“AN INFORMATIVE STUDY ABOUT SHORTHAND”
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PRESENTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF OFFICE ADMINISTRATION

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SUBMITTED TO:

Professor

2012

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ACNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to dedicate this research study first to our almighty God for his Guidance and wisdom. To our family who gave us financial and moral support all throughout this research.

To our professor, who thought us on the step by step process of this research and to all BSOA students that are interested to make this research as their guide for their future career.

Bachelor of Science in

Office Administration

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . pg 1
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . pg 2
Review of Related Literature . . . . . . . pg 2-10
Design of Investigation . . . . . . . . pg 11
Measurement Technique Used . . . . . . . pg 12-13
Findings . . . . . . . . . . pg 14-24
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . pg 25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . pg 26-32

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page
Pitman Shorthand . . . . . . . . . 3
Munson Shorthand . . . . . . . . 3
Thomas Natural Shorthand . . . . . . . 4
Eclectic shorthand . . . . . . . . . 4
Bezenšek Shorthand . . . . . . . . 4
Boyd's syllabic shorthand . . . . . . . . 5
Current Shorthand . . . . . . . . . 6
Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift . . . . . . . 6
Dutton Speedwords . . . . . . . . 6
The Duployan shorthand . . . . . . . . 7
Forkner Shorthand . . . . . . . . . 7
Gabelsberger shorthand . . . . . . . . 7
Reformed Phonetic Short-Hand . . . . . . . 8
Simson Shorthand . . . . . . . . . 8
Speedwriting . . . . . . . . . 9
Stiefografie . . . . . . . . . . 10
Helmut Stief . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure Page
Teeline . . . . . . . . . . 10
Tironian notes . . . . . . . . . . 10
Phonograph cylinders . . . . . . . . 12
Gray Audograph . . . . . . . . . 12
SoundScriber Disc . . . . . . . . . 12
Dictabelt or Memobelt . . . . . . . . 12
Compact Cassette . . . . . . . . . 13
Mini-Cassette . . . . . . . . . 13
Microcassette . . . . . . . . . 13
Steganography and Stenography . . . . . . 14-16
Gregg consonants . . . . . . . . . 16
Gregg vowels . . . . . . . . . 16
Gregg punctuation . . . . . . . . . 17
Gregg sample text . . . . . . . . . 17
Difference between Longhand and Shorthand . . . . 17
Principles of Writing Shorthand . . . . . . . 18-24
Classical antiquity . . . . . . . . . 27
Imperial China . . . . . . . . 28
Modern Europe . . . . . . . . . 28
Modern Japan . . . . . . . . 30-32

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ABSTRACT

Stenography is the practice of transcribing speech (primarily for later dictation or testimony), usually using shorthand. Shorthand is the art of writing rapidly and legibly by means of lines, circles, and symbols in place of conventional letters and words. This paper explains stenography, provides a brief history and gives different types of Shorthand. This paper also includes the importance of Stenography in the business and discusses the principles of writing Shorthand

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. Are Stenography and Steganography related to each other? 2. Why we need to learn about stenography? 3. Where does stenography being used? 4. Who invented shorthand? 5. Are there equipment used when transcribing spoken or recorded speech into written form? 6. How can we distinguish long hand to shorthand?

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

* Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. As of 1996, Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States.

* The Munson Shorthand system was a form of shorthand devised by James Eugene Munson, who was an official court stenographer in New York State. It is a slightly revised version of Pitman designed to make it more systematic.

Many of the symbols are identical to Pitman's. The idea of distinguishing voiced from unvoiced consonants by writing the former more darkly is taken directly from Pitman.

* Thomas Natural Shorthand is an English shorthand system created by Charles A. Thomas which was first published in 1935. Thomas described his system as "designed to meet the existing need for simple, legible shorthand that is based on already familiar writing lines, and that is written with a minimum number of rules." The system has fallen into disuse with the decline of pen shorthand in the later 20th century, but the spirit of the system lives on in Teeline shorthand, with which it shares a number of characteristics (although the symbols used in each system are quite different).

* Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called "Cross shorthand" or "Eclectic-Cross shorthand" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised.

