...Escherichia Coli is a bacterium that is found in the environment and in the intestines of animals and humans. Most strains of E. coli are nonpathogenic and are important to the environment and for healthy human intestines. For the purpose of this paper, I will talk about the pathogenic E. coli, as known as diarrheagenic E. coli, that causes disease in humans. Pathogenic E. coli causes diarrhea and other intestinal problems and is transmitted through contaminated water or food, or through contact with animals or humans. (Bonenberger, n.d.) Escherichia Coli Description of the Microorganism Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is a major foodborne pathogen that is found within the environment and within the intestines of humans and animals....
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...Jane Goodall has shown us that humans and chimps are very much alike through her research at the Gombe National Reserve in Tanzania. They use facial expressions that look human. Chimps greet one another with similar displays of affection as us, such as kissing. Babies stay with their mothers until adulthood....
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...Infectious Disease/Viruses As of September 7, 2012 there has been a total of 95 cases of West Nile and 5 deaths in the state of Michigan alone. Out of the 44 states that were involved in a breakdown of statewide reported infections, there were a total of 1,992 cases and 87 deaths reported. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that there is a fatality rate that ranges from 3 to 15% and the first case reported of human infection was in 1999. The topics will discuss history, transmission, treatment, and prevention of the virus. West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that is normally seen in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia through a patient located in Uganda (Henley, 2003). WNV can infect dogs, birds, horses, squirrels, mosquitos, humans, and other mammals. It was thought to have evolved from Israel, and has spread swiftly throughout the United States. The numbers of cases reported were from 20 to 60 per year, until in 2002 when the number rose to above 4,000 (Henley, 2003). The virus exhibits in various ways such as asymptomatic, mild, and severe infections that demonstrate specific outcomes. When the individual is asymptomatic there are no signs or symptoms of the virus. Mild infection or West Nile Fever carries symptoms of nausea and emesis, rash, muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, headaches, anorexia, and discomfort (Google, 2012). According to the Journal of Family Practice approximately 20% of individuals that are infected show these symptoms...
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...Communicable Diseases: Influenza Jena M. Gilbert Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V February 10, 2016 Communicable Diseases: Influenza This paper will discuss the communicable disease process of Influenza or otherwise known as Flu in common terms. Herein will discuss what Influenza is, in what ways Influenza effects the infected and what we as heath care workers can do when dealing with this virus. Influenza otherwise known as the flu is a respiratory illness, contrary to the misconception of the flu being a stomach bug. The flu is caused by a virus and when contracted can show a wide range of symptoms mild to severe and has even been known to cause death. There are three types of Influenza viruses, A, B and C. In humans, influenza A and B viruses are what commonly effects people and is known to cause seasonal epidemics, while Influenza C is generally known to cause much milder respiratory symptoms and not known to become as widespread. Both Influenza A and B have numerous varying strains that cause the Influenza infection. (“Types of Influenza Viruses|Seasonal Influenza(Flu) | CDC,” 2014). Influenza can infect and cause a disease process in any and all age groups. Typically Influenza is more commonly seen at higher rates in children, particularly school aged children. Severe illness and death related to influenza is more commonly seen in ages two and under, sixty five years of age and older or in individuals with primary medical conditions as well as immunocompromised...
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...benefit from reading it, including: At this time, I have just written in mid-2015, three Grind was published. finished my first year as an assistant professor • undergraduates who might be interested in pursuing a Ph.D., • current Ph.D. students who are seeking guidance or inspiration, of computer science, so these notes reflect my current opinions as a new faculty member. To download a version without these notes, visit • professors who want to better understand Ph.D. students, • employers who hire and manage people with Ph.D. degrees, • professionals working in any creative or competitive field where self-driven initiative is crucial, • and educated adults (or precocious kids) who are curious about how academic research is produced. The Ph.D. Grind differs from existing Ph.D.-related writings due to its unique format, timeliness, and tone: Format – The Ph.D. Grind is a memoir for a general educated audience, not a “how-to guide” for current Ph.D. students. Although Ph.D. students...
