...|CM2101 (Principles of Spectroscopy) | |Experiment 1: Rovibrational Spectrum of Hydrogen Chloride | AIM To measure the infra-red (IR) spectrum of gaseous HCl using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectrometer, and analyse the rotational fine structures. ABSTRACT The experiment aims to identify various parameters of gaseous HCl related to quantum mechanics by using high-resolution IR spectrum and graphical method of analysis. The values that are being investigated specifically are νe (equilibrium vibrational frequency), νeχe (product of equilibrium vibrational frequency and anharmonicity constant), k (force constant), B0 (rotational constant at n = 0), B1 (rotational constant at n = 1), Be (rotational constant at equilibrium internuclear distance), α (Coriolis constant) and re (equilibrium internuclear distance). The spectrum obtained shows strong fundamental absorption band approximately between 3100 and 2600 cm-1, with the origin of the band approximately at 2880 cm-1. It is also characterised by the presence of P and R branches which spreads out from the origin, with the former being present at a lower wavenumber region than the latter. In addition, double peaks are observed due to the presence of two isotopes of chlorine: 35Cl and 37Cl. INTRODUCTION One of the areas being...
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...IR SPECTROSCOPY WITH INSTRUMENTATION BY MUHAMMAD ABDUL WAHAB ROL#428 Msc 2 SUBMITTED TO Dr.S.Mustansar Abbas IR SPECTROSCOPY It is the method or process to getting information about atoms and molecule by using electromagnetic radiation. OR The method of “seeing the unseenable”atoms and molecule. The field of spectroscopy related with internal structure of atom or molecule.There are different types of radiation but we use here IR RADIATION to analyte vibration change in electrons by IR Spectrum. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY • IR Spectroscopy can be define as • The Study of concentration or specific obserption of infrared radiation which cause vibrational transition in the molecule. • IR light have longer wavelength and lower...
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...Gregg Taylor Student: Martin Tadros ID#: 100288670 Date Perform: October 9, 2013 Lab Partner: N/A Note: This lab I did last semester Note 2: The lab done this semester the dilution I did was the problem. Will send this one as a reference that I understand the concept and calculation of the lab and will send another lab explaining the errors. AA1 - Varian Spectra AA 200 Experiments INTRODUCTION Concept: Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectra analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements employing the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms. It is capable of measuring the concentrations of a wide variety of element in sample. In AAS method measures the light absorbed by the very large proportion of atoms in the ground state. It is a widely used technique due to its simplicity, effectiveness, and relatively low cost. Atomic-absorption (AA) spectroscopy uses the absorption of light to measure the concentration of gas-phase atoms. Since samples are usually liquids or solids, the analyses atoms or ions must be vaporized in a flame or graphite furnace. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transitions to higher electronic energy levels. The analyse concentration is determined from the amount of absorption. Applying the Beer-Lambert law directly in AA spectroscopy is difficult due to variations in the atomization efficiency from the sample matrix, and non uniformity of concentration...
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...Practical 2 – UV-Visible Spectroscopy Iron in dietary supplements Introduction UV-Visible spectroscopy is an analytical technique involving measurement of the UV-visible light absorbed by substances, and is therefore commonly used for determining the concentration of a substance in a sample. Many substances absorb energies of particular wavelengths, while transmitting energy of other wavelengths. A UV-visible spectrum is produced when photons that are present in this particular region of the electromagnetic spectrum gain energy; causing electrons to jump from to higher energy levels than the ones they previously existed in. Not all substances have the same energy levels, since they vary from substance to substance. This in turn means that the energy and wavelength of the light required to move electrons from their energy levels also varies between substances. Hence it is possible to use the specific spectrum produced by each substance to identify what it is. A substance that absorbs light appears coloured, however the observable colour is the complement of the colour(s) absorbed, i.e. the colour not absorbed, since it is what remains to reach our eyes. UV-Visible spectroscopy can be used to obtain qualitative data, such as through identifying compounds using spectra compounds, or quantitative analysis. However, it is generally used for quantitative analysis, in order to determine the concentration of substance in a sample. In this procedure, the spectrum of the pure...