* Bezenšek Shorthand is a shorthand system, used for rapidly recording Bulgarian speech. The system was invented by the Slovene linguist Anton Bezenšek c. 1879. It is based on the Gabelsberger shorthand (used for German), so it is often referred to as the Gabelsberger–Bezenšek Shorthand. (More precisely, Bezenšek Shorthand is based on a system by Heger — one of Gabelsberger's students, who adapted the system for the Czech language.)

* Boyd's syllabic shorthand is a system of shorthand invented by Robert Boyd, published originally in 1903, and updated in 1912. In this system, symbols are distinguished both by orientation and shape, with the shape representing the vowel and the orientation the consonant. Thus, "ab" and "am" would be represented by the same shape of mark (in this case an L-shape), oriented differently; and "ab" and "eb" would be represented by differently shaped marks, oriented the same way.
Syllables with the vowel "a" are represented by L shapes. Those with the vowel "e" are hook-ended, approximately shaped like a "J." (However, a smaller version of the same shape represents an extra consonant without a vowel.) Most of the syllables with the vowel "i" have a shape like the "a" series, except that the angle between the short tick and the long line is approximately 45° rather than 90°; there are a few "i" forms that do not fit the pattern (such as "is" and "it") because they are especially common, and some of the forms that might be expected to represent "i" plus a consonant have been turned to other purposes, such as the prefix "circum-." The syllables with the vowel "o" have circular ends, and those with "u" have hooks like those of the "e" series, but the main, longer part of the mark is curved, rather than straight.

* Current Shorthand was developed beginning in 1884 and published in 1892 by Dr. Henry Sweet. It shares some similarities with the Gregg system, with which Current is contemporary. It uses more ink than classical systems, and whether or not it is fit like them for sustained verbatim reporting has never been established.

* Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift (German Unified Shorthand), or DEK is a German stenography system. Today the DEK is the official system in Germany and Austria. The original version of the DEK has been created by an expert committee in 1924 and is based on the ideas of earlier systems like those of Gabesberger, Faulmann or Stolze-Schrey. In 1936 and 1968, revised versions were introduced. Since the 1968 reform the shorthand is written in three levels: Verkehrsschrift, Eilschrift and Redeschrift (correspondence style, quick style and reporters' style). (These terms, however, were used already some years before that.) Verkehrsschrift can be produced at a rate of 100 to 120 Syllables per minute. Eilschrift and particularly Redeschriftemploy contractions and other simplifications to a far greater extent, making rates of up to 475 syllables per minute possible.

* Dutton Speedwords (ISO 639-3: dws), sometimes called rapmotz, is an international auxiliary language as well a shorthand writing system. It was invented by Reginald J. G. Dutton (1886–1970) in 1922. It was first published in 1935 under the title International Symbolic Script and a year later using the name Speed words. Revisions were made and published in 1946 and 1951.

* The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography, (French: Sténographie Duployé), was created by Father Émile Duployé in 1860 for writing French. Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, and Chinook Jargon. The Duployan stenography is classified as a geometric, alphabetic, stenography and is written left-to-right in connected stenographic style. The Duployan shorthands, including Chinook writing, Pernin's Universal Phonography, Perrault's English Shorthand, the Sloan-Duployan Modern Shorthand, and Romanian stenography, have been submitted for inclusion as a single script in the next version of The Unicode Standard / ISO 10646, and has been provisionally allocated to code points U+1BC00..U+1BC9F.

* Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1952. Its popularity grew to its apex in the 60s through the 80s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the lower learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools throughout the country with comparable shorthand’s such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, and Personal Shorthand. Courses have since ceased, as popular interest in shorthand has waned, but manuals and dictionaries are still readily available on auction and second-hand book sites.

* Gabelsberger shorthand, named for its creator, is a form of shorthand previously common in Germany and Austria. Created circa 1817 by Franz Xaver Gabelsberger, it was first fully described in the 1834 textbook Anleitung zur deutschen Redezeichenkunst oder Stenographieand became rapidly used. Gabelsberger shorthand has a full alphabet with signs for both consonants and vowels. The consonant signs were made by simplifying the

features of cursive Latin letters. The vowel signs are used mainly when a vowel stands at the beginning or the end of a word. Vowels in the middle of words are represented symbolically, mainly by varying the position and the impact of the following consonant signs. Contrary to the practice in many English shorthand systems (e.g.Pitman Shorthand), vowels are never entirely omitted.

