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1. El Alfabeto

A B C CH D E F G H I J K L LL M N Ñ O P Q R RR S T U V W X Y Z

a a e i o u (Vocales/vowels) be ce che a= a as in father de e= ay as in say e i= ee as in see efe o=o as in go ge u=u as in tulip hache i CH, LL, Ñ, RR --4 letters that are different jota ka K , W---2 borrowed letters ele elle Special Pronounciation eme “c” with “a,o,u” sounds like “k” ene “c” with “e,i” sounds like “s” eñe “g” with “a,o,u” sounds like “g” o “g” with “e,i” sounds like “h” pe “h” is always silent cu “j” is always “h” ere “ll” is always “y” erre “ñ” is always “en-yay” ese “q” always uses a “u” like English te “qua, quo” sounds like “kwa” u “que, qui” sounds like “kay and key” respectively ve “rr” is a rolled r sound doble ve “v” is softly spoken (“b” is sometimos the same) equis “x” in the middle of a word sometimes “h” i griega “z” is never harsh but almost the same as “s” zeta Rules of Stress:

1. If a word ends in a vowel, n, or s the stress is placed on the next to the last syllable. 2. If a word does not ends in a vowel, n, or s the stress is placed on the last syllable. 3. Exception: a written accent will put stress on the accented syllable.

Ga- to (ga is stressed) Can- tar (tar is stressed) A-yú-da-me (yu is stressed because of accent)

2. Saludos-Greetings

Hola-(anytime)-Hello Buenos Días-Good Morning Buenas Tardes-Good Afternoon Buenas Noches-Good Night

¿Cómo estás tú? How are you? (informal –use with friends/peers) ¿Cómo está Ud.? How are you? (formal—use with elders/show respect) Tú- means you (singular & informal—use with friends and family) Usted is abbreviated as Ud. (pronounced oo-sted) –means you (singular & formal—use with people that are older, people you do not know, business situations, etc.) Bien-well Mal-poorly Así-así—so –so Más o menos—ok Muy bien-very well Muy mal—very poorly Terrible-terrible

Very Important Words: Por Favor-please Gracias-Thank you. De nada.- You’re welcome

Despedidas-Farewells Adiós-Good-bye Hasta Mañana-See you tomorrow. Hasta Luego.-See you later. Nos Vemos-See you soon. Hasta pronto—See you soon

Personal Information: ¿De dónde eres?—Where are you from? (informal) ¿De dónde es él/ella/Ud?— Where is he/she/you (formal) from? Soy de + (place of origin). I am from (place of origin). El/Ella/Ud. es de + (place of origin). He/She/ You (formal) are from (place of origin). ¿Cuál es tu teléfono?—What is your phone number? ¿Cuál es su teléfono?—What is his/her/your (formal) phone number? Mi teléfono es ____. My number is ___. Su teléfono es ___. His/Her/Your(formal) number is____. ¿Cómo te llamas?—What is your name? (informal) ¿Cómo se llama él/ella/Ud.? What is his/her/your (formal) name? Me llamo ___. My name is ___. El/Ella/ Ud. se llama ___. His/ her/ Your (formal) name is _____. There are four ways to express “ NICE TO MEET YOU”: 1. Encantado (a) 2. Mucho Gusto 3. Es un placer. 4. El gusto es mío.

Punctuation Questions: Spanish requires 2 question marks; one at the beginning of the question upside down and one the end right-side up (¿Question?) Exclamation Points: Spanish requires 2 exclamation marks; one at the beginning upside down and one at the end right-side up. Periods/commas/quotation marks—follow the same rules as English.

3. Subjects & Verbs

Subject-tells who is doing the action (María es mi amigo.)
Verb- is the action (It’s what you do.) (María es mi amigo.)

Subject Pronouns

| |Singular |Plural |
|1st person |I Yo |We nosotros (masculine) |
| | |nosotras (feminine) |
|2nd Person |You tú |You all vosotros (masc.) |
| |(Informal) |(used only in Spain) vosotras (fem.) |
|3rd Person |He él |They (m.) ellos (m) |
| |She ella |They (f.) ellas(f) |
| |You Ud. (usted) |You all (both formal Uds. (ustedes) |
| |(formal) |& informal in all countries |
| | |except Spain) |

4. The Verb “SER”
Ser means “to be” --- I am , you are, etc.

| |Singular Subject Verb |Plural Subject Verb |
|1st person |I am Yo soy |We are nosotros (m) somos |
| | |nosotras (f) somos |
|2nd Person |You are tú eres |You all are vosotros (m) sois |
| |(Informal) |(used only in Spain) vosotras (f) sois |
|3rd Person |He is él es |They (m.) are ellos (m) son |
| |She is ella es |They (f.) are ellas(f) son |
| |You are Ud. (usted) es |You all are Uds. (ustedes) son |
| |(formal) |(Formal & informal in all countries |
| | |except Spain) |

Formal forms are used with people who are older or unfamiliar. (On a last name basis)
Informal forms are used with your peers and people you know very well. (On a first name basis)

5. Los Números

0 cero
1 uno
2 dos
3 tres
4 cuatro
5 cinco
6 seis
7 siete
8 ocho
9 nueve
10 diez
11 once
12 doce
13 trece
14 catorce
15 quince
16 dieciséis (notice dieci)
17 diecisiete
18 dieciocho
19 diecinueve
20 veinte
21 veintiuno (notice veinte-)
22 veintidós
23 veintitrés
24 veinticuatro
25 veinticinco
26 veintiséis
27 veintisiete
28 veintiocho
29 veintinueve
30 treinta

31 treinta y uno
32 treinta y dos

40 cuarenta
50 cincuenta
60 sesenta
70 setenta
80 ochenta
90 noventa
100 cien (use ciento for 101+)
6. Time—La Hora

¿Qué hora es? --What time is it?
¿A qué hora es?—At what time is it?
(When answering at what time use the phrases –A la una or A las 2-12)

Horas (hours):

Es la una. (It’s one o’clock.)
Use --Es la una --- for 12:31-1:30.
1:00--- Es la una.
Son las dos-doce. (It’s two-twelve o’clock.)
Use –Son las 2-12---- for 1:31-12:30.
3:00—Son las tres.
8:00--- Son las ocho.

AM/PM expressions: de la mañana, de la tarde, de la noche
Es mediodía/ medianoche. It’s noon/ midnight.

Minutos (Minutes): Special phrases for the minutes.
:15 ---- y cuarto
:30 ---- y media
:45 ----- menos cuarto

For :00-:30 minutes write the tour plus the minutes. H y M
For :31-:59 minutes you must tell how many minutes till the next hour. Therefore, you go up one hour and subtract the number of minutes from that hour. ( H + 1) menos (60- M)

Examples:
1:30---Es la una y media.
2:06--- Son las dos y seis.
4:15 ----Son las cuatro y cuarto.
6:45 --- Son las siete menos cuarto. (notice the hour says 7 minus 15 min.) 7. The Dates: Las Fechas

Questions about dates: ¿Cuál es la fecha? –What’s the date?

¿Qué día es hoy?—What day is it? ¿Qué día es mañana?—What day is tomorrow?

Hoy es ______. Today is _______. Mañana es ______. Tomorrow is _____.

To write the date use: Es el + (number) + de + month.

Los Días—The Days (calendar always starts on Mon.) lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado domingo

Las Estaciones—The Seasons La primavera El verano El otoňo El invierno Los Meses—The Months Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Septiembre Octubre Noviembre Diciembre

8. Ser & When to Use It

The Verb “SER”
Ser means “to be” --- I am , you are, etc.

| |Singular Subject Verb |Plural Subject Verb |
|1st person |I am Yo soy |We are nosotros (m) somos |
| | |nosotras (f) somos |
|2nd Person |You are tú eres |You all are vosotros (m) sois |
| |(Informal) |(used only in Spain) vosotras (f) sois |
|3rd Person |He is él es |They (m.) are ellos (m) son |
| |She is ella es |They (f.) are ellas(f) son |
| |You are Ud. (usted) es |You all are Uds. (ustedes) son |
| |(formal) |(Formal & informal in all countries |
| | |except Spain) |

Uses of SER 1. Physical traits (tall, short, blond, brunette-alto, bajo, rubio, moreno) 2. Personality traits (nice, fun, timid—simpatico, divertido, tímido) 3. Origin- (where you are from—SER + De + Place) 4. Nationality (Mexican, Peruvian- mexicano, peruano) 5. Time ( Es la una/Son las 2-12 : y minutes/ menos minutes : Cuarto/Media) 6. Date (Es el + number + de + month) 7. Identification (Ser + name/noun) 8. Facts (Es verdad.—It’s true.)
Don’t Forget that adjectives must agree with the noun they describe—masculine/feminine and singular/plural.

