...DEVELOPMENT AS A POLITICAL AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITY BY ALFRED FAYOSE Introduction In the views of Marsh and Willis (2007) curriculum development is “a collective and intentional process or activity directed at beneficial curriculum change”. Curriculum development involves making basic decisions as to who will partake in the curriculum decision-making process and how it will proceed (Adentwi and Sarfo, 2009). The decisions made, however, are both political and technical depending on the individual stages. The stages of the curriculum development process include planning, designing, implementation and evaluation. Curriculum development as a political activity Curriculum development can be considered as partly political because the planning stage of the curriculum development process is said to be a lay political activity. Curriculum planning, especially at the national level is considered to be a political activity due to the reasons below. First and foremost, curriculum planning is designed to ensure adequate representation of the opinions of all the major stakeholders in education. In curriculum planning, the emphasis is on the interest of the people who matter most in education. For instance, teachers, students, parents and religious bodies among others who are stakeholders are represented at the planning stage not because of their competence or technical know-how but because of their interest. Furthermore, the government of the day seeks to promote its economic and political development...
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...What is Career Planning? Career planning is the process of establishing career objectives and determining appropriate educational and developmental programs to further develop the skills required to achieve short- or long-term career objectives. Meaning: Meaning Career planning is the process by which one selects career goals and the path to these goals. Career development is those personal improvements one undertakes to achieve a personal career plan. Career management is the process of designing and implementing goals, plans and strategies to enable the organization to satisfy employee needs while allowing individuals to achieve their career goals. So, due to this career planning and development is necessary to each and every employee in an organization. The need of career planning and development is felt in each and every organization of today’s global world. Benefit of Career Planning: For Individuals: 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of various career opportunities, his priorities etc. 2. This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences, family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization identify internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal promotions, upgradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost up their morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment...
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...such as achievement of a goal or solution to a problem. It can simply be described as a long term business planning. To effectively win in a competitive market situation, it is necessary for an organization to take into account three aspects when designing a strategy at any level: (1) the firm's resources, (2) the competitors’ resources, and (3) the nature of the battlefield to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. A business strategy is concerned with major resource issues raising the finance to build a new business. Strategies are also concerned with deciding on what products to allocate major resources and concerned with the scope of a business’s activities what and where they produce. For example, BIC’s scope is focused on three main product areas as lighters, pens and razors, and they have developed super factories in key geographical locations to produce these items. If any organization has unlimited resources and knows the best way to achieve the company goals, they do not worry about possessing the strategic viewpoint. However, limited resources are related to a high level of uncertainty. Since the firm has limited resources, it should identify the best course of action to achieve company goals. This is the reason why an organization should consider the strategy and possess the strategic viewpoint. 2. Strategic planning is defined as the managerial process of formulating and maintaining a strategic fit between the organization’s goals and limited capabilities...
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...TRADITIONAL PROCESS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT This is the classical and most used methodology, based on a straightforward problem solving strategy: problem definition, solution planning, solution implementation, and solution evaluation. This Traditional Approach consists of 5 stages: Project Initiation, Project Planning, Project Execution, Project Control and Project Closure. Although boundaries between some stages and stage components aren’t completely clear, it’s extremely important to see these stages as fundamental parts that will progressively contribute to your project documentation, completion, and to clearly communicate what has to be done. • PROJECT INITIATION Project Initiation includes several tasks that will affect the whole project and its final outcome. This stage should be carried out through close interaction with the project owner in order to clearly define the scope and boundaries. Main components of this stage are: PROJECT OWNER AND STAKEHOLDERS DEFINITION Extremely important, to define who will be the Owner of the project is crucial to avoid failure. Very often the Project Owner will be one of those Stakeholders. SCOPE AND BOUNDARIES The Scope is one of the crucial documents the Project Manager needs to get approved by people involved in the project, the Stakeholders. ENVIRONMENT Depending on what kind of project they’re working on, the project team needs to understand the environment where the project will be developed and its potential relationships...
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...Management Practices Why is it necessary to plan? How is most planning conducted? Planning suggests a systematic attempt to shape the future. I think that planning entails making decisions and informing actions in ways that are socially rational. At the same time, serves a public or general purpose, such as ensuring the stability and growth of the economy. The planning process must continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest. This is necessary because it guide overall economic stability and growth in a community by achieving a sensible and attractive land use pattern, preserving or improving that which all ready exists and also encourage economic development. All manager plan. Most planning is carried out on an informal or casual basis. This occurs when planners do not record their thoughts but carry them around in their heads. Formal planning is written, documented and developed through an identifiable process. The appropriate degree of sophistication depends on the needs of the individual managers and the organizational itself. At the same time plans are often classified by function or use. The most frequently encountered types of functional plans are sales and marketing plans, production plans, financial plans, and personnel plans. Sales and marketing plans are for developing new products or services. So at the end of time we all need to plan our life or thought in certain ways to get were we want in your life. 2. Describe the differences between...