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...1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Nestle Nestlé was founded in 1867 on the shores of Lake Geneva in Vevey, Switzerland and its first product was “Farine Lactée Nestlé”, an infant cereal specially formulated by Henri Nestlé to provide and improve infant nutrition. From its first historic merger with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in 1905, Nestlé has grown to become the world’s largest and most diversified food Company, and is about twice the size of its nearest competitor in the food and beverages sector. Nestlé’s activities contribute to and nurture the sustainable economic development of people, communities and nations. Above all, Nestlé is dedicated to bringing the joy of ‘Good Food, Good Life’ to people throughout their lives, throughout the world. 1.2 History Of Nestle * The Nestlé Company was Henri Nestlé's search for a healthy, economical alternative to breastfeeding for mothers who could not feed their infants at the breast. * The Company formed by the 1905 merger was called the Nestlé and Anglo- Swiss Milk Company. The close of World War II marked the beginning of the most dynamic phase of Nestlé's history. Throughout this period, Nestlé's growth was based on its policy of diversifying within the food sector to meet the needs of consumers. * In 1947, Nestlé merged with Alimentana S.A., the manufacturer of Maggi seasonings and soups, becoming Nestlé Alimentana Company. After the agreement with L’Oreal in 1974, Nestlé's overall position...
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...determine if they are “okay” to drive. The purpose of this project is to study, design ,build, and test a fixed frequency photospectrometer that will test the blood alcohol content of a person non-invasively. BACKGROUND Over the past decades a new method for measurement has been rapidly envancing. This method is a photonic technique that envolves electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation has several forms including visible and infrared light radiation. Visible light radiation ranges from 370nm to 760nm, while infrared ranges from 760nm to approximately 1OE-4nm. Mark A. Arnold at the university of Iowa in Iowa City and Gary W.Small at Ohio University in Athens have been focusing on near-infrared (800nm to 1000nm) absorption spectroscopy as a solution to non-invasive glucose monitoring. Problems that have occurred revolve around the broad absorption signals of near-infrared radiation making it more difficult to identi@ a specific analyte. Arnold estimates that a working device is still five years away. A Biophotonic success is the Pulse Oximeter. It is a ten year old deviqe used to monitor patient’s conditions under anesthesia. It uses two LEDs that emit light at a wavelength of 660nm and 940nm respectively. Oxygenated blood absorbs strongly at 660nm. As cumulative blood oxygenation changes, the ratio of the light transmitted by the two frequencies changes. The unit detects the peaks and valleys, allowing it to separate the arterial blood 0-7803-5078-2/98/$10.00 0 1998...
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...This page takes a brief look at the Beer-Lambert Law and explains the use of the terms absorbance and molar absorptivity relating to UV-visible absorption spectrometry. AbsorbanceMeasuring the absorbance of a solutionIf you have read the page about how an absorption spectrometer works, you will know that it passes a whole series of wavelengths of light through a solution of a substance (the sample cell) and also through an identical container (the reference cell) which only has solvent in it. | | Note: It isn't essential to read about how the spectrometerworks, but you could follow this link if you are interested or if it is on your syllabus. Everything you need from that page to understand the present topic is repeated below. | For each wavelength of light passing through the spectrometer, the intensity of the light passing through the reference cell is measured. This is usually referred to as Io - that's I for Intensity.The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that wavelength - given the symbol, I.If I is less than Io, then obviously the sample has absorbed some of the light. A simple bit of maths is then done in the computer to convert this into something called the absorbance of the sample - given the symbol, A.For reasons to do with the form of the Beer-Lambert Law (below), the relationship between A (the absorbance) and the two intensities is given by:On most of the diagrams you will come across, the absorbance...
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...Step 1: Calculate the degree of unsaturation. The degree of unsaturation indicates number of double bonds present in the compound. Step 2: See the IR spectrum, specially the region of wavenumbers greater than 1500 cm-1 . Look for likely functional groups keeping in mind, the degree of unsaturation and molecular formula. e.g, if there is one double bond and an oxygen, it could be a carbonyl; if there is no double bond and an oxygen, it will be either an ether or an alcohol; if there are 4 double bonds, there might be an aromatic ring. Step 3: See the PMRand 13C NMR spectrum.Check that the functional groups infered by IR and NMR are consistent or not. Step 4: Draw possible structures consistent with the unsaturation, IR, and NMR data. Check the total number of carbons, oxygens, hydrogens, etc. consistent with the molecular formula.Verify the molecular weight and base peak as well as fragmentation pattern from mass spectrum. Degree of unsaturation: The degree of unsaturation can be calculated from the molecular formula of compound containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens. A calculation of the degree of unsaturation tells us how many rings and double bonds are in the molecule; thus, we have an idea about presence of a carbonyl or a carbon-carbon double bond or a ring or an aromatic ring in the compound. Rules: • Rule 1: Replace halogen in the molecular formula by ‘CH3’ • Rule 2: Omit oxygens and sulphurs. • Rule 3: Replace nitrogen by ‘CH’. By using...