9. Adjectives and Nouns --Agreement

Adjectives describe nouns and must agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Generally the adjective goes behind the noun.
Adj. That end in “o” are masculine.
Adj. That end in “a” are feminine.
Adj that end in “e” or a consonant are both masculine and feminine.
To make an adjective plural –add “s” if it ends in a vowel; add “es” if it ends in a consonant.
The translations may not seem correct in English but they are necessary in Spanish.

Un chico alto -a tall boy
Una chica alta—a tall girl
Unos chicos altos—some tall boys
Unas chicas altas—some tall girls

9. Adjectives and Nouns –Agreement—cont’d
Nouns refer to a person, place, or thing. Most, but not all, nouns that are masc. end in “o” are masculine and end in “a” are feminine. To make a noun plural—add “s” if it ends in a vowel; and “es” if it ends in a consonant. Chico-chicos; señor- señores

To ask for a description of someone use ¿cómo + ser? The form of ser must agree with the subject.

¿cómo es Juan? Juan es alto.
¿cómo eres tú? Yo soy inteligente.
¿cómo son los chicos? Los chicos son bajos.
¿cómo son las chicas? Las chicas son serias.
¿cómo son Uds.? Nosotros somos intelectuales.

10. Articles-Definite and Indefinite
Definite means “THE” and the Indefinite Articles are “A,AN, or SOME” (there are four words for each type of article in Spanish-masculine/ feminine and singular/plural)

|DEFINITE ARTICLES |Masculine |Feminine | |INDEFINITE ARTICLES |Masculine |Feminine |
|“THE” | | | |“ A , AN, SOME” | | |
|Singular |El |Los | |Singular |UN |UNOS |
|Plural |la |Las | |Plural |UNA |UNAS |

el libro –the book un libro-a book la casa- the house una casa- a house los libros- the books unos libros- some books las casas- the houses unas casas- some houses

11. Uses of TENER-

Tener means “to have” (It is used to talk about things someone owns)

| |Singular Subject Verb |Plural Subject Verb |
|1st person |I have Yo tengo |We have nosotros (m) tenemos |
| | |nosotras (f) tenemos |
|2nd Person |You have tú tienes |You all have vosotros (m) teneis |
| |(Informal) |(used only in Spain) vosotras (f) teneis |
|3rd Person |He has él tiene |They (m.) have ellos (m) tienen |
| |She has ella tiene |They (f.) have ellas(f) tienen |
| |You have Ud. (usted) tiene |You all have Uds. (ustedes) tienen |
| |(formal) |(Formal & informal in all countries |
| | |except Spain) |

Tener Expressions:

1. Ownership (Tenemos dos perros.)
2. Age (Tener + number + años) (¿Cuántos años tienes?-How old are you?-Yo tengo 15 años. I am 15 years old.)
3. Tener + que + infinitive expresses what someone has to do. (Ella tiene que estudiar. She has to study.)
4. Tener + ganas de + infinitive expresses what someone “feels like” doing.—(Yo tengo ganas de comer pizza.—I feel like eating pizza)
5. Tener + (hambre/sed/frío/calor/prisa/sueño/suerte) –to be hungry/thirsty/cold/hot/in a hurry/sleepy/lucky
Yo tengo hambre—I am hungry. Ella tiene sed. –She is thirsty.

12. HOW TO WRITE A QUESTION?????

Questions: Interrogatives-words that ask a question. Questions must include (S) subjects, (V) verbs, and other info which makes up the (R) rest of the question. There are several ways to write questions. Statement: Ella es Elena. She is Elena.
1. Intonation- the act of raising the voice at the end of a statement to form a question. ¿S+V+R? ¿Ella es Elena? She is Elena?
2. Write the statement and include ¿no? or ¿verdad? at the end. S+V+R, ¿no? or S+V+R, ¿verdad? Ella es Elena, ¿no? or Ella es Elena, ¿verdad? She is Elena, right?
3. Inversion-switch the order of the subject and verb (2 choices) ¿V+S+R? or ¿V+R+S? ¿Es Elena ella? or ¿Es ella Elena? Is she Elena?
4 Interrogative—Use a question word (I) and the inversion order to ask for more information. ¿I + V+ S+R? or ¿I+V+R+S?

Who? ¿Quién? ¿Quién es ella? Who is she?
Who (all-plural)? ¿Quiénes? ¿Quiénes son ellos? Who are they?
What? ¿Qué? ¿Qué tienes tú? What do you have?
When? ¿Cuándo? ¿Cuándo es tu cumpleaños? When is your birthday?
Where? From where? To where? ¿Dónde? ¿De dónde? ¿Adónde? ¿De dónde eres tú? Where are you from?
How? ¿Cómo? ¿Cómo estás? How are you?
Why? ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué tiene Juan el libro? Why does Juan have the book?
Which (one)? Which (ones—plural)?¿Cuál?, ¿Cuáles? ¿Cuál es tu libro? Which is your book? or ¿Cuáles son tus libros? Which ones are your books? (in this last case you will identify more than one book)

13. Gustar—Used to describe likes and dislikes.

The verb gustar literally means to be pleasing to, but in English we tend to use the “like” translation.
The verb gustar requires the use of Indirect Object Pronouns and clarifiers not subject pronouns.

|Clarifier |IOP |Gustar form + subject/ thing |
| | |liked |
|A mí |Me |Gusta + one thing liked |
| | | |
| | |Or |
| | | |
| | |Gustan + more than one thing |
| | |liked |
|A tí |Te | |
|A él |Le | |
|A ella | | |
|A Ud. | | |
|A nosotros |Nos | |
|A vosotros |Os | |
|A ellos |les | |
|A ellas | | |
|A Uds. | | |

I like the taco.---A mí me gusta el taco.
I like the tacos.—A mí me gustan los tacos. (Notice that gustan is not affected by who likes but rather what is liked—tacos is plural, therefore gustan is used.)

Verbs like gustar: Tocar and Parecer (use with the IOP’s, same rules apply)
1. tocar (toca, tocan)- used to say what you have to do, whose turn it is, what your duties are me toca sacar la basura—It’s my turn to take out the trash.
2. parecer-(parece, parecen)—to seem me parece justo—It seems fair to me.

14. The verb QUERER—to want

The verb querer used with an infinitive describes what someone wants to do or used with a noun to describe an item wanted.

|Yo |Quiero |Nosotros |Queremos |
|Tú |Quieres |Vosotros |Queréis |
|El, ella Ud |Quiere |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |Quieren |

Querer + Infinitive----Yo quiero hablar.--- I want to talk.
Querer + noun--------- Yo quiero Taco Bell--- I want Taco Bell.

15. Verbs—How to conjugate!
A verb that is not conjugated is called an infinitive. In Spanish, an infinitive is easily recognized by one of three endings. The verb may end in -ar, -er, or –ir.
Each of the three types of infinitives has a particular set of endings to use in order to conjugate it.

For an –ar verb. Drop the –ar and add the correct ending based on the subject. The following are the –AR verb endings:
-ar verb endings
|Yo |O |Nosotros |Amos |
|Tú |As |Vosotros |Áis |
|El, ella Ud |A |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |An |

The verb HABLAR means TO SPEAK.
HABL-----is the stem that’s left once the –ar is dropped.
Add the endings to the stem to conjugate it.

Yo hablo

Tú hablas

El habla
Nosotros hablamos
Vosotros habláis
Ellos hablan

For an –er verb. Drop the –er and add the correct ending based on the subject. The following are the –ER verb endings:
-er verb endings
|Yo |o |Nosotros |emos |
|Tú |es |Vosotros |éis |
|El, ella Ud |e |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |en |

The verb COMER means TO EAT.
COM--- is the stem that’s left once the –er is dropped.
Add the endings to the stem to conjugate it.