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...the implications of a new product on operations managment the implications of a new product on operations managment By: Mwenya Musakanya SN: 14100042 BS343 PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT By: Mwenya Musakanya SN: 14100042 BS343 PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 New Products and Product Design 2 2.1 Factors to Consider in Product Design 3 2.1.1 Design for Manufacture 3 2.1.2 Product Life Cycle 3 3 Process Selection 4 3.1 Process Decisions 4 3.2 Factors to Consider in Process Design 5 3.2.1 Choice of Technology 5 3.2.2 Process Planning 5 4 Capacity Planning 5 4.1 Process of Capacity Planning 6 4.2 Importance of Capacity Planning for New Products 7 5 Quality Control 7 5.1 Methods that can be used to control Quality 7 5.1.1 Verification of the Design Quality 8 5.1.2 Product Quality Control 8 5.1.3 Supplier Quality Control 8 5.1.4 Early Warning Mechanism 8 6 Forecasting 9 6.1 Methods used in Forecasting 10 6.1.1 Short Term Forecast 10 6.1.2 Long Term Forecast 10 7 Conclusion 10 8 References 12 Introduction New product launches are highly complex and can pose major challenges to companies. But then, managing the relationship between product generations and diversity can greatly increase the chances for success for a company. Traditionally, new products have offered great opportunities for companies to innovate, connect with their customers and provide value added services and products. When...
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...INTRUDUCTION Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning involves the creation and maintenance of a plan. As such, planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior. This thought process is essential to the creation and refinement of a plan, or integration of it with other plans; that is, it combines forecasting of developments with the preparation of scenarios of how to react to them. An important, albeit often ignored aspect of planning, is the relationship it holds with forecasting. Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like, whereas planning predicts what the future should look like. The counterpart to planning is spontaneous order. Meaning of Curriculum In formal education, a curriculum is the planned interaction of pupils with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating the attainment of educational objectives. This process includes the use of literacies and datagogies that are interwoven through the use of digital media and/or texts that address the complexities of learning. Other definitions combine various elements to describe curriculum as follows: • All the learning which is planned and guided by the school, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or outside the school. (John Kerr) • Outlines the skills, performances, attitudes, and values pupils are expected to learn from...
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...Strategic Management Process Paper Strategic Management Process Paper Before any business is started they have to have their own strategic management. I want to start my own business by forming my own bakery. I have to first achieve my mission and my vision. In order to do this I also have to have specific goals and objectives. It isn’t just strategic management that is involved it’s also process strategic management. The process of starting the business starts with either the owner or the manager. The manager or owner is faced with many situations. They are challenged through everybody including people working for them, the customers, banks, tax people, and sometimes even the worse the law. Overcoming all these challenges and getting things done is called management success. Management success is an accomplishment of the mission and objectives. Not all owners or managers succeed in their businesses though. They fail to accomplish the mission and objectives. Success in a business also requires in my belief effectiveness and efficiency. There is also much more to that in owning your own business. There is a formulation that many businesses do use. It is called the P-O-L-C formulation. This is a strategy formulation and it stands for planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. I will begin to explain the planning process. This is the most important process of all the steps that are involved...
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...little uncertainty 4. C) Meeting communications goals 5. A) Proposal 6. A) Project Management 7. A) Strategic, tactical 8. B) Program 9. D) Technical skills 10. B) Process Part Two: Q1. Project management is a one-time carefully planned and organized effort to achieve a specific goal. Project management includes: Developing a project plan, which includes defining project goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how goals will be achieved, what resources are need, and associating budgets and timelines for completion Implementing the project plan, carefully to make sure the plan is being managed according to plan. The different phases of a project lifecycle are as below: Project Lifecycle 1. Project Initiation Project Initiation in simple terms is: starting up the project. We initiate a project by defining its reason, business goals, and scope. The reason for initiating it, and the propose solution to be implemented. We will also put together a project team, define early milestones, and early budget proposal. With the above information we can move on and perform an end of Phase study in order to get a GO No GO decision. 2. Project Planning Once we define the project and assemble the project team, we are ready to enter the in depth Project Planning phase. This involves creating the "PMP", Project Management Plan, in order to guide the team during the project development and after. We will define the Required Skills of development team....
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...as a miniature model. The flaws, both technical and design, can be found and removed and the entire process canIntroduction: A software development process is a structure imposed on the development of a software product. Synonyms include software life cycle and software process. There are several models for such processes, each describing approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process. Software Development Life Cycle The Software Development Life Cycle is a step-by-step process involved in the development of a software product. It is also denoted as Software Development process in certain parts of the world. The whole process is generally classified into a set of steps and a specific operation will be carried out in each of the steps. Classification The basic classification of the whole process is as follows • Planning • Analysis • Design • Development and Implementation • Testing • Deployment • Maintenance Each of the steps of the process has its own importance and plays a significant part in the product development. The description of each of the steps can give a better understanding. Planning This is the first and foremost stage in the development and one of the most important stages. The basic motive is to plan the total project and to estimate the merits and demerits of the project. The Planning phase includes the definition of the intended system, development of the project plan, and Parallel management...