* Reformed Phonetic Short-Hand is an obscure form of shorthand described in a book entitled Marsh's Manual of Reformed Phonetic Short-Hand: Being a Complete Guide to the Best System of Phonography and Verbatim Reporting published by H.H. Bancroft & Company in 1868.
It is a geometric system using straight lines and arcs written horizontally, vertically or diagonally to represent consonants. Vowels are represented by short dashes and dots placed in prescribed positions relative to the consonant outline. As with the Pitman method, upon which Marsh's method seems to be based, closely related consonants are written with the same outlines differentiated by thickness. Extensive lists of special outlines and abbreviated forms result in an extremely compact system of transcription.

* Simson Shorthand is a system of shorthand invented by James Simson, originally published in his 1881 book, Compend of Syllabic Shorthand: Being a Synopsis of the System, and in more detail in his books, Syllabic Shorthand (1883). At least three versions of the latter were published; the third edition being published in 1885 under the title Manual of Syllabic Shorthand.
The 1885 book describes the system on its title page as "A system of brief writing by syllabic characters, based on the common alphabet, and written according to the sounds of spoken language."

The syllabic nature would make for a resemblance to Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand, though unlike Boyd's system, the consonants are always written in the same direction, with modifications being made by bold lining, half-size writing, and other such alterations. Describing it as "based on the common alphabet" would imply a resemblance to ABC systems such as Speedwriting, but in fact the symbols appear to be more in the nature of symbolic systems such as Gregg.

* Speedwriting is a shorthand writing system developed in 1924 by Emma Dearborn, an instructor at the University of Chicago. It uses alphabetic characters and was originally designed so that it could be written by pen, or on a typewriter.
Speedwriting is phonetic with a ‘k’ used for a hard c, ‘C’ for ‘ch’, ‘j’ for ‘g’ in ‘age’. It condenses words by omitting silent letters and only writing long vowels, and initial short vowels. Sentences are ended with ‘\’ and a ‘/’ is used for omitted syllables. There are other abbreviating devices, including capitalisation, and the use of punctuation marks to denote combinations of sounds. It uses around 100 abbreviations for common words and suffixes.
Speedwriting uses a stylized script made in 1942 for faster handwriting, in which the ‘t’ is uncrossed (l is looped to distinguish them), ‘i’ is not dotted, ‘m’ is a simple curve like a stretched ‘n’ and 'w' is also a simple curve like a stretched 'u'.
Speedwriting is more than twice as fast as longhand, due to using half the letters, but it is nowhere near as fast as symbolic shorthand systems. Speeds of up to 120 words a minute are possible for short periods of time, with speeds of 80 words a minute being regularly attained. It is therefore more useful for someone wanting a simple system to speed up handwritten note taking than for reporting.

* Stiefografie, also called Stiefo or Rationelle Stenografie (Rational Shorthand), is a German shorthand system. It was invented by Helmut Stief (1906–1977), a German press and parliamentary stenographer, and first published in 1966.

* Helmut Stief was dissatisfied with the Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift so he created a much simpler alternative system. According to Stief the eponymous shorthand system Stiefografie can be quickly learned within a very short time. There are only 25 characters to learn in the first level Grundschrift (business script). Stiefografie is in Germany the most popular form of the new stenography systems published since the 1950s.

* Teeline is a shorthand system accepted by the National Council for the Training of Journalists, an organisation for training journalists in the United Kingdom.[1] It was developed in 1968 by James Hill, a teacher of Pitman Shorthand. It is adaptable to a variety of languages but is mainly used within the Commonwealth, though it works in a variety of Germanic languages (including German and Swedish). It was created so that the basic alphabet can be quickly learned, and from then on all it requires is practice. Speeds of up to 150 words per minute are possible. It is common for people to create their own word groupings, increasing their speed.