Yo como
Tú comes
El/ella/Ud. come

Nosotros comemos
Vosotros coméis
Ellos/ellas/Uds. comen

For an –Ir verb. Drop the –Ir and add the correct ending based on the subject. The following are the –IR verb endings:
-ir verb endings
|Yo |o |Nosotros |imos |
|Tú |es |Vosotros |ís |
|El, ella Ud |e |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |en |

The verb VIVIR means TO LIVE.
VIV--- is the stem that’s left once the –Ir is dropped.
Add the endings to the stem to conjugate it.

Yo vivo
Tú vives
El/ella/Ud. vive

Nosotros vivimos
Vosotros vivís
Ellos/ellas/Uds. viven

16. Irregular Verbs

16A. ESTAR-to be

|Yo |Estoy ( I am) |Nosotros |Estamos (We are) |
|Tú |Estás (You are) |Vosotros |Estáis (You all are – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |Está (He/She/Ud is/are) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |Están (They/ You all are) |

Estar is used to describe:
1. Health (emotions, feelings) Example: Yo estoy bien. I am fine. Ella está contenta. She is content.
2. Location (estar + en + place—to be located, to be in/at a place) Example: Ella está en Virginia. She is in Virginia. Yo estoy en la clase. I am in the class.
3. Temporary Conditions (está nublado—It’s cloudy.)
4. Present Progressive Tense ( estar + present participles (-ing= ando/iendo)) To form a present participle in Spanish drop the –ar and add –ando; drop the –er/-ir and add –iendo; note the following irregulars—ir-yendo (going); leer-leyendo (reading)
Example: Yo estoy hablando. I am speaking. Nosotros estamos comiendo. We are eating.

16B. IR- to go

|Yo |voy ( I go) |Nosotros |vamos (We go) |
|Tú |vas (You go) |Vosotros |váis (You all go – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |va (He/She/Ud goes/go) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |van (They/ You all go) |

1. ir + a + place (going to a place) (*if you have a + el contract to al) Yo voy a la oficina. I am going to the office. Ella va al cine. She is going to the movies. 2. ir + a + infinitive (going to do something) Yo voy a comer. I am going to eat.

16C. Venir- to come

|Yo |Vengo ( I come) |Nosotros |venimos (We come) |
|Tú |Vienes (You come) |Vosotros |venís (You all come – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |Viene (He/She/Ud comes/come) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |vienen (They/ You all come) |

1. venir + a + place –to come to a place Yo vengo a la clase. I come to class. 2. venir + de + place – to come from a place. Yo vengo del restaurante. I am coming from the restaurant. 3. venir + a + time-to come at a time Yo vengo a las dos. I come at 2:00.

16D. Saber- to know 1. used to know facts (not people) Yo sé la fecha. I know the date. Ella sabe de dónde es Juan. She knows where Juan is from. 2. used to know how to do something (saber + infinitive) Yo sé cantar. I know how to sing.

|Yo |Sé ( I know) |Nosotros |sabemos (We know) |
|Tú |sabes (You know) |Vosotros |Sabéis (You all know – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |sabe (He/She/Ud know/knows) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |saben (They/ You all know) |

16E. Ver- to see
|Yo |veo( I see) |Nosotros |vemos (We see) |
|Tú |ves (You see) |Vosotros |véis (You all see – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |ve (He/She/Ud sees/see) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |ven (They/ You all see) |
| | | | |

16F. Conocer- to know 1. used to people Yo conozco a Juan. I know Juan. Ella conoce a Elena. She knows Elena. 2. used to know places, art, literature Yo conozco Mexico. I know Mexico.

|Yo |Conozco ( I know) |Nosotros |conocemos (We know) |
|Tú |conoces (You know) |Vosotros |conocéis (You all know – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |conoce (He/She/Ud know/knows) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |conocen (They/ You all know) |

16E. Dar to give
|Yo |doy( I give) |Nosotros |damos (We give) |
|Tú |das (You give) |Vosotros |dais (You all give – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |da (He/She/Ud gives/give) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |dan (They/ You all give) |

17. Shoe-Shaped Verbs

There are 4 types of shoe-shaped verbs in Spanish. They are classified as: 1. e→ie (empezar –to start, entender- to understand, querer- to want, merendar- to have a snack, tener-to have*, venir*- to come) 2. o→ue (dormir- to sleep, almorzar-to eat lunch, volver- to return, to go back) 3. u→ue (jugar-to play sports) 4. e→i (pedir-to order, to ask for, servir-to serve)

This means that in addition to using the –ar,-er,-ir verb endings you must also make a change in the stem for the yo, tú, él, and ellos forms. This change does not occur in the nosotros nor the vosotros. The vowel that changes is always the vowel closest to the –ar, -er, or –ir.

dormir – to sleep
|Yo |duermo ( I sleep) |Nosotros |dormimos (We sleep) |
|Tú |duermes (You sleep) |Vosotros |dormís (You all sleep – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |duerme (He/She/Ud sleeps/sleep) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |duermen (They/ You all sleep) |

pedir- to ask for
|Yo |pido ( I order) |Nosotros |pedimos (We order) |
|Tú |pides (You order) |Vosotros |pedís (You all order – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |pide (He/She/Ud orders/order) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |piden (They/ You all order) |

18. Go Verbs—Verbs with an irregular yo form in the present tense

|Hacer |To make, to do |Yo hago---haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen |
|Poner |To put, to place |Yo pongo—pones, pone, ponemos, ponies, ponen |
|Traer |To bring |Yo traigo—traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen |
|salir |To leave |Yo salgo—sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen |
|Tener |To have |Yo tengo-tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen |
|Decir |To say, tell |Yo digo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen |
|Venir |To come |Yo vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen |

19. Possessive Adjectives 1. show ownership or relationship between people 2. the possessive adjectives always go before the noun they modify (the thing owned) 3. the possessive adjectives must agree in number and gender (masc./fem and sing/plural) with the item or items owned not the owner***** my book-mi libro my books- mis libros her book-su libro our book- nuestro libro
|Mi, mis |My |Nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras |Our |
|Tu, tus |Your |vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras |Your (Spain only) |
|Su, sus |His, her, your |Su, sus |Their, your |

20. Negative Words Negatives are commonly used in Spanish. Generally you will have a double negative in Spanish. 1. no— no, not 2. nada--nothing 3. nadie-nobody, no one* 4. nunca-never* 5. tampoco-neither Subject + no + verb + nada/nadie/nunca/tampoco. Someone does not ____ nothing/ nobody/never/neither. Yo no hablo. I don’t speak. Yo no como nada. I don’t eat anything. –I don’t eat nothing. Yo no hable a nadie. I don’t talk to anyone.--I don’t talk to nobody. Yo no hable nunca. I don’t talk ever. –I don’t talk never. Yo no hablo tampoco. I don’t talk either. ----I don’t talk neither. *Nadie can be a subject. Nadie habla. No one talks. *Nunca can come before the verb. Yo nunca hablo. I never talk.

Spanish 2- (notes)
1. Ser Vs Estar
Both verbs mean to be. Each is used for a specific purpose.

Ser- to be
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
Uses of SER 9. Physical traits (tall, short, blond, brunette-alto, bajo, rubio, moreno) 10. Personality traits (nice, fun, timid—simpatico, divertido, tímido) 11. Origin- (where you are from—SER + De + Place) 12. Nationality (Mexican, Peruvian- mexicano, peruano) 13. Time ( Es la una/Son las 2-12 : y minutes/ menos minutes : Cuarto/Media) 14. Date (Es el + number + de + month) 15. Identification (Ser + name/noun) 16. Facts (Es verdad.—It’s true.)

Estar- to be
Estoy Estamos
Estás Estáis
Está Están
Uses of ESTAR
1. Health (emotions, feelings) Example: Yo estoy bien. I am fine. Ella está contenta. She is content.
2. Location (estar + en + place—to be located, to be in/at a place) Example: Ella está en Virginia. She is in Virginia. Yo estoy en la clase. I am in the class.
3. Temporary Conditions (está nublado—It’s cloudy.)
4. Present Progressive Tense ( estar + present participles (-ing= ando/iendo)) To form a present participle in Spanish drop the –ar and add –ando; drop the –er/-ir and add –iendo; note the following irregulars—ir-yendo (going); leer-leyendo (reading), and all _ir shoe-shaped verbs change e-I or o-U in the stem—pedir-pidiendo, servir-sirviendo, dormir-durmiendo
Example: Yo estoy hablando. I am speaking. Nosotros estamos comiendo. We are eating.