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...Alexa Anastasi December 8, 2014 English 1A Research Paper Diet and Cancer: The Fascinating Connection What’s on your plate? That seems to be the overwhelming question in today’s society filled with both health food conscious people and those individuals who do not care and eat junk food most of the time. However what most of these people do not realize is that they are not only jeopardizing their health and decreasing their life expectancy but they are also increasing their chances of getting some form of cancer in their lifetime. The individuals who fuel their bodies with high calorie sugary drinks, fats and processed meats are not doing their bodies any justice they are just fueling the dormant cancer cells in their bodies to run rampant throughout their body and causing something that could have been easily prevented with a change in diet. On the flip side, the health conscious people in the world are already ten times more protected from cancer because of the healthy lifestyle choices they make every day! Don’t be a contributor to America’s high cancer rate, be a game changer and live your life to the fullest with little possibility of cancer, all you have to do is eat those delicious and nutritious fruits and vegetables that can be found all around you! Why would you want to put another hamburger or hot dog in your mouth knowing it has the potential to kill you? I know I wouldn’t because I love my body too much and you should too! So climb on board and let me...
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...Brett Hall, R.D. ToxicBellyBugFix.com 2 WARNING: Hi, my name is Brett Hall, Registered Dietician, and I hate to be the bearer of bad news, but in my professional, expert opinion, your entire G.I. tract (consisting of more than 20 feet of small and large intestine) has been infested with toxic “bugs” that are secretly causing a massive “bacterial imbalance” within your body—a condition that may very well lead to a long road of pain and suffering for both you and your loved ones, and even worse, become life-threatening. toxic “bugs” What makes me say this? Well, like you, millions of folks all over the world are unknowingly creating this dangerous imbalance through the ingestion of bacteriapromoting foods, medications, and other “toxic materials” that we are exposed to on a near daily basis. I’m talking about the use of antacids, artificial sweeteners, “diet” beverages and food items, certain brands of yogurt, ibuprofen, laxatives, alcohol, mouth wash and even some brands of chewing gum, dishwasher detergent and toothpaste. What’s more, this bacterial imbalance is also directly linked to the use of antibiotics— either prescribed to us by a doctor or those quietly hidden within our water and food supply—especially within meats and dairy products.1 And if that wasn’t bad enough, believe it or not, these health-destroying bacteria further feed and multiply on something you probably eat every single day—sugar.2 ToxicBellyBugFix.com 3 Fact is, if you suffer from irregular bowel...
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...Turmeric: The Ayurvedic Spice of Life ©2003 Prashanti de Jager Great Healers, in one form or another they are sought out by all of us. Somewhere inside we all seek balanced happy lives and so we seek that which will grant us health and joy. This article is about Turmeric, one of the planet’s great healers. This healer is not obscured in some esoterica and not distanced by a cosmic price tag. As usual with great healers, it is very close to you and readily accessible, in fact, it is probably in your house right now, though it may be hard to believe that such a common item is one of the world’s best all around herbs. The core of its worldwide ubiquity is found while walking through the bazaars of India where you are bound to find a masala wallah, a spice seller, with mounds of Turmeric that he is selling by the kilo. It is a great sight in the midst of mountains of clove buds, black pepper fruits, coriander seeds, cinnamon bark, cardamom pods and all these marvelous colorful spices that the world has loved since Silk Road days. Ayurveda is as full of commonsense as it is humming of the mystical and so, especially since it is an oral tradition, it is with the common people of India, like the spice sellers and the village mothers, that many traditions of herbal knowledge are learned and passed from elder to child for countless generations. In this way the ability of Turmeric is proven and its legacy grows. I have learned so much about ‘common’ herbs from ‘common’ people that I could...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...Agriculture and Food Technology AENG 26 Introduction to Environmental Science Term Paper Effects of Genetically Modified Food on Human Amoguis, Jenina R. ECE 3 – 1 Engr. David L. Cero Professor Introduction Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been modified in a way that does not occur naturally, e.g. through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Currently available GM foods stem mostly from plants, but in the future foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals are likely to be introduced on the market. Most existing genetically modified crops have been developed to improve yield, through the introduction of resistance to plant diseases or of increased tolerance of herbicides. In the future, genetic modification could be aimed at altering the nutrient content of food, reducing its allergenic potential, or improving the efficiency of food production systems. The main purpose of genetic modification of food is to improve its taste, output, and make plants disease resistant. Despite these advantages, many people refuse to eat genetically modified foods over concerns that it could be dangerous to their health. However, there is still no detailed study about the long term effects of eating genetically modified foods. Genetically modified foods have more research challenges but also there are misgivings about its implications in the long run. All these...