* Tironian notes (notae Tironianae) is a system of shorthand said to have been invented by Cicero's scribe Marcus Tullius Tiro. Tiro's system consisted of about 4,000 signs, somewhat extended in classical times to 5,000 signs. In the European Medieval period, Tironian notes were taught in monasteries and the system was extended to about 13,000. The use of Tironian notes declined after 1100 but some use can still be seen through the 17th century.

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DESIGN OF INVESTIGATION

The data gathered from the respondents was determined through the use of survey questionnaires, and the Questionnaires were used to be a carrier of information’s given by the respondents to determine their perceptions about Stenography. Gathering of data wasn’t become easy because not all respondents are always available. Using the questionnaires we were able to determine their points of views about the issue that we are trying to find an answer. The Data were taken from the respondents who answered the questionnaires that contain questions that help to determine the information’s needed for the research. The data’s were derived through the help of the most important tools in our research which is the respondents; through their answers the result for this study is created. We conducted the survey in our School to find out if our schoolmates know the Stenography. The survey said that 61 out of 100 students in our school knew the Stenography even though it’s not a part of their subject but only 10 to 20 students can read and write the strokes of Gregg Shorthand. After we gathered all the result, we can actually say that “WE” with the ability to read and write Shorthand are indeed different compared to those who doesn’t understand it because Shorthand was a completely new language and almost like a secret code that only “WE” can understand it.

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MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE USED

In Stenography, there are equipments to be used in recording speech for later playback so that we can easily transcribe the speech. These are:

* Phonograph cylinders were the earliest commercial medium for recording and reproducing sound.

Edison wax cylinder phonograph

* The Gray Audograph was a dictation format introduced in 1945. It recorded sound by pressing grooves into soft vinyl discs, like the competing, but incompatible, SoundScriber. Gray Audograph

* SoundScriber Disc was a dictation format introduced in 1945 by The SoundScriber Corp. (New Haven). It recorded sound by "pressing" grooves into soft vinyl discs. * The Dictabelt or Memobelt was a form of recording medium introduced by the American Dictaphone company in 1947. * The Compact Cassette, also called audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape, is a magnetic tape sound recording format

Compact Cassette

* The Mini-Cassette, often written mini-cassette is a tape cassette format introduced by Philips in 1967.

Mini-Cassette

* A Microcassette (often written generically as microcassette) is an audio storage medium introduced by Olympus in 1969.

Micro-Cassette

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FINDINGS
Steganography and Stenography In the beginning of this research paper we encounter the word Steganography which we think the same with Stenography but we found out that Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity while stenography is a phonetic writing system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the English spelling. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States and its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. It uses the f stroke for the f sound in funnel, telephone, and laugh. All silent letters are omitted. For the sound symbols, see help: pronunciation. The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined. Sh (and zh), Ch, and J (or Dzh) are written downward, while t and d are written upward. X is expressed by putting a slight backward slant on the s, though the word beginning ex is just written es (and, according to Pre-Anniversary, ox is written os). W, when in the middle of a word, is notated with a short dash under the next vowel. Therefore, the letter Q is usually a k with a dash underneath the next vowel. In Anniversary and before, if z need be distinguished from s, a small tick drawn at a right angle from the s may be written to make this distinction.

Many of the letters shown are also what are called "brief forms". For instance, instead of writing hwech (The dot for the h in wh is practiced in all systems before Diamond Jubilee) for "which", the Gregg stenographer just writes ch. These brief forms are shown on the image to the right.

There are several others not shown, however. For instance, "please" is written in Simplified and back as simply pl, and "govern" as gv. These brief forms can make Gregg shorthand much faster.

Another mechanism for increasing the speed of shorthand is phrasing. Based on the calculation that lifting the pen between words has a speed cost equivalent to one stroke, phrasing is the combination of several smaller distinct forms into one outline, for example "it may be that the" could be written in one outline, "(tm)ab(th)a(th)". "I have not been able" would be written, "avnba" (Note that to the eye of the reader this phrase written in shorthand looks like "I-have-not-been-able", and so phrasing is far more legible than a longhand explanation of the principle may lead one to believe).