2. Shoe-Shaped Verbs

There are 4 types of shoe-shaped verbs in Spanish. They are classified as: 1. e→ie (empezar –to start, entender- to understand, querer- to want, merendar- to have a snack, tener-to have*, venir*- to come, preferir- to prefer, pensar- to think, pesar que + sentence- to think that + sentence, pensar + infin.-to plan to do something) 2. o→ue (dormir- to sleep, almorzar-to eat lunch, volver- to return, to go back, poder- to be able to, probar- to try, costar- to cost-- but only use the el and ellos forms) 3. u→ue (jugar-to play sports) 4. e→i (pedir-to order, to ask for, servir-to serve)

This means that in addition to using the –ar,-er,-ir verb endings you must also make a change in the stem for the yo, tú, él, and ellos forms. This change does not occur in the nosotros nor the vosotros. The vowel that changes is always the vowel closest to the –ar, -er, or –ir.

dormir – to sleep
|Yo |duermo ( I sleep) |Nosotros |dormimos (We sleep) |
|Tú |duermes (You sleep) |Vosotros |dormís (You all sleep – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |duerme (He/She/Ud sleeps/sleep) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |duermen (They/ You all sleep) |

pedir- to ask for
|Yo |pido ( I order) |Nosotros |pedimos (We order) |
|Tú |pides (You order) |Vosotros |pedís (You all order – Spain only) |
|El, ella Ud |pide (He/She/Ud orders/order) |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |piden (They/ You all order) |

3. Reflexive Verbs

1.Reflexive verbs are easily recognized in Spanish because the infinitives have a “se” on the end. (lavarse, acostarse, afeitarse, ponerse)
2.Reflexive means that the action is done by the same person who receives the action. Example. I wash my face. I am washing and I am being washed—reflexive. I wash the car.-Not reflexive. I am washing. The car is being washed. I am not the same as the car.-NON-reflexive.
3.Reflexive verbs require a reflexive pronoun to be used. The reflexive pronoun must agree with the subject and the verb ending.

|Subject |Reflexive Pronoun |Subject |Reflexive Pronoun |
|Yo |Me |Nosotros |Nos |
|Tú |Te |Vosotros |Os |
|El, ella Ud |Se |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |Se |

4. To conjugate a reflexive verb : remove the “se” : drop the –ar,-er,-ir and add the correct verb endings for the subject: then choose the correct reflexive pronoun to put before the verb.
Yo me lavo, tú te lavas, ella se lava, nosotros nos lavamos, vosotros os laváis, ellos se lavan
5. If the reflexive is also a shoe-shaped verb-you must make additional changes in the stem for the yo, tú, él, and ellos forms according to the rules of shoe-shape verbs.
6. Most any verb can be used in the reflexive—just think (verb) oneself.

Some of the Reflexive Verbs: acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, cepillarse, despertarse, entrenarse, estirarse, lavarse, levantarse, maquillarse, peinarse, ponerse,prepararse, quitarse,secarse, enojarse, sentirse, dormirse, cuidarse, servirse, mantenerse (*Yo mantengo)

Reflexive Verbs used in Infinitive Constructions/ Present Progressive Tense/Commands

Placement of the reflexive pronouns: The pronoun may be attached to the infinitive in infinitive constructions –example --ir + a + infin. or tener que + infin---Yo me voy a lavar or Yo voy a lavarme. ---Yo me tengo que lavar. or Yo tengo que lavarme.
In the affirmative commands—it must be attached ---- Lavate!----Wash yourself.
In the negative commands—it must go before the verb. ---No te laves. Don’t wash yourself.

4. Verbs like gustar ( quedar—to fit)

|Clarifier |IOP | |+ one thing that fits |
| | |Queda | |
| | | | |
| | |Or | |
| | | | |
| | |quedan | |
|A mí |Me | | |
|A tí |te | | |
|A él, a ella, a Ud. |Le | |+ more than one thing that fits |
|A nosotros |Nos | | |
|A vosotros |Os | | |
|A ellos, a ellas, a Uds. |Les | | |

Me queda bien la camisa. The shirt fits me well.
Te quedan bien los pantalones. The pants fit you well.
(Other verbs like this are parecer-to seem followed by an adjective: Me parece largo. It seems long.)

5. Direct Object Pronouns

DOP’s answer the questions Who? or What? is being _____ed.

I see Who or what is being seen?----the book. The book is the direct object.
S V DO You can replace the DO with a DOP. I see it. (It refers to the book)

He reads Who or what is being read?-------the paper. The paper is the direct object.
S V DO You can replace the DO with a DOP. He reads it. (It refers to the paper)

DOP’S

|ME |ME |NOS |US |
|TE |YOU |OS |YOU ALL |
|LO |HIM, IT (MASCULINE) |LOS |THEM (M), YOU ALL |
|LA |HER, IT (FEMININE) |LAS |THEM (F) , YOU ALL |

PLACEMENT:

1. DOP’s go before the conjugated verb and replace the DO.
2. The DOP’s can be attached to an infinitive or a present participle. (This is an option, otherwise follow rule no. 1)
3. They must be attached to any AFFIRMATIVE COMMAND. When you do this—count back 3 vowels and put an accent mark to fix the stress of the word.

Examples. Yo leo el libro. Yo lo leo. I read it. Yo voy a leer el libro. Yo lo voy a leer. or Yo voy a leerlo. Yo estoy leyendo el libro. Yo lo estoy leyendo. or Yo estoy leyéndolo. Lee el libro! Léelo. No leas el libro! No lo leas.

6. Indirect Object Pronouns

IOP’s answer the questions To whom? or For whom? something is being _____ed.

I read to her. To whom or for whom is the book being read?----her. Her is the indirect object.
S V DO IO You can replace the IO with a IOP. I read her the book.

He reads to the boys. To whom or for whom is the paper being read?-------the boys. The boys is the indirect object. The boys can be replaced by “them”
S V DO IO You can replace the IO with a IOP. He reads them the paper. (Them refers to the boys)

IOP’S and Clarifiers

|Clarifier |IOP |Meaning |Clarifier |IOP |Meaning |
|A mí |ME |To/ for ME |A nosotros |NOS |To/for US |
|A tí |TE |To/for YOU |A vosotros |OS | To/for YOU ALL |
|A él, A Ud. |LE |To/for HIM, YOU |A ellos, A UDS. |LES |To/for THEM (M), YOU ALL |
| | |(MASCULINE) | | | |
|A ella, A Ud. |LE |To/for HER, YOU (FEMININE) |A ellas, A Uds. |LES | To/for THEM (F) , YOU ALL |

PLACEMENT:

1. IOP’s go before the conjugated verb and replace the IOP.
2. The IOP’s can be attached to an infinitive or a present participle.(This is optional, otherwise follow rule 1)
3. They must be attached to any AFFIRMATIVE COMMAND. When you do this—count back 3 vowels and put an accent mark to fix the stress of the word.
4. When le and les are used—a clarifier is often needed to let the person know of/for whom the action is done. Therefore A+person comes after the verb to clarify to whom le/les refer.

Examples:
Yo leo el libro a los chicos. Yo les leo el libro (a ellos). I read the book to them.
Yo voy a leer el libro a los chicos. Yo les voy a leer el libro. or Yo voy a leerles el libro. I am going to read the book to them. Yo voy a leerles el libro (a ellos).
Yo estoy leyendo el libro a los chicos. Yo estoy leyendoles el libro. I am reading the book to them. Yo les estoy leyendo el libro. or Yo les estoy leyendo el libro (a ellos).
Leeles el libro. Leeles el libro (a ellos). Read them the book.
No les leas el libro. No les leas el libro (a ellos) Don’t read them the book.