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...Finance: Turning Money into Wealth, 6e (Keown) Chapter 1 The Financial Planning Process 1.1 Facing Financial Challenges 1) Once a sound financial plan is in place, there should be no need to ever change it. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: The Financial Planning Process AACSB: 3. Analytical skills 2) When comparing two different investment opportunities the investor should always choose the investment that minimizes the total amount of taxes paid. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: Minimization of Taxes AACSB: 3. Analytical skills 3) Being financially secure involves balancing what you earn with A) your investments. B) what you spend. C) your retirement plans. D) your current level of debt. Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Financial Planning AACSB: 3. Analytical skills 4) In order for your financial plan to be realistic and attainable it needs to be based upon your A) budget. B) income level. C) number of tax deductions, exemption, exclusions, and credits. D) balance sheet. E) none of the above Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Financial Planning AACSB: 3. Analytical skills 5) Personal financial planning can help you to A) deal with unplanned health issues. B) minimize your tax payments to Uncle Sam. C) minimize your chances of personal bankruptcy. D) have enough money for a comfortable retirement. E) all of the above. Answer: E Diff: 2 Topic: Financial Planning AACSB: 3. Analytical skills 6) What are common factors found in an effective...
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...Project Management Document Reference GN 1.1. V.1.0. 28 July 2009 © 2009 Department of Finance Published by: Department of Finance Government Buildings Upper Merrion Street Dublin 2. This document is not to be taken as a legal interpretation of the provisions governing public procurement. All parties must rely exclusively on their own skills and judgement or upon those of their advisors when making use of this document. The Government Construction Contracts Committee (GCCC), the National Public Procurement Policy Unit (NPPPU) and the Department of Finance and any other contributor to this guidance note do not assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed. Contents 1: Introducing Project Management for Capital Works Projects 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Project Management Principles for Capital Works Management Framework 3 1.3 Influencing Factors 3 1.4 Managing the Project Programme 3 1.5 Administrative Procedures 3 ...
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...and junior level management. A project management means a process of planning, managing resources and working together to achieve a common goal. Furthermore, Project management includes five steps of system development life cycle i.e. initiation, planning, controlling, closing and development. (Project_management) Definitions: A project management can be defined as “A process of planning, monitoring, control and reviewing projects by using principles and techniques.” (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/project-management.html) “A phenomenon where definition, control, planning, deployment and monitoring comes together to get a common benefits is known as project management.” (Definitions.asp) “A project management is a summation of all models and methodologies which needs individual task completion.” (www.actano.com/20911_EN-What%B4s_new-Glossary.htm) PMBOK categories for effective project management: A project undertaken by well known university in New Zealand is to design and develop complaint management system for students in a university. Project Overview: A university is developing online complaint management system in which students can lodge their complaints on a portal created by university and connected to the website of the university. Any complaints and questions are to be discussed with Susan Bennett as she is authorized personnel. Furthermore, PMBOK approves 5 project completion stages and 9 knowledge areas for successful running and completion...
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...3-Step Process Paper Ross McAdam Appalachian State University 2/21/14 Dr. Haylett Abstract The Three-Step Writing Process is the best method to follow to help you communicate on a business level. It is very simple and straightforward. The Three-Step Writing Process will help create well-written business messages that are required when you are entering the business world. 3-Step Process Paper The 3-Step Writing process is the most effective way to start writing with professionalism in a business environment. The Three main parts of the process are planning, writing, and completing the business message. If one part of the process is missing then the whole message can turn out to be choppy and unprofessional. “The more you use the three-step writing process, the easier and faster it will become. You’ll also get better at allotting your time for each step.”(Bovee & Thill, 2014). This shows that the more you practice the process the more professional the messages will become over time. Planning The Message Planning is a critical stage of the process, because without a well-structured plan, the message may be unclear and come across unprofessionally. Most people skip the planning step because they do not think it is important. Well, Planning is just as important and a well-written message requires a lot of planning. There are four main parts to the planning stage and are important when it comes to developing a well thought out message. Analyze the Situation ...
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...little uncertainty 4. C) Meeting communications goals 5. A) Proposal 6. A) Project Management 7. A) Strategic, tactical 8. B) Program 9. D) Technical skills 10. B) Process Part Two: Q1. Project management is a one-time carefully planned and organized effort to achieve a specific goal. Project management includes: Developing a project plan, which includes defining project goals and objectives, specifying tasks or how goals will be achieved, what resources are need, and associating budgets and timelines for completion Implementing the project plan, carefully to make sure the plan is being managed according to plan. The different phases of a project lifecycle are as below: Project Lifecycle 1. Project Initiation Project Initiation in simple terms is: starting up the project. We initiate a project by defining its reason, business goals, and scope. The reason for initiating it, and the propose solution to be implemented. We will also put together a project team, define early milestones, and early budget proposal. With the above information we can move on and perform an end of Phase study in order to get a GO No GO decision. 2. Project Planning Once we define the project and assemble the project team, we are ready to enter the in depth Project Planning phase. This involves creating the "PMP", Project Management Plan, in order to guide the team during the project development and after. We will define the Required Skills of development team....
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