The vowels in Gregg shorthand are divided into three main groups that very rarely require further notation. The a is a large circle, and can stand for the a in "apple", "father", and "ache". The e is a small circle, and can stand for the e in feed and help, the i in trim and marine, and the obscure vowel in her and learn. The %u012B represents the i in fine. The o is a small hook that represents the al in talk, the o in cone, jot, and order. The u is a tiny hook that expresses the three vowel sounds heard in the words that, up, and foot. It also expresses a w at the beginning of a word. In "Anniversary," short and long vowel sounds for e, a, o and u may be distinguished by a mark under the vowel, a dot for short and a small downward tick for long sounds.

There are special vowel markings for certain diphthongs. The ow in how is just an a circle followed by an u hook. The io in lion is written with a small circle inside a large circle. The ia in piano and repudiate is notated as a large circle with a dot in its center (In Anniversary and back, if ea need be distinguished from ia, it is notated with a small downward tick inside the circle instead of the dot). The u in united is notated with a small circle followed by an u hook above it.

Due to the very simple alphabet, Gregg shorthand is very fast in writing. It takes a great deal of practice, however, to master it. Speeds of 280 WPM (where a word is 1.4 syllables) have been reached with this simple system before, and those notes are still legible to anyone else who knows the system.

Some left-handed shorthand writers have found it more comfortable to write Gregg shorthand from right to left. This is called "mirrored shorthand" and was in practice by a few people throughout the life of Gregg shorthand. However, left-handed writers can still write Gregg shorthand from left to right with considerable ease. The image below shows the strokes of Gregg Shorthand Simplified.

Gregg consonants

Gregg vowels

Gregg punctuation

Gregg sample text

'Translation'
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Difference Between Longhand and Shorthand
We found out that there is a huge difference between shorthand and longhand. LONGHAND is words that we write in our daily lives. They are what we transcribe in shorthand. Shorthand is based on longhand. Anyone who has learned to read and write longhand can learn to read and write shorthand; it is as simple as that. Strokes you will write in shorthand are those that you are accustomed to writing in longhand. In fact, many of the strokes in shorthand alphabet are derived directly from the longhand forms.
In many ways, shorthand is easier to learn than longhand. In shorthand, you will have to learn only one way to represent a letter; in longhand, you had to learn many different ways to represent each letter.

Principles of Writing Shorthand
In the English language, many words contain letters that are not pronounced. In shorthand, these silent letters are omitted, only the sounds that are actually pronounced in a word are written. All shorthand characters are based on sound, therefore, only those sounded letters are represented with shorthand characters. Shorthand characters are written in the order in which they are sounded. Thus, stenography or shorthand is a process by which words are written in symbols according to the way they are sounded or pronounced.
Shorthand is described in the dictionary as “a rapid method of writing by using symbols and abbreviations for letters, words, etc.” Undoubtedly our first principle of abbreviation is by means of symbols which we call brief forms or, sometimes word signs. These consist of the very brief outlines for the commonest words of the language and may be classed as symbols, although they are, for the most part, only curtailed outlines. In all ordinary, nontechnical shorthand writing, these are confined to those words making up the bulk of our normal, everyday speech. We find this process of abbreviation illustrated in outlines like

of, the, for, good, great, favor Reporting, however, is not confined to the writing of nontechnical language. It embraces all types of speech, perhaps the greater part of it technical, and in all technical language there are other words just as frequently recurring as the commonest words of everyday speech. For these words, the system has provided the same sort of abbreviated symbols or brief forms. Thus, for the common words of legal terminology, we have such brief forms as

plaintiff, defendant, covenant, subpoena, allegation, guilty, lawyer, evidence, policeman, reasonable, testimony, conclude, conclusive, recollection, complain(t), accident
In addition to which, many other words common to the wider general vocabulary that the reporter must possess are also expressed by brief forms; such, for instance, as

signal, actual, measure, live, trial, prior, pretty, rate, diameter, bottle
It will be observed that none of these words are haphazardly shortened, hut follow one or more of the principles of abbreviation laid down in the Manual. They follow chiefly the original Abbreviating Principle, which I might call the curtailing principle, by which the tail is cut off but the head is left for ready identification purposes. Words like prior, trial, and rate, are perfect examples of forms that are curtailed at the end of a distinctive vowel, where the following consonant is not strongly stressed.
It is principally in phrasing where the curtailing of outline is practiced in reporting, but here, too, the curtailing is practiced according to the same principle by which single words are abbreviated.