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...Bad Bug Book Handbook of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Introduction Food safety is a complex issue that has an impact on all segments of society, from the general public to government, industry, and academia. The second edition of the Bad Bug Book, published by the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, provides current information about the major known agents that cause foodborne illness. The information provided in this handbook is abbreviated and general in nature, and is intended for practical use. It is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific or clinical reference. Under the laws administered by FDA, a food is adulterated if it contains (1) a poisonous or otherwise harmful substance that is not an inherent natural constituent of the food itself, in an amount that poses a reasonable possibility of injury to health, or (2) a substance that is an inherent natural constituent of the food itself; is not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other contamination; and is present in an amount that ordinarily renders the food injurious to health. The first includes, for example, a toxin produced by a fungus that has contaminated a food, or a pathogenic bacterium or virus, if the amount present in the food may be injurious to health. An example of the second...
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...32 Innovations That Will Change Your Tomorrow The electric light was a failure. gets you there. It’s bad financial decisions and blueprints for machines that weren’t built until decades later. It’s the important leaps forward that synthesize lots of ideas, and it’s the belly-up failures that teach us what not to do. When we ignore how innovation actually works, we make it hard to see what’s happening right in front of us today. If you don’t know that the incandescent light was a failure before it was a success, it’s easy to write off some modern energy innovations — like solar panels — because they haven’t hit the big time fast enough. Worse, the fairy-tale view of history implies that innovation has an end. It doesn’t. What we want and what we need keeps changing. The incandescent light was a 19th-century failure and a 20th- century success. Now it’s a failure again, edged out by new technologies, like LEDs, that were, themselves, failures for many years. That’s what this issue is about: all the little failures, trivialities and not-quite-solved mysteries that make the successes possible. This is what innovation looks like. It’s messy, and it’s awesome. Maggie KoerthBaker Invented by the British chemist Humphry Davy in the early 1800s, it spent nearly 80 years being passed from one initially hopeful researcher to another, like some not-quite-housebroken puppy. In 1879, Thomas Edison finally figured out how to make an incandescent light bulb that people would buy. But...
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...minimize pest damage and protect environmental resources. Red Root Rot a Late Season Disease of Corn * Roots and basal stalk tissue infected with red root rot characteristically have reddish-pink, rotted roots. * Stalks are weakened and susceptible to lodging. * Premature plant death is common and can occur quickly and yield losses can be as high as 15-20%. * Genetic resistance to red root rot is uncommon and breeding for disease resistance is difficult. Management Management options are limited. Crop rotation with a non-host such as soybean can provide some control.1 Genetic resistance has been difficult to incorporate into corn products, although the rate of disease development varies greatly between corn products. Research on inheritance of disease resistance indicates that it is a polygenic trait with additive gene action, which has complicated breeding efforts.1 Environmental stress during the season may contribute to disease infection and severity. Sap Beetles in Corn Sap beetles are considered minor pests of corn. Adults prefer to feed on corn kernels, ear tips, and stalks that have previously been injured by other insects such as corn earworm or corn borer larvae. Controlling corn ear pests should prevent sap beetles from becoming a problem. Damage Sap beetles are...
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...technology. It is being used to enhance the properties of existing materials. This is largely attributed to the fact that the technology has clearly not been understood and there is still much more to nanotechnology than meets the microscopic eye. It is rare for a single technology to have the power to dramatically influence almost every major industry in the world. Nanotechnology falls into this category and offers fundamentally new capabilities to architect a broad array of novel materials, composites and structures on a molecular scale. This technology has the potential to drastically redefine the methods used for developing lighter, stronger, and high-performance structures and processes with unique and non-traditional properties. This paper focuses on some of the automotive applications for nanotechnology and showcases a few of them that are believed to have the highest probability of success in this highly competitive industry. No discussion of nanotechnology is...
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...What is Microbiology? Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Originally, emphasis was placed on harmful micro organisms which cause disease or spoilage of beverages and food, but it is now recognized that many microbes have essential roles in our ecosystem or can be used to accomplish beneficial tasks. Human history is full of examples of major devastations caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these historically important diseases still occur, such tuberculosis and yellow fever. Microorganisms are evolving to cause new infectious disease problems such as Lyme disease and AIDS, which capture public attention. Control and eradication of infectious diseases remain important goals of many microbiologists. The recognition that microorganisms were responsible for what was earlier thought to be "spontaneous generation" opened the door to industrial (pharmaceutical, chemical, energy) and food microbiology, technologies which contribute substantially to today's way of life. Microorganisms in soil and water are essential in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and iron to products needed by plants and animals. In various ways, microbes participate in environmental cycling and degradation and global change. In the last few decades, microorganisms have been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of basic biological processes. More recently, microbiologists have brought an exciting dimension to the study of biology...
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