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...Maria Vasilenko 223901 Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Master of Science Thesis Examiners: Professor Matti Karp Professor Raghida Lepistö Examiner and topic approved in The Science and Bioengineering Department Council meeting on 7.11.2012 Abstract TAMPERE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master‟s Degree Programme in Science and Bioengineering Vasilenko Maria: Feasibility of using biosensors for heavy metal detection in complex matrices such as bio-slurries. Seminar paper, 97 pages November 2012 Major: Biotechnology Examiners: Matti Karp, Raghida Lepisto Keywords: environmental pollution, heavy metals, biosensors, slurries The quality of bioslurries that are used in industrial production and agriculture need to be watched very closely to avoid spreading of contaminants on area and poisoning of humans and animals. Because heavy metals are very stable and toxic in many chemical compositions, their amount should be estimated very thoroughly. A new approach that involved biosensors was tested in this study. Because the slurries are complex non-unified matrices which composed of two phases – solid and liquid, the cell behavior can varies a lot from the one that explained in water and so the estimation of ion concentration can be not reliable. It was shown that the cell actually behave different in the slurries. Normally the dissolved compounds suppress the biosensor activity and, in the same time, the ions in the...
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...Abstract Power transformers are one of the most important parts of the power system. Failure of a transformer affects power supply to citizen and affects the income of business sector. Condition monitoring of power transformer is very important. By measuring the furan contents in power transformer oil can give a sign of the power transformer health, using this method is more convenient and economical among all the methods. With the aid of UV-Vis Spectrometer, light absorption and transmission with various furan contents of different power transformers with different ages are measured and compared. The measured results are used to predict the furan contents and remnant life of the power transformer can estimate. Copper dusts added into transformer oil in order to investigate the effect on the light absorption and transmission. The measured results show the impact of copper dust on light absorption and transmission characteristics that can provide indication of transformers remaining health condition. This thesis presents the measurement of power transformers oil samples with different furan contents for remnant life estimation. Key words: Power Transformer, Copper Dust, Transformer oil, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Furan, Health Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Power Transformer Figure 1: A basic power transformer. Power Transformers are critical elements in an electrical power system. It is used to step-up or step-down voltage level as needed to serve the transmission...
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...UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Calibration S.ZALI M.Sc. Dept. of Analytical chemistry Razi vaccine serum research institute S.Zali@rvsri.ir 2008 The primary objective of GLP is to ensure the generation of high quality data. Essential to this is the ability to produce estimates for the measurement uncertainty associated with calibrations. V The spectrophotometer has become the workhorse for high throughput routine testing for a wide variety of analysts in chemical and biochemical analysis laboratories. It is important for accuracy and reproducibility in measurement that this instrument is correctly set up and calibrated. Increasing Wavelength 50,000 Gamma X-ray 12,820 UV 200 4000 NIR 380 780 IR 2500 400 cm-1 FIR Micro Radio 25 000 nm Increasing Energy K-shell electrons Outer-shell electrons Molecular vibrations Molecular Rotation Conventional Spectrophotometer: The factors that must be calibrated: Control of wavelengths Control of absorbance Limit of stray light Resolution Spectral slit width Cell Control of wavelengths: Wavelength standards: The ideal wavelength standard would have very narrow and very well defined peaks. Control of wavelengths: •Solution of holmium(III) in perchloric acid: 240– 640 nm. •Holmium oxide filters: 280–640 nm. •Didymium filters: 400–750 nm. •Using of spectral lines in low-pressure discharge lamps: 656.1 nm produced by...
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...Photon correlation spectroscopy Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) is a technique that is used to determine the size distribution of small particles in suspension or polymers in liquid solution. It’s also known as dynamic light scattering. It can also be used to probe the behavior of complex fluids such as concentrated polymer solutions. Principle When light hits small particles, the light scatters in all directions as long as the particles are small compared to the wavelength. According to the Stokes Einstein’s theory, particle Brownian motion depending on the viscosity of the suspending fluid, temperature of the fluid, diffusion coefficients of polymeric samples, molecular weights of polymers and the size of particles suspending in the fluid. Thus, the graph of scattered light can be used to determine the diffusion of particles which correlates the particle sizes. Application PCS is used to characterize size of various particles including proteins, polymers, micelles, carbohydrates, and nanoparticles. If the system is mono-disperse, the mean effective diameter of the particles can be determined. This measurement depends on the size of the particle core, the size of surface structures, particle concentration, and the type of ions in the medium. Since PCS essentially measures fluctuations in scattered light intensity due to diffusing particles, the diffusion coefficient of the particles can be determined. PCS software of commercial instruments typically displays...