The governing principle for this kind of shortcutting is what I have sometimes called the Word-and-a-Half Principle, meaning simply the writing in full of the initial word of the phrase or the compound, and then drastically shortening, or cutting off, the rest—a logical and inevitable extension of the original Abbreviating Principle. It is found in such compounds words as

football, baseball, bric-a-brac, upstairs, downstairs but the principle becomes of special importance in the writing of phrases. Consider how distinctive the following phrases and how consistently they are abbreviated are:

glass of milk, pint of milk, atom bomb, opened the door, closed the door, main line, flight of stairs, half a block, about a block

Modifying the principle but slightly, we achieve such distinctive and rapid phrases as

complain(ed) of pain, complain(ed) of pain in the leg, complain(ed) of pain in the head, ice and snow, snow and ice, power of attorney The fourth major principle of abbreviation is a principle applied also to phrases for the most part, consisting of the Intersecting Principle. This is a principle logically deriving from the same original Abbreviating Principle, wherein the words so phrased are abbreviated to their first stroke and intersected. Consider how consistently logical and distinctive are the following typical examples of this principle:

Board of Trade, Board of Directors, Great Britain, general manager, parcel post, vice versa, Grand Concourse The Intersecting Principle probably finds its greatest usefulness in the abbreviation of highly polysyllabic words of common occurrence. In the last example, we are giving you a few of the commonest long words occurring daily in the courts, logically

and systematically reduced to brief and legible outlines. You can apply this principle to hundreds of other expressions that you meet again and again in your daily work.

lumbar vertebrae, subpoena duces tecum, sacroiliac joint, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, fair and impartial verdict, coronary thrombosis, cerebral thrombosis I have thus illustrated the four major principles of abbreviation employed by reporters: the Brief Form or word sign, the Abbreviating Principle, the Word-and-a-Half Principle, and the Intersecting Principle. They all stern from the Abbreviating Principle taught in the Manual. Their use is neither haphazard nor arbitrary, but follows one consistent concept of abbreviation, that of writing the initial and distinctive body of the word or phrase, and confining whatever abbreviating is done to the less distinctive or ending of the word or phrase. Curtailing, if you please, and not “shortcutting.” The [following image], containing some of the phrases used by Mr. [Peter J.] Galati in his reporting of hearings before the Placement and Unemployment Insurance Division of the Department of Labor in New York City, gives an interesting example of these principles in practice.

It was a very unique experience learning Gregg Shorthand. We were very intrigued because it was a completely new language and almost like a secret code. We fund out that stenography is very useful in terms of business. Once we learned Gregg shorthand, and became a legal secretary, we can use it every day to take letters and memos. What was even better is that we found it to be very helpful in so many other ways, such as taking phone messages when people spoke too fast to write down information in longhand.
John Robert Gregg is the inventor of the eponymous shorthand system, Gregg Shorthand. Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed or brevity of writing as compared to a normal method of writing a language. We used dictation machine such as Dictaphone cylinder dictation machine which is

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CONCLUSION

The only problem with this topic is that Stenography is not easy to understand and not all people can read it because it needs a deep knowledge for you to recognize it. In business matter, stenography is very useful because it helps one to obtain an interesting and profitable position in business. It enables a person to qualify for office employment in court, government offices, and even in research work. With speed writing, you will have a personal tool that will be of value to you throughout your life. For classroom activities, the students can use shorthand as a valuable aid in taking down notes, lectures, and news reports.
Shorthand saves time and effort not only on the job or in school, but also in everyday writing by using your shorthand as a substitute for slow and much more cumbersome longhand. Many great men have used the shorthand for personal purposes, too.