7. Using Double Object Pronouns (Both Direct and Indirect)

1. When using Both an IOP and a DOP the IOP always comes first.
2. If the IOP le or les is used with the DOP’s lo, la, los or las then the IOP’s le and les change to se.
3. The IOP and the DOP placement is the same. 1. Before the conjugated verb. 2. CAN BE Attached to infinitives. (If you add 2 (only 2) pronouns put an accent on the ár, ér, or ír) 3. CAN BE Attached to present participles. (Put an accent on the a in ándo and the e in iéndo regardless of how many pronouns you attach) 4. MUST BE Attached to affirmative commands. (if you add one pronoun—count back 3 vowels and put an accent and if you add 2 pronouns count back 4 vowels and put an accent.
4. When you use Le/les/se----use a clarifier phrase to clarify who you are referring to—this is done with a+person.
Examples: 1.Yo leo los libros a Juan. S=Yo V=leo DO=los libros IO= a Juan (DOP=los, IOP=le →se) Yo se los leo. I read them to him. (without a clarifier) Yo se los leo a él. I read them to him. (with a clarifier) 2. Yo voy a leer los libros a Juan. Yo se los voy a leer. or Yo voy a leérselos. Yo se los voy a leer a él. or Yo voy a leérselos a él. 3. Yo estoy leyendo los libros a Juan. Yo se los estoy leyendo or Yo estoy leyéndoselos. Yo se los estoy leyendo a él. or Yo estoy leyéndoselos a él. 4. Lee los libros a Juan. No leas los libros a Juan. Leéselos. or Leéselos a él. No se los leas. or No se los leas a él.

12. Conocer vs. Saber-to know

Both verbs mean to know. However, they are used for different reasons.

1. Conocer is used to know people (conocer + A + person), places, art, and literature.
*Conocer has an irregular yo form—conozco
Yo conozco a Juan. Ella conoce Mexico. Juan conoce las obras de Picasso.

2. Saber is used to know facts (saber + interrogative words without accents) and how to do something (saber + infinitive).
*Saber also has an irregular yo form ----sé
Yo sé la verdad. Ella sabe nadar. Ellos saben cuando es la fiesta.

8. Tu(+) Affirmative Commands

1.The tú (+) affirmative commands are the same as the él form of the present tense but you do not use any subject pronouns.
2. They are used to tell someone to do something. They are informal “you” commands.
3. Reflexive verbs require a reflexive pronoun to also be used and the reflexive pronoun TE must be used with the Tú (+ )command. It must be attached to the command and put an accent on the 3rd vowel from the end.

Tu(+)= él form of present

Hablar--- ¡Habla! Speak!
Comer ---- ¡Come! Eat.
Lavarse----¡Lávate!

Irregular Tú(+) Affirmative Commands
These do not use the él form but a special form

1. Decir----Di---Say! 2. Salir ----Sal—Leave! 3. Hacer---Haz—Do or Make! 4. Ser-----Sé----Be! 5. Venir—Ven—Come! 6. Tener--- Ten----Have! 7. Poner---Pon---Put or Place! 8. Ir------- Ve----Go!

Using Reflexive pronouns or Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns with the Tú+ Commands.

1. You must attach the DOP’s, IOP’s, and reflexive pronouns when they are used.
2. When you attach 1 (DOP or IOP or reflexive) count back 3 vowels and put an accent.
3. When you attach both a DOP and an IOP count back 4 and put an accent. If both a direct and indirect are used—INDIRECT comes first.INDIRECT BEFORE DIRECT. Also remember, le/les change to se with DOP’s lo, la, los, las.

Come los tacos. Cómelos.
Escribe la carta a mí. Escríbemela.
Lávate las manos. Lávatelas.

9. Tu(-) Negative Commands

1. The tú(-) commands must have a NO before the verb form. and are formed by taking the YO form of the present tense, dropping the “o”, and adding the opposite vowel ending or opv (ar verbs use “e”, er/ir verbs use “a”) and then adding “s”.
3. They are used to tell someone to do something. They are formal “you” commands.
4. Reflexive verbs require a reflexive pronoun to also be used and the reflexive pronoun TE must be used with the Tú (-) command. It must go before the command. They yo form of the reflexive uses ME but this must change to TE when using the Tú (-) command.

Tu(-)= No + (yo-o+opv+s)

Hablar= No + (Hablo-o+e+s)= ¡No hables! Don’t Speak!
Comer= No + (Como-o+a+s)= ¡No comas! Don’t eat!
Lavarse= No + (me lavo-o+e+s)=No + (TE lavo-o+e+s)=No te laves! Don’t wash(yourself)!

Irregular Tú(-) Negative Commands
They must be memorized. SIDES
*The yo forms don’t end in “o” and cannot follow the rule.

SIDES=SER,IR, DAR, ESTAR, SABER

1. Ser= No seas --- Don’t be! (all reasons for ser) 2. Ir= No vayas ---Don’t go! 3. Dar= No dés ---Don’t give! 4. Estar= No estés ---Don’t be! (estar reasons) 5. Saber= No sepas ---Don’t know! (facts, how to) 6.
Spell Changing Verbs: Verbs that end in –ger (g-j), guir (gu-g), -car (c-qu), -gar(g-gu), and –zar (z-c) change in the tu(-)command forms in order to preserve the pronounciation.

Using Reflexive pronouns or Direct & Indirect Object Pronouns with the Tú(-) Commands.

1.All pronouns go before the verb form. If both a direct and indirect are used—INDIRECT comes first.
INDIRECT BEFORE DIRECT. Also remember, le/les change to se with DOP’s lo, la, los, las. No accents required because we are not attaching (alternating) the verb/command.

Come los tacos. ¡No los come! Don’t eat them.
Escribe la carta a mí. ¡No me la escribes! Don’t write it to me.
Lávate las manos. ¡No te las laves! Don’t wash them.
10. Demonstrative Adjectives

1. Go before the noun they modify.
2. Agree in gender and number with the noun.
3. Imply the location of the object. (here, there, way over there or woy-way over yonder)
4. Sometimes the words here (aquí), there (allí), and way over there (allá) are used as reference words.

This and These have t’s.

Este/esta mean this. Estos/estos mean these.(here) ese/esa mean that. Esos/esas mean those.(there)
Aquel/auqella mean those. Aquellos/aquellas mean those (way over yonder).

|Masculine |Feminine |Masc. Plural |Fem. Plural |
|Singular |Singular | | |
|este |esta |Estos |Estas |
|ese |esa |Esos |Esas |
|aquel |aquella |Aquellos |Aquellos |

(Aquí) yo tengo este libro. I have this book.
(Allí) tú tienes ese libro. You have that book.
(Allá) ella tiene aquel libro. She has that book. (woy).

11. Demonstrative Pronouns:

You can also use the demonstrative adjectives as a pronoun by simply putting an accent on the first “é” of each demonstrative and removing the noun.. The definitions become –this, that, these, and those.
Yo tengo éste. I have this (one). éste refers to a masc. sing. noun that is close to me.
Tú lees ése. You read that (one). ése refers to a masc. sing. noun that is far away from me.
Ella ve a aquéllas. She sees them. aquéllos refers to fem. plural nouns that are really far away.

|Masculine |Feminine |Masc. Plural |Fem. Plural |
|Singular |Singular | | |
|éste |ésta |éstos |éstas |
|ése |ésa |ésos |ésas |
|aquél |aquélla |Aquéllos |Aquéllos |

13. Preterite Tense
Preterite is a PAST TENSE and it means that Someone ____ed, Someone did ____, or Someone was ___ing.

A. Regular Preterite Endings

-AR VERBS -ER and _-IR VERBS

|Yo | é |Nosotros |amos |
|Tú |aste |Vosotros |astéis |
|El, ella Ud |ó |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |aron |
|Yo | í |Nosotros |imos |
|Tú |iste |Vosotros |istéis |
|El, ella Ud |ió |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |ieron |

Yo hablé—I talked. Ella comió el taco. She ate the taco.

B Irregular Preterite—Spell Changing Verbs------ -Car, -Gar, -Zar

Any verb that ends in –car, -gar, or –zar changes the c to qu, g to gu, and the z to c in the yo form preterite to preserve the pronunciation of the verb. This only applies to the YO form—all other forms are regular.
-car: buscar (yo busqué), sacar (yo saqué)
-gar: jugar ( yo jugué)
-zar: empezar (empecé), comenzar (yo comencé)

C. Irregular Preterite----- CLOC Verbs
CLOC stands for Caer, Leer, Oir, and Construir. It refers to any verb that ends in
|Caer |Aer | |Cayó, cayeron |
| | |Changes the “i” to a “y” in the preterite | |
| | |Él/ella/Ud and ellos/ellas/Uds forms only | |
|Leer |-eer | |Leyó, leyeron |
|Oir |-oir | |Oyó, oyeron |
|Construir |-uir | |Contruyó, construyeron |

* These verbs are the same group that also had a “y” change in the present participles of the present progressive tense that was used with estar.

D. Irregular Preterite:----Irregular Stem Verbs

These verbs used a completely different stem with a NEW set of endings.

