...BRIDGES A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for a road, a railway, pedestrians, a canal or a pipeline. The obstacle to be crossed may by a river, a road, railway or a valley. History The first bridges were made by nature itself—as simple as a log fallen across a stream or stones in a river. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. A common form of lashing sticks, logs, and deciduous branches together involved the use of long reeds or other harvested fibers woven together to form a connective rope capable of binding and holding together the materials used in early bridges. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age (13th century BC), it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use. Several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese in southern Greece. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans. The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the Alcantara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone...
Words: 762 - Pages: 4
...Bridge Bridges was made for crossing over a large body of water or land. The design of the bridge and its function are made based on the need of the situation. Early bridges are made from natural materials like “wooden logs, stone, and dirt.” Some said that the first bridge was made from nature, when a the log fell across a stream. Bridges made from natural resources tend to disintegrated over time. The Ancient Rome, then tried to improve the bridge by using volcanic rocks to make mortar. The new resource help the bridge to withstand against mother nature and helped the Romans to make more fancy bridges. The bridges they built are more powerful, sturdy, and larger than any bridges before. The idea then spread across Europe to Asia and Africa. The design of the bridge across the world has varied from place to place. Due to circumstances and situation that the place needed. Like the moveable bridge that is designed to move to allow passage for boat or barges. Some bridge are built for fun like the bridge to nowhere in Avignon, France. The Pont d'Avignon is a medieval bridge that was destroyed by a flood later built again in the 17th century to nowhere. Other bridge-like arch bridge Sydney Harbour Bridge in Sydney, Australia, which got it