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SUMMARY
Stenography is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed or brevity of writing as compared to a normal method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphē and or graphie (or writing). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys (short) and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. John Robert Gregg is the inventor of the eponymous shorthand system, Gregg Shorthand. There are machines to be used in recording speech such as Phonograph cylinder (1890s), Gray Audograph (1945), SoundScriber (1945), Dictabelt (1947), Compact Cassette (1963), Mini-Cassette (1967), Microcassette (1969) and Digital dictation (1990s).
Many forms of shorthand exist. These are Alpha Hand, AgiliWriting, Bezenšek Shorthand (1923), Boyd's Syllabic Shorthand (1903), Current Shorthand (1892), Century 21 Shorthand, Caton Scientific Shorthand, Dacomb Shorthand (1934), Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift (1924), Dutton Speedwords (1922), Duployé Shorthand (1868), Easy Script Speed Writin, Eclectic (1878), Shorthand, Ford Improved Shorthand, Forkner shorthand (1952), Gabelsberger shorthand (1817), Gregg Shorthand (1888), Gregg Computer Shorthand / Productivity Plus, Groote, Herout-Mikulík, Malone Shorthand, Melin Shorthand, Merrill Shorthand (1942), Munson Shorthand (1867), National Simplex Shorthand (1919), New Art of Real Shorthand 1919, New Rapid (1890), Paragon Shorthand (1895), Personal Shorthand, Pitman Shorthand (1837), Polygraphy (1747), Reformed Phonetic Short-Hand (1868), Simson Shorthand, Speedwriting (1924), Stiefografie (1966), SuperWrite, Teeline Shorthand (1968), Thomas Natural Shorthand (1935), Tironian notes (63 BC), Universal Stenography (1786) and Wang-Krogdahl's system (1945)

Classical antiquity
The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from Ancient Greece, namely the Parthenon in which a stone from mid-4th century BC was found. The marble slab shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older. The oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the "semeiographer" Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs. Over time, many syllabic signs were developed.
In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro (103–4 BC), a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, developed the Tironian notes so he could write down Cicero's speeches. The Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations (notae) and of word ending abbreviations (titulae). The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs but new signs were introduced so that their number might increase to as many as 13,000. In order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were still known and taught, particularly during the Carolingian Renaissance. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten.
When many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered.

Imperial China
In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and criminal confessions. These records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the accuser’s signature, personal seal, or thumbprint, requiring fast writing. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, and influenced by western shorthand methods, some new methods were invented.

Modern Europe
An interest in shorthand or "short-writing" developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie; An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word. Bright's book was followed by a number of others, including John Willis's Art of Stenography in 1602, Edmond Willis's An abbreviation of writing by character in 1618, and Thomas Shelton'sShort Writing in 1626 (later re-issued as Tachygraphy).
Shelton's system became very popular and is well known because it was used by Samuel Pepys for his diary and for many of his official papers, such as his letter copy books. It was also used by Sir Isaac Newton in some of his notebooks.[6] Shelton borrowed heavily from his predecessors, especially Edmond Willis. Each consonant was represented by an arbitrary but simple symbol, while the five vowels were represented by the relative positions of the surrounding consonants. Thus the symbol for B with symbol for T drawn directly above it represented "bat", while B with T below it meant "but"; top-right represented "e", middle-right "i", and lower-right "o".

A vowel at the end of a word was represented by a dot in the appropriate position, while there were additional symbols for initial vowels. This basic system was supplemented by further symbols representing common prefixes and suffixes.
One drawback of Shelton's system was that there was no way to distinguish long and short vowels or diphthongs; so the b-a-t sequence could mean "bat", or "bait", or "bate", while b-o-t might mean "boot", or "bought", or "boat". The reader needed to use the context to work out which alternative was meant. The main advantage of the system was that it was easy to learn and to use. It was popular, and under the two titles of Short Writing and Tachygraphy, Shelton's book ran to more than 20 editions between 1626 and 1710.
Shelton's chief rivals were Theophilus Metcalfe's Stenography or Short Writing (1633) which was in its "55th edition" by 1721, and Jeremiah Rich's system of 1654, which was published under various titles including The penns dexterity compleated (1669). Another notable English shorthand system creator of the 17th century was William Mason (fl. 1672–1709) who published Arts Advancement in 1682.
Modern-looking geometric shorthand was introduced with John Byrom's New Universal Shorthand of 1720. Samuel Taylor published a similar system in 1786, the first English shorthand system to be used all over the English-speaking world. Thomas Gurney published Brachygraphy in the mid-18th century. In 1834 in German, Franz Xaver Gabelsberger published his Gabelsberger shorthand. Gabelsberger, who ignored the English stenography tradition, based his shorthand not on geometrical shapes but on the shapes used in handwriting script.