Irregular STEM ENDINGS (no accents)

|Yo | e |Nosotros |imos |
|Tú |iste |Vosotros |isteis |
|El, ella Ud |o |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |ieron |

Hacer-------HIC- *él,ella, UD form is irregular (HIZO) hice, hiciste hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron
Querer—--QUIS- quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron
Venir-------VIN- vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron
Andar------ANDUV- anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvisteis, anduvieron
Estar--------ESTUV- estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvisteis, estuvieron
Poder-------PUD-` pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron
Poner-------PUS-
Saber--------SUP-
Haber-------Hub—(helping verb used with a past perfect and HUBO- means there was or there were.

E. Irregular Preterite:----Irregular J-Stem Verbs

These verbs used a completely different stem with a NEW set of endings.

Irregular J-STEM ENDINGS (no accents)
Notice these endings are the same as the irregular stem endings except for the ellos form which is “ERON” (no “I”)

|Yo | e |Nosotros |imos |
|Tú |iste |Vosotros |isteis |
|El, ella Ud |o |Ellos,Ellas,Uds |eron |

J-Stems

Decir------DIJ- dije, dijiste,dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron
Traer------TRAJ- traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron
Conducir—CONDUJ-
Traducir----TRADUJ-
Producir----PRODUJ-

F. Irregular Preterite:----HOTDOG Verbs

All verbs that are –IR shoe-shaped (stem-changing) verbs in the present tense will have a HOTDOG change of e to I or o to u in the preterite él, ella, Ud and ellos, ellas, UDs. forms only. (pedir, servir, dormir, repetir) pedir: pedí pedimos

pediste pedisteís

G. VIDS---Ver, Ir, Dar, Ser (They have NO ACCENTS)

IR and SER are exactly the same—tell the difference by how they are used in the sentence---ser + adj. and ir+ a+ place or ir+ a + infinitive.
Dar and Ver are the same except for the first letter.

ver—vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron ir-----fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron dar---di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron ser--- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron

Spanish 3 NOTES

1. Present Progressive Tense AND Imperfect Progressive
Present Progressive tells about an action that is going on right now! In English look for the –ING—I am reading. He is eating.

Use ESTAR + a PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Estoy Estamos For –AR verbs: Drop the –ar and add -ando
Estás Estáis + For -ER/-IR verbs: Drop the –er/-ir and add -iendo
Está Están The verb IR-to go uses “yendo” Irregular Present Participles—CLOC Caer Any verb that ends–aer,-eer,oir, Leer or –uir will change the“i” to a”y” Oir in the present participle Construir (cayendo. Leyendo, oyendo, contruyendo) *Can’t have 3 vowels in a row in Spanish. HOTDOGS-any shoe-shaped verb that ends in –ir will change the e to i or the o to u in the stem. Pedir-pidiendo; dormir-durmiendo; servir-sirviendo
Imperfect Progressive tells about an action that was going at that moment in the past! In English look for the –ING—I am reading. He was eating.

Use ESTAR + a PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Estaba Estábamos For –AR verbs: Drop the –ar and add -ando
Estabas Estabáis + For -ER/-IR verbs: Drop the –er/-ir and add -iendo
Estaba Estaban The verb IR-to go uses “yendo” Irregular Present Participles—CLOC Caer Any verb that ends–aer,-eer,oir, Leer or –uir will change the“i” to a”y” Oir in the present participle Construir (cayendo. Leyendo, oyendo, contruyendo) *Can’t have 3 vowels in a row in Spanish. HOTDOGS-any shoe-shaped verb that ends in –ir will change the e to i or the o to u in the stem. Pedir-pidiendo; dormir-durmiendo; servir-sirviendo

2. Expressing the Future Tense using IR + A + INFINITIVE

Someone is going to do something.
Voy vamos
Vas vais + Infinitive
Va van
Voy a comer pizza. I am going to eat pizza. Ellos van a jugar. They are going to play.

3. Impersonal se vs. Passive se (SE)

The impersonal se can be the subject of the third person singular form of the verb without an object. It will usually translate as “they”’, “one”, or “you”.

Use the construction : Se + (3rd person singular form of the verb in any tense needed)

Se vive en pueblos. They live in towns.
Se usa mucho la computadora en las clases. One uses computers a lot in classes.

The pronoun se can also be used to say that “something is done” without saying who does it (without naming a subject). In this case the verb agrees with the D.O. (noun receiving the action). This is called passive se.

Construction: Se + 3rd person sing. verb + singular noun Se + 3rd person plural verb + plural noun

Ex. Se venden carros. Cars are sold. or Se habla inglés. English is spoken.

The passive se can also be used with infinitves. The infinitive acts as a noun.

Construction: Se + 3rd person sing. verb + infinitive

Se prohibe fumar. Smoking is prohibited.

4. Formal Commands (UD(+); UD(-); UDS(+); UDS.(-) Nosotros (+); Nosotros (-))

Regular Verbs:
To form the formal commands:
Start with the Yo form of the verb in the present tense.
Drop the “o”.
Add the OPV or Opposite Vowel Ending which means for all –ar verbs add “e”; for all –er/-ir verbs add “a”.
Then add the remaining part of the equation to form the command forms.

Ud(+)= Yo – o + opv
Ud (-)= NO + ( Yo – o + opv )
UDS(+)=Yo – o + opv + n
UDS (-)=NO + ( Yo – o + opv + n )
Nosotros (+)= Yo – o + opv + mos
Nosotros (-) = NO + ( Yo – o + opv + mos)

Ex. Ud (+) Hablar = Hablo – o + OPV UDS (+) =Hablo – o + OPV + n = Hablo – o + e = Hablo - o + e + n = Habl+ e = Habl + en = Hable =Hablen

|Opposite Vowel Endings Chart or OPV Chart |
| |AR verbs |ER/IR verbs |
|Command Form OPV |-e |-a |
|After you work the formulas several times you will notice a pattern of endings that will be |
|used also with the present subjunctive tense. |
|Tu Negative (informal) |-es |-as |
|Ud |-e |-a |
|Uds |-en |-an |
|Nosotros |-emos |-amos |

Irregular command forms: (Hint: these verbs will also be the irregular verbs for present subjunctive)

SIDES (ser, ir, dar, estar, saber)

Irregular because the yo form does not end in “O”. The Ud, Uds, and Nosotros command forms are in bold. Notice that the Tu form is the same form that is used for the Tu (-) command.

ser ir dar estar saber sea seamos vaya vayamos dé demos esté estemos sepa sepamos seas seáis vayas vayáis des deis estés estéis sepas sepáis sea sean vaya vayan dé den esté estén sepa sepan

Other Command Irregulars: (There are many verbs that have an irreg. pres. tense yo form—“go” verbs, verbs like conozco but these verbs follow the same formula as above. The stem changing verbs which start out in the Yo form with the change in place however will continue to have an additional change in the nosotros and vosotros forms for the –ir verbs only. These are also called shoe-shape verbs. Shoe-shape Verbs: All shoe-shape verbs from the Pres. Ind. Tense keep the shoe-shape in the Subjunctive. In addition, any –ir verb will also change e-I or o-u in the Nosotros and Vosotros forms. Thus, it gives you a hot dog on a shoe.

Querer Dormir quiera queramos duerma durmamos quieras queráis duermas durmáis quiera quieran duerma duerman

5. Past Participles Used as adjectives—Regular and Irregular Past Participles

Regular Verbs:
To form the past participle of a verb you drop the –ar and add –ado for –ar verbs or drop the –er / -ir and add –ido for –ir verbs. hablar=hablado (spoken), comer= comido (eaten), recibir= recibido (received).

Irregular past participles (Must be memorized):
*these are not all that exist

escribir=escrito hacer=hecho romper=roto volver=vuelto devolver=devuelto revolver=revuelto poner=puesto

morir=muerto decir=dicho abrir=abierto cubrir=cubierto freir=frito ver=visto These past participles can be used as adjectives to describe nouns. When used as adjectives they will also agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Una pierna rota== a broken leg; las papas fritas=fried potatoes; la puerta abierta=the opened door

6. Hace with time (Hace + Time+ que + present) & (Preterite + hace + time)

Hace + time expression + que + present tense is used to describe how long an event has been going on:
Hace tres meses que ella practica deportes==She has been practicing sports for 3 months.
Hace dos dias que nosotros estudiamos==We have been studying for 2 days.