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... The SEM micrographs of chitosan, Ca-bentonite and Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite were taken at 3000 magnification showed on Figure 2. These image illustrated that surface of chitosan tight and porous and after forming composite with Ca-bentonite appeared that coverage of Ca-bentonite by chitosan. Elemental identification of surface features were performed by EDX listed in table 2. Fig. 2. SEM micrograph of samples (a) chitosan, (b) bentonite and (c) Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite Tabel 2. Result of elements Chitosan, Ca-bentonite and Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite Elements Chitosan (% w) Ca-bentonite (% w) Ca-bentonite-chitosan composite (% w) C N O Na Ca Mg Al Si Fe 48.41 49.35 0.64 - 1.60 - - - - - - 50.03 0.01 2.63 0.22 17.85 29.14 0.12 16.56 15.28 38.44 0.02 8.45 0.23 9.31 10.50 1.21 Adsorption of the phenol using Ca-bentonite/chitosan composite Effect of initial concentration The sorption dependent of initial concentration of phenol. The figure 3 shows that adsorption capacity increased from concentration of phenol 50 to 125 mg/L. The more concentration of phenol result increasing adsorption capacity. However, due to the limited amount of composites will achieve the maximum adsorption capacity. In this research, maximum adsorption capacity at the initial concentration of phenol 125 mg/L. Figure 3. Effect initial concentration for adsorption capacity of phenol onto composite Effect of composite weight Figure 4 shows the amount of phenol removed using...
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...system includes a three-electrode system contains of a MWCNT-β-CD-OPDPA/GCE as working electrode, Ag/AgCl/KCl (saturated) as the reference electrode and a platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted with MIRA3TESCAN-XMU model. Ceftazidime was generously prepared by Jaber Ebne Hayyan Pharmaceutical Co. (Iran). Diphenylamine was obtained from Merck. The β-cyclodextrin and the MWCNTs were bought from Sigma–Aldrich and (io-li-tec) company, respectively. 2.2 Fabrication of MWCNTs- β-CD- OPDPA composite modified electrode In the first, MWCNTs were refined and functionalized same as previous our work [29]. In breifly, MWCNTs were heated at 350 °C for 2 h and after cooling, it was ultrasonicated for 4 h in concentrated HCl. After that, it was filtered and rinsed with distilled water. MWCNT was functionalized in a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in 3:1 ratio for 10 h. To provide MWCNT-β-CD/GCE, 10 mg of the MWCNT were combined to 10 mL of 1.0 mM β-CD aqueous solution and was located in ultrasonic for 30 min to obtain dispersed MWCNT. Then 4 μL of MWCNT-β-CD dispersion was cast onto the surface of well–polished GCE and evaporated under the UV lamp. Electropolymerization of DPA was conducted on MWCNT-β-CD/GCE by continuous cyclic voltammetry in 1.0 mM monomer and 5 M H2SO4. To partially oxidize of polymer film, the potential 0.9 V during 180s was applied to working electrode. 2.3. Procedure Proper amounts of ceftazidime...
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...Chapter 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION The aim of this research work is to investigate the scatter correction by dual and triple energy windows in SPECT system. SPECT that stands for (single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) is a technique for tracing radioactive tracers in the body and provide three dimensional maps of in vivo radiopharmaceutical distributions. The primary objective of SPECT is to provide accurate quantitative cross-sectional image. Its main benefit is to Increase the image contrast due to reduction in background activity super imposed on object activity, gives depth information about the deep laying lesions, and to increase the accuracy of quantification. In SPECT require correction for both attenuation and scatter. Scatter correction is so necessary because it reduce scatter and increase contrast the counts accepted by the photopeak window will include photons that have undergone Compton scatter in the patient. Compton scattering correction methods is define here especially for accurate quantification of focal region having higher than average uptake. Scatter photons have lost part of their energy prior to reaching the detector but a significant fraction deposit sufficient energy in the detector for the pulse height to be within a typical 10-20% photopeak window. In past years various method have been on this assumption that the scatter compensation such as Monte Carlo Simulation, deconvolution methods and spectral fitting methods have been investigated for SPECT imaging...
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