy had been restored to the throne by the English after they had defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. In a show of support for the newly instated king, they offered the French the port of Saint-Louis in Senegal on the West African coast. King Louis XVIII appointed a personal friend, Hugues Duroy de Chaumareys, as a frigate captain and tasked him to lead the fleet to take possession of the gifted port. He had never commanded a ship, to say nothing of a fleet. Throughout his career, Hugues Duroy de Chaumareys had worked only as a customs officer. Woefully, the Muslim world today represents the tragic story of the Medusa, the ill-piloted French naval ship that ran aground because of its captain’s blunders and his dependence on others for navigational guidance, leaving behind a tale of helplessness, desperation and death. The Medusa’s wreck is still out there, lying stuck on the West African coast, and isn’t going anywhere. The Muslim world today is in no better shape. Like the Medusa’s wreck, it is just lying out there, aimlessly floating like a stricken ship, with no one to steer it out of troubled waters. Representing one-fifth of humanity as well as of the global land mass spreading over 57 countries, and possessing 70 per cent of the world’s energy resources and nearly 50 per cent of the world’s raw materials, the Muslim world should have been a global giant, economically as well as politically. Instead...
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...history, the issue of separation of the nation between two big dominate groups have never been suppressed due the deprive of sovereignty. As the British successfully defeat the French and took control of the New France, there was still a continual threat of separation from the French, which naturally developed the fault line between English and French. There were many occasions where French and English Canadians clashed. Though the British adopted different acts and laws to grant the fairness between two cultures include founding factors such as religion, language and values, the crack between the two groups were still there. In recent crisis, the conflict of “sovereign’s independence” even sharpen after the newly elected Quebec Premier, Pauline Marios taking the office. On March 7,2013 the National Post published an article stating the Quebec Premier Pauline Maoris and Education Minister Marie Malabo has ordered an outside research body, the Cole national d’administration publique, to “define the problems” raised by intensive English instruction and examine its impact on students’ success in other subjects (“Quebec puts brakes on intensive English language program” 2013). This article argues how the newly elected premier Marois’s party put breaks on the English teaching system in Quebec, as well as tinkering of history in order to promote sovereignty independence. The notion of Canada being bilingual is an approved concept in Canadian politics, which can trace back...
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