Preterite + hace + time is used to describe how long ago something happened.
Yo fui a Chile hace 2 semanas. I went to Chile 2 weeks ago.

7. Pero vs. Sino

Use pero to say but, as in however.
Me gustan los tacos pero no tengo hambre. I like tacos but I am not hungry.

Use sino to say but as in “not this, but that” or “ but rather something else”
No me gusta este juego sino el otro. I don’t like this game, but the other one.

A common expression with sino is : No sólo _____sino también.
Ella no sólo estudia francés sino también alemán. She not only studies French but also German.

8. Preterite vs. Imperfect Both tenses are used to describe the past tense. (Someone ____-ed.)

Preterite Uses

1. Describe events that have been completed in the past.
2. Describe events that have a definite starting and ending point in the past. (Think of a timeline---where the event is marked at a specific point in time in the past is preterite. “X” marks the actions for preterite. )

[pic] x x x x x
3. Preterite is used to tell the facts of a story in the past—what people did in a sequential order is another way to think of preterite.
4. Preterite refers to an action that was done only once in the past.

Examples: She washed the car on Saturday. Then she went to the museum with her friends. She arrived at 2:00pm. She bought a ticket. She saw the exhibits. It began to rain. Luckliy, she brought her umbrella. She returned home at 4:00 and she ate supper with her family. She had fun because she spent time with her family and her friends.
Clues for Preterite:

On Monday---El lunes
Yesterday---Ayer
Last night—Anoche
Last week –La semana pasada
Last month—El mes pasado
Last year---El año pasado
When (something happened)---Cuando + verb

Special Verbs in the Preterite:
Conocer in the preterite: Someone met. (began to know)
Saber in the preterite: Someone found out. (learned)
Tener + noun in the preterite: Someone received + noun. (it came into one’s possession)
No querer in the preterite: Someone refused. (final decision)
Poder + verb in the preterite: Someone managed to do. (finally was able to )

Preterite Conjugations: See notes above

Preterite is a PAST TENSE and it means that Someone ____ed, Someone did ____, or Someone was ___ing.

IMPERFECT CONJUGATIONS

Imperfect Uses
1. Imperfect is used to describe actions, events, or situations that are habitual, repeated actions in the past.
2. Imperfect is used to describe circumstances surrounding a past action or event.
3. Imperfect is used to describe what was happening, used to happen, or happened repeatedly in the past.
4. Imperfect is used to describe persons or things in the past. (age, physical traits, personality traits)
5. Imperfect is used to express a state of mind in the past with the verbs creer, pensar, querer, and saber.
6. Imperfect is used to express the time of day in the past—always.
7. Imperfect is used to describe a situation that was going on in the past when another past single action or event expressed in the preterite occurred. Think of sine/cosine lines---it does not matter when they (the actions) started nor ended, thus imperfect, only that they happened. Example: The phone rang (pret) while we were eating supper (imp).
[pic]
[pic]
8. Imperfect describes ongoing, continuous actions in the past.

Clues for Imperfect
Siempre-Always
Los lunes—On Mondays
Todos los dias—Everyday
Todas las noches—Every night.
Cada domingo---Each Sunday
A menudo—Often
Mientras + verb –while + verb

Imperfect Conjugations:

For –AR Verbs: (1. Drop the –ar 2. Add the –AR imperfect endings)
|aba |ábamos |
|abas |abais |
|aba |aban |

Ella nadaba en la playa. –She swam at the beach. ( It implies that she swam more than once without having to include vocab. to say so. And it can also imply that she USED TO swim at the beach.)

For –ER & -IR verbs: (1. Drop the –er or -ir 2. Add the –ER/-IR imperfect endings)
|Ía |íamos |
|Ías |íais |
|ía |ían |

Nosotros comíamos tacos cada viernes. We ate tacos every Friday. (Implies a habitual action.)

ONLY 3 IRRGEGULAR VERBS OF IMPERFECT : SER (to be), IR (to go), and VER (to see)

SER= era, eras, era, éramos, erais, eran (Think E.R.A. =Equal Rights Amendment –BE equal with ERA)
IR= iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban (Think ibonics—I B A going. Ir=to go)
VER= veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían (Ver keeps the “e”—drop the “r” and add the endings)

9. The Perfect Tenses Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect, Conditional Perfect

Present Perfect Tense—Someone has ____-ed.

This tense requires the helping verb HABER conjugated to the present tense + the past participle in Spanish.

Haber-to have Past Participles
He hemos For –ar verbs: Drop the –ar and add –ado has habéis For –er & -ir verbs: Drop the –er & -ir and add –ido ha han Irregular Past Participles must be memorized: Decir-dicho Romper-roto volver-vuelto hacer-hecho Escribir-escrito devolver-devuelto poner-puesto morir-muerto abrir- abierto

I have eaten. Yo he comido. We have worked. Nosotros hemos trabajado. She has gone. Ella ha ido.

Pluscuamperfecto—or--- Past Perfect Tense—Someone had _____-ed.

Same as present perfect except you must conjugate the helping verb HABER to the IMPERFECT tense and use it with the past participles.

Haber-to have Past Participles
Había habíamos For –ar verbs: Drop the –ar and add –ado habías habíais For –er & -ir verbs: Drop the –er & -ir and add –ido había habían Irregular Past Participles must be memorized: Decir-dicho Romper-roto volver-vuelto hacer-hecho Escribir-escrito devolver-devuelto poner-puesto morir-muerto abrir- abierto

Future Perfect Tense—Someone will have_____-ed.

Same as present perfect except you must conjugate the helping verb HABER to the FUTURE tense and use it with the past participles.

Haber-to have Past Participles
Habré habremos For –ar verbs: Drop the –ar and add –ado habás habréis For –er & -ir verbs: Drop the –er & -ir and add –ido habrá habrán Irregular Past Participles must be memorized: Decir-dicho Romper-roto volver-vuelto hacer-hecho Escribir-escrito devolver-devuelto poner-puesto morir-muerto abrir- abierto

Conditional Perfect Tense—Someone would have_____-ed.

Same as present perfect except you must conjugate the helping verb HABER to the CONDITIONAL tense and use it with the past participles.

Haber-to have Past Participles
Habría habríamos For –ar verbs: Drop the –ar and add –ado habrías habríais For –er & -ir verbs: Drop the –er & -ir and add –ido habría habrían Irregular Past Participles must be memorized: Decir-dicho Romper-roto volver-vuelto hacer-hecho Escribir-escrito devolver-devuelto poner-puesto morir-muerto abrir- abierto

10. Por vs. Para
Por: Use por to mean: all over, by, through, throughout, along or in a general area (por + place) for or during a period of time (por + time) for in the sense of cecause of or due to something (por + noun)
(in exchange for) for when exchanging or buying something (por + $) (por + noun) through something or by means of something or on behalf of someone ( por + person/noun)

Para: use para to mean: to or towards a place (para + place) for to indicate a goal or purpose, in order to (para + infinitive) to or for a person or thing (para + person/noun)

11. Demonstrative Adjectives or Adverbs of place

1. Go before the noun they modify.
2. Agree in gender and number with the noun.
3. Imply the location of the object. (here, there, way over there or woy-way over yonder)
4. Sometimes the words here (aquí), there (allí), and way over there (allá) are used as reference words.

This and These have t’s.

Este/esta mean this. Estos/estos mean these.(here) ese/esa mean that. Esos/esas mean those.(there)
Aquel/aquella mean those. Aquellos/aquellas mean those (way over yonder). *Aquel can also be used to refer to a long time ago such as en aquellos días—in those days.

|Masculine |Feminine |Masc. Plural |Fem. Plural |
|Singular |Singular | | |
|este |esta |Estos |Estas |
|ese |esa |Esos |Esas |
|aquel |aquella |Aquellos |Aquellos |

(Aquí) yo tengo este libro. I have this book.
(Allí) tú tienes ese libro. You have that book.
(Allá) ella tiene aquel libro. She has that book. (woy).

