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Star Inc

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Case 1.6 : Star Technologies

Star Technologies, Inc adalah sebuah perusahaan manufaktur computer yang bergerak di bidang industri berteknologi tinggi. Star Tech., Inc didirikan pada tahun 1981 dan menjadi perusahaan yang terdaftar di bursa saham pada tahun 1984. Star Tech., Inc mengkhususkan diri pada pengembangan computer untuk kepentingan militer dan eksplorasi minyak.
Pada akhir tahun fiskal 1989 (31 Maret 1989), Star mengalami krisis perusahaan dikarenakan kesalahan perkiraan penjualan. Perusahaan memperkirakan bahwa selama tahun 1989 Star akan menjual 29 unit computer dalam bidang eksplorasi minyak, pada kenyataannya Star hanya mampu menjual 1 komputer saja selama tahun tersebut dan tidak ada permintaan penjualan sampai pada akhir tahun tersebut. Hasil pengoprasian yang buruk selama tahun 1989 memnyebabkan perusahaan melanggar beberapa perjanjian yang dibuat dengan bank yang memberi pinjaman jangka panjang kepada perusahaan sebesar US$ 5.8 juta. Pelanggaran ini menyebabkan bank secepatnya menyesuaikan jangka waktu pinjamannya menjadi jatuh tempo pada akhir tahun fiscal 1989.
Pada tahun fiskal 1980, laporan keuangan Star di audit oleh Price Waterhouse. Partner yang bertugas untuk melaksanakan audit laporan keuangan Star adalah Clark Childers dan Paul Argy ditunjuk sebagai senior manager yang saat itu dipertimbangkan untuk menjadi partner di tahun yang akan datang.
Selama pengauditan tahun fiscal 1989 Argy banyak berselisih dengan management klien tentang beberapa masalah dalam laporan akunting dan keuangan perusahaan. Diantaranya adalah: 1. Pengembangan Research & Development
Pada tahun 1989, Star mengesahkan kerjasama penelitian dengan Glen Culler & Rekan, sebuah perusahaan kecil yang mengembangkan “supercomputers”. Di tahun yang sama Star menyetorkan hampir US$ 900,000 kepada Culler. Perjanjian dari kedua belah pihak menyebutkan bahwa dana yang telah disetorkan Star harus kembali di bayarakan setelah 10 tahun dan mengharuskan Culler untuk menggunakan dana tersebut untuk mengembangkan computer baru yang star akan memiliki hak eksklusif untuk memproduksi computer baru tersebut. Perjanjian ini dinilai sangat keliru karena Culler tidak mempunyai sumber pendapatan dan modal kerja selain dari Star yang mana merupakan pembeli tunggal, selain itu Culler sendiri bernilai kurang dari US$ 200,000 dan sedikit asset berwujud. Akhirnya perjanjian antara kedua perusahaan tersebut memberi kuasa kepada Star untuk mengakuisisi Cullen.
Star mencatat perjanjian US$ 900,000 ini sebagai nota penerimaan dan memasukannya didalam neraca sebagai asset lain-lain. Dimana seharusnya sesuai dengan SFAS (Statement on Financial Accounting Standart) paragraph 11 dan 12 mengharuskan transaksi tersebut dicatat sebagai biaya.

2. Cadangan Persediaan Usang
Satah satu produk utama Star adalah computer ST-100. Pada tahun 1989, Star menambahkan cadangan persediaan usang sebesar US$ 3.5 juta untuk setiap prodak ST-100 yang masih tersisa dan mengurangi nilai bersih persediaan sebesar US$ 2 juta. Auditor menilai bahwa nilai persediaan untuk ST-100 masih overvalued dan menyarankan untuk menambahkan US$ 1.5 juta untuk menghapus keseluruhan persediaan tersebut yang kemudian ditolak oleh para eksekutif Star dengan alasan persediaan barang tersebut masih memiliki nilai US$ 1 juta sebagai sparepart dari ST-100 yang terjual sebelumnya.

3. Cadangan Piutang tak Tertagih
Pada akhir tahun fiscal 1989, Star melaporkan akun piutang sebesar lebih dari US$ 5 juta.
2 dari piutang terbesar Star, telah lebih dari 4 tahun tidak tertagih. Kedua piutang tersebut sedang dituntut secara hukum pada saat itu, total US$ 1,062,000 dan merupakan penjualan dari ST-100. Sebelum penyesuaian akhir tahun, Star mencatat penyisihan piutang tak tertagih sebesar US$ 673,000. Argy menentukan bahwa penyisihan piutang tak tertagih harus ditingkatkan nilainya hampir sebesar US$ 400,000. Yang menjadikan penyisihan piutang tak tertagih menjadi senilai 2 piutang yang bermasalah tersebut. Di tahun pemeriksaan laporan keuangan sebelumnya Price Waterhouse menilai bahwa penyisihan piutang tak tertagih minimal senilai 2 unit ST-100. Kembali eksekutif Star menolak usulan tersebut.

4. Aset Misterius
Selama pemerikaan tahun 1989, staff auditor Price Waterhouse menemukan akun yang diberi nama “asset dalam proses” yang memiliki nilai hampir US$ 435,000. Menurut Star asset tersebut merupakan peralatan computer yang telah dibeli dan sedang dibetulkan sejak tahun 1985, namun Star tidak dapat menyediakan dokumen-dokumen yang mendukung pernyataan tersebut, seperti invoice pembelian. Selain itu Star juga mencatat adanya depresiasi untuk asset tersebut. Sehingga auditor mengusulkan untuk menghapus asset dan mencatat sebagai biaya. Usulan ini kembali di tolak oleh CFO Star yang memberi keterangan bahwa asset tersebut dimasukan kedalam perbaikan sejak tahun 1987 meski kembali tidah dapat memberikan dokumen-dokumen pendukung. Bukannya menerima penghapusan asset misterius tersebut, CFO Star mengusulkan pencatatan biaya depresiasi sebesar US$ 100,000.

5. Klasifikasi dari Pencatatan Hutang
Seperti yang telah disebutkan diatas bahwa pengoprasian yang buruk selama tahun 1989 membuat perusahaan melanggar beberapa perjanjian yang dibuat dengan bank sehingga bank secepatnya mempercepat jangka waktu pinjamannya sebesar US$ 5.8 juta menjadi jatuh tempo pada akhir tahun fiscal 1989. Pada tanggal 15 Juni 1989, Price Waterhouse telah menyelesaikan audit laporan keuangan Star tahun 1989, tetapi Childers selaku partner yang mengikat kontrak kerja dengan Star menolak untuk mengeluarkan laporan audit sebelum bank pemberi pinjaman kepada Star menghapuskan pelanggaran perjanjian hutang. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 1989 Price Waterhouse menerima fax dari Star yang menyatakan penangguhan waktu jatuh tempo selama 5 bulan. Yang diterima oleh Childers sebagai pinjaman jangka pangjang.

1. Jelaskan mengapa "pengetahuan industri" sangat penting untuk tim penugasan audit. Identifikasi faktor risiko yang umum ditimbulkan oleh perusahaan di bidang industry teknologi tinggi.
Jawab:
* Membantu auditor mengidentifikasi daerah-daerah yang memerlukan perhatian khusus di mana kesalahan dan kecurangan mungkin terjadi. * Membantu auditor untuk mengevaluasi kewajaran perhitungan/perkiraan akuntansi yang dibuat oleh manajemen. * Membantu mengevaluasi prinsip akuntansi yang digunakan oleh manajemen. * Membantu auditor untuk memahami transaksi yang terjadi dan pencatatan jurnal yang dibuat oleh perusahaan. * Auditor akan mampu mengenali transaksi - transaksi normal yang biasa terjadi di perusahaan.
Faktor risiko yang biasa terjadi dengan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam industry teknologi tinggi adalah kelebihan persediaan atau persediaan barang yang usang dikarenakan pesatnya pertumbuhan teknologi.

2. Dengan melihat laporanan keuangan Star Technologies, apa perubahan status keuangan Star antara akhir tahun fiscal 1988 dan 1989 yang seharusnya menjadi perhatian auditor independen perusahaan? Bagaimana perubahan ini seharusnya mempengaruhi keputusan kunci perencanaan audit untuk mengaudit Star 1989?
Jawab:
* Pada Statement of Operation (Exhibit 3) telihat adanya perubahan laba di tahun 1988 menjadi rugi di tahun 1989. Menandakan perusahaan merugi besar pada tahun fiskal 1989 * Pada Balance Sheets terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan pada asset lancar lain-lain
Penelusuran bukti-bukti terkait adanya peningkatan asset lancer lain-lain tidak bisa dengan hanya dengan melakukan sample.

3. Dengan melihat Laporan arus kas Star Technologies, Informasi apa yang dapat auditor peroleh dari data arus kas klien yang relevan dengan perencanan audit yang dikembangkan untuk klien?
Jawab:
Laporan Arus Kas mengambarkan bagaimana kas dihasilkan dan dimana kas tersebut digunakan. Bahwa terdapat peningkatan beban yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan pendapatan. Sehingga penelusuran biaya-biaya yang terjadi penting untuk ditelusuri.

4. Tuntutan manajemen apa yang dilanggar oleh Star pada Laporan Keuangan 1989?
Jawab:
Manajemen tidak mampu membuktikan keberadaan "aset dalam progres" sebesar US$ 435,000 serta tidak dapat menampilkan/menyertakan dokumen-dokumen pendukung akan keberadaannya asset tersebut. Dan bahwa asset tersebut tidak di depresiaskan menjadi kecurugaan bagi auditor akan keberadaan asset tersebut. Auditor berhak dan wajib untuk menuntut adanya penjelasan yang memadai mengenai asset tersebut

5. Bank yang member pinjaman kepada Star, mengindikasikan dalam pengabaikan dari pelanggaran perjanjian utang bahwa hal tersebut tidak memicu bank untuk mempercepat tanggal jatuh tempo dari pinjaman sebesar US$ 5.8 juta. Apakah hal tersbut merupakan dasar yang cukup untuk mengklasifikasikan pinjaman sebagai pinjaman jangka panjang dan bukan sebagai pinjaman jatuh tempo?
Jawab:
Tidak cukup karena meskipun bank menyatakan tidak mempercepat waktu jatuh tempo karena adanya pelanggaran perjanjian, tetapi pernyataan pengabaikan pelanggaran tersebut hanya berlaku selam 5 bulan dari akhir tahun periode. Karena itu pinjaman tersebut tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai pinjaman jangka panjang

6. Jelaskan sifat dan tujuan dari proses audit peninjauan kembali. Identifikasi adanya kesalahan yang mengarah pada proses audit peninjauan kembali selama audit 1989 untuk Star Technologies, Inc.
Jawab:
* Sebagai pemeriksa/memberikan usulan koreksi terhadap hasil audit yang di hasilkan oleh auditor lapangan * Memberikan second opinion terhadap suatu kejadian dalam pengauditan * Menilai hasil kerja tim audit dengan memeriksa laporan hasil audit * Memberikan pendapat kepada klien untuk medukung hasil pemeriksaan tim audit lapangan
Kesalahan yang terjadi adalah:
Dalam peninjauan kembali hasil audit, auditor senior yang mereview kurang tegas dan banyak berkompromi dengan kesalahan yang dibuat oleh klien.

7. Bagaimana sebaiknya penyelesaian perbedaan pendapat antara anggota dalam tim auditor diselesaikan? Kesalahan apa (jika ada) yang dilakukan oleh Childers dan atau Argy dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang terjadi diantara mereka pada saat audit Star Technologies, Inc di tahun 1989?
Jawab:
Seharusnya diselesaikan dengan komikasi yang baik dan apabila berkaitan dengan kebijakan dalam penilaian suatu laporan keuangan yang diaudit mereka sebaiknya mengemukakan standar-standar yang menjadi dasar salah satu pihak mengemukakan pendapatnya., sehingga kesamaan presepsi bisa tercapai dan beda pendat dapat dihilangkan. Kesalahan dari:
Childers adalah terlalu memaksakan pendapatnya kepada Argy tanpa mendengarkan penjelasan dari Argy dan lebih mementingkan kepada kepentingan pribadi.

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...A Star is Born Stars are quite possibly the oldest, molecule possessing organism in the vast universe that harbors all infinite existence. The oldest star discovered is an estimated 13.2 billion years old (Stetson). How stars have come to exist was once as unknown as what they are comprised of. To find out how this cosmic, infinite universe came into existence, astronomers must first bring everything down to a more basic, molecular, atomic level. A star’s life is started as a collapsing cloud of hydrogen; helium and some other elements are pulled inwards by its own gravity, forming a core. Through nuclear fusion, most of the hydrogen is converted into helium and this is what keeps the star constantly burning for billions and billions of years. A star’s internal pressure is what keeps it from collapsing under its own massive gravity. However, if a star becomes too massive, and the internal pressure can no longer support itself, the star will collapse, receding into a black hole. Until recently, astronomers had observed that there were young stars in the universe, but had never quite exactly understood how they entered into our realm of existence, until now. The Herschel space telescope was launched on May 14, 2009 and is the largest, post powerful infrared telescope in space, to our knowledge. In 2010, Herschel made two unrelated discoveries that were equally as astounding to astronomers. The first challenged our previous beliefs about star birth and the second provided a backbone...

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Tivoli Cph

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