Modern Japan
Our Japanese pen shorthand began in 1882, transplanted from the American Pitman-Graham system. Geometric theory has great influence in Japan. But Japanese motions of writing gave some influence to our shorthand. We are proud to have reached the highest speed in capturing spoken words with a pen. Major pen shorthand systems are Shuugiin, Sangiin, Nakane and Waseda [a repeated vowel shown here means a vowel spoken in double-length in Japanese, sometimes shown instead as a bar over the vowel]. Including a machine-shorthand system, Sokutaipu, we have 5 major shorthand systems now. The Japan Shorthand Association now has 1,000 members.
—Tsuguo Kaneko
There are several other pen shorthands in use (Ishimura, Iwamura, Kumassaki, Kotani, and Nissokuken), leading to a total of nine pen shorthands in use. In addition, there is the Yamane pen shorthand (of unknown importance) and three machine shorthands systems (Speed Warpro, Caver and Hayatokun or sokutaipu.) The machine shorthands have gained some ascendancy over the pen shorthands.
Japanese shorthand systems ('sokki' shorthand or 'sokkidou' stenography) commonly use a syllabic approach, much like the common writing system for Japanese (which has actually two syllabaries in everyday use). There are several semi-cursive systems. Most follow a left-to-right, top-to-bottom writing direction. Several systems incorporate a loop into many of the strokes, giving the appearance of Gregg, Graham, or Cross's Eclectic shorthand without actually functioning like them. (This is in fact similar to the Graham and Lindsley adaptations of Pitman for English; examples of Gregg, Graham and Eclectic are above.) The Kotani (aka Same-Vowel-Same-Direction or SVSD or V-type) system's strokes frequently cross over each other and in so doing form loops.

Gregg is English by origin and uses loops for several vowels between consonant strokes; Waseda (among others) is syllabic, and though there always is a vowel included in every syllable, and often a loop in writing a syllable, the vowel is not indicated in and of itself by any loop, and the operation of the systems is distinct. There exists a Japanese version of Gregg shorthand that was created in the early 20th century but which is not professionally used.
Japanese also has its own variously cursive form of writing kanji characters, the most extremely simplified of which is known as Sōsho.
The two Japanese syllabaries are themselves adapted from the Grass Script versions of the Chinese characters; the hiragana being direct adaptations and the katakana being adapted from the hiragana (both katakana and hiragana are in everyday use alongside the Chinese characters known as kanji; the kanji, being developed in parallel to the Chinese characters, have their own idiosyncracies, but Chinese and Japanese ideograms are largely comprehensible, even if their use in the languages are not the same.)
Prior to the Meiji era, Japanese did not have its own shorthand (the kanji did have their own abbreviated forms borrowed alongside them from China). Takusari Kooki was the first to give classes in new Western-style non-ideographic shorthand of his own design, emphasis being on the non-ideographic and new. This was the first shorthand system adapted to writing phonetic Japanese, all other systems prior being based on the idea of whole or partial semantic ideographic writing like that used in the Chinese characters, and the phonetic approach being mostly peripheral to writing in general (even today, Japanese writing uses the syllabaries to pronounce or spell out words, or to indicate grammatical words. Furigana are written alongside kanji, or Chinese characters, to indicate their pronunciation especially in juvenile publications. Furigana are usually written using the hiragana syllabary; foreign words may not have a kanji form and are spelled out using katakana.)

The new sokki were used to transliterate popular vernacular story-telling theater (yose) of the day. This led to a thriving industry of sokkibon (shorthand books). The ready availability of the stories in book form, and higher rates of literacy (which the very industry of sokkibon may have helped create, due to these being oral classics that were already known to most people) may also have helped kill the yose theater, as people no longer needed to see the stories performed in person to enjoy them. Sokkibon also allowed a whole host of what had previously been mostly oral rhetorical and narrative techniques into writing, such as imitation of dialect in conversations (which can be found back in older gensaku literature; but gensaku literature used conventional written language in-between conversations, however.)