12. Demonstrative Pronouns: Adjectives as nouns

You can also use the demonstrative adjectives as a pronoun by simply putting an accent on the first “é” of each demonstrative and removing the noun.. The definitions become –this, that, these, and those.
Yo tengo éste. I have this (one). éste refers to a masc. sing. noun that is close to me.
Tú lees ése. You read that (one). ése refers to a masc. sing. noun that is far away from me.
Ella ve a aquéllas. She sees them. aquéllos refers to fem. plural nouns that are really far away.

|Masculine |Feminine |Masc. Plural |Fem. Plural |
|Singular |Singular | | |
|éste |ésta |éstos |éstas |
|ése |ésa |ésos |ésas |
|aquél |aquélla |Aquéllos |Aquéllos |

13. Future Tense (Someone will ______)

Use the Future tense endings for all types of verbs. The endings are attached to the end of the infinitive.

-ar/-er/-ir Endings é ás á emos éis án

Irregular Stems for Future:
Add the future endings to the irregular stem of the following verbs:
Poner—Pondr-
Saber---Sabr-
Salir---Saldr-
Hacer---Har-
Tener----Tendr-
Venir---Vendr-
Poder----Podr-
Decir----Dir-
Querer----Querr-
Haber-----Har-

14. Conditional Tense (Someone would ______)
*same irregular stems as future and same endings as Imperfect –er/-ir.
Use the Conditional tense endings for all types of verbs. The endings are attached to the end of the infinitive.

-ar/-er/-ir Endings ía ías ía íamos íais ían

Irregular Stems for Conditional:
Add the conditional endings to the irregular stem of the following verbs:
Poner—Pondr-
Saber---Sabr-
Salir---Saldr-
Hacer---Har-
Tener----Tendr-
Venir---Vendr-
Poder----Podr-
Decir----Dir-
Querer----Querr-
Haber-----Har-

15. Subjunctive or Subjuntivo

Subjunctive Mood vs Indicative Mood—

Indicative Mood (everything you have learned so far including Present, Preterite, Imperfect, Future, Conditional, all the Present Tenses, and the Commands) are used to indicate actions that definitely take place. They are objective, factual, and real actions.

Subjunctive actions (can be present subj., imperfect subj., pres. perf. subj. or pluscuam perf. subj.) express what possibly may/might happen. The actions are subjective.

To form the Present Subjunctive or Presente de Subjuntivo:

Take the YO form of the Ind. Present Tense, drop the “O” and then add the opposite vowel endings.
-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs e emos a amos es éis as áis e en a an

Other Command Irregulars: (There are many verbs that have an irreg. pres. tense yo form—“go” verbs, verbs like conozco but these verbs follow the same formula as above. The stem changing verbs which start out in the Yo form with the change in place however will continue to have an additional change in the nosotros and vosotros forms for the –ir verbs only. These are also called shoe-shape verbs. Shoe-shape Verbs: All shoe-shape verbs from the Pres. Ind. Tense keep the shoe-shape in the Subjunctive. In addition, any –ir verb will also change e-I or o-u in the Nosotros and Vosotros forms. Thus, it gives you a hot dog on a shoe
Querer Dormir quiera queramos duerma durmamos quieras queráis duermas durmáis quiera quieran duerma duerman

-car, -gar, -zar
All verbs that end in –car, -gar, or –zar change c to qu, g to gu, or z to c in ALL forms of the present subjunctive.

SIDES (ser, ir, dar, estar, saber)—irregular because the yo form does not end in “O” ser ir dar estar saber sea seamos vaya vayamos dé demos esté estemos sepa sepamos seas seáis vayas vayáis des deis estés estéis sepas sepáis sea sean vaya vayan dé den esté estén sepa sepan

To Form the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE or Imperfecto de Subjuntivo

Take the preterite ellos forms, drop off –ron and add the following endings: ra ´ramos ras rais ra ran

There are no irregulars in the imp. subj. only irregular pret. ellos forms. (VIDS, Hotdogs, J stems, Irreg. Stems, CLOC)

To Form the Pres. Perfect Subjunctive or Perfecto de Subjuntivo

Use the helping verb HABER + past participle

Haber is conjugated to the present subjunctive. The past participle rules are the same: drop the –ar, add –ado, or drop the –er/-ir, add –ido. Remember irregular past participles such as: dicho, hecho, visto, escrito, roto, vuelto, devuelto, abierto, descubierto, cubierto, muerto, puesto—there are more but these are common.

Haya hayamos hayas hayáis + past particple haya hayan

To Form the Pluscamperfo de Subjunctivo

Use the helping verb HABER + past participle

Haber is conjugated to the imp. subj. Past participles are the same as before; drop the –ar, add –ado, or drop the –er/-ir, add –ido. Remember irregular past participles such as: dicho, hecho, visto, escrito, roto, vuelto, devuelto, abierto, descubierto, cubierto, muerto, puesto—there are more but these are common.

Hubiera hubiéramos hubieras hubieráis + past participles hubiera hubieran

Sentence Structure using subjunctive:

Main Clause Dependent Clause
Present Ind. / Future (que) + Pres. Subj./ Pres. Perf. Subj.
Preterite/ Imp. Ind. / Conditional (que) + Imp. Subj./ Pluscuamperfecto de Subj.

Main Clause Lead Verbs:
1. Nominal Clauses: desear- to wish temer- to fear tener miedo de – to be afraid preferir (ie)- to prefer mandar – to order/ demand insistir en- to insist

2. Impersonal Expressions: (Change the conjugation of ser (Es) to other tenses if necessary. (Es, Era, Será, Sería)
Es imposible/ posible- It’s impossible/ possible
Es probable/ improbable- It’s probable/ improbable
Es necesario- It’s necessary
Es bueno/ malo- It’s good/bad
Es mejor/ peor—It’s better / worse
Es fácil/ difícil—It’s easy/ difficult
Es importante- It’s important

3. Verbs like aconsejar: (generally use an IOP before them to introduce the subject of the dependent clause) pedir- to ask rogar (ue)- to beg sugerir (ie)- to suggest aconsejar – to advise exigir – to demand decir (i)- to tell escribir – to write

4. Expressions of Emotion-(Subjunctive is always used after an emotion even if the action is real.) alegrarse de – to be happy about estar contento- to be happy estar triste- to be sad sentir (ie)- to be sorry sorprenderse- to be surprised ser una lástima- to be a pitty

5. Clauses of Doubt—(Only use subjunctive if doubt is expressed---otherwise the dependent clause will be in the indicative because certainty is expressed)
Doubt—Subjunctive Certainty—Indicative dudar no dudar es dudoso no es dudoso no estar seguro estar seguro no creer creer no es cierto es cierto

6. Adverbial Clauses-these clauses are between the Main Clause and the Dependent Clause—same tense rules apply as before.

Main Adverbial Dependent

Present/ Future + para que- so that + Present Subjunctive de maneral que- in such a way that, so that or de modo que- in such a way that, so that or con tal (de) que- provided that sin que- unless, without
Pret/Imp/ Cond + a menos que- unless + Imp. Subjunctive

7. Aunque—although ( may be followed by the indicative or the subjunctive depending on the meaning)
If the idea expresses an action that may happen, use subjunctive. If the idea expresses an action that is real, use the indicative. Tense rules apply.
Pres. / Future + aunque + Pre. Indic.= action is real
Pret./Imp/Cond.+ aunque + Pret./ imp Ind.= action has happened
Pres. / Future + aunque + Pre. Subj.= action may or may not happen
Pret./Imp/Cond.+ aunque + Pret./ imp Ind.= action may or may not have happened

8. If Clauses—“Si Clauses”---sequence of tenses
Main Clause Si Clause
Future Present Indicative
Conditional Imperfect Subjunctive

9. Relative Clauses
A relative, or adjective, clause is a clause that modifies a noun. If the person or thing does exist and is real use the indicative. If not, use the subjunctive.

10. Adverbial Clauses of Time
Cuando- when en cuanto- as soon as tan pronto como-as soon as hasta que -until después de que- after, afterwards

Use Future + adverbial clause of time + present subjunctive
Use Past + adverbial clause of time + past

11. Antes de que ( always followed by the subjunctive—no matter the tense because the action at the time has not happened)

12. Ojalá + subjunctive (present or imp.)

13. Quizá(s)---Maybe--Always use subjunctive (present or imp.)

14. Tal Vez (maybe)
Tal vez + subjunctive---might happen tal vez + future---shows intention and belief that the action will really happen
-----------------------
the book.

the paper.

the book.

the paper.

OPV’s
-ar verb = e
-er/-ir verb = a

pidió pidieron

imp-eating

time line

Pret,-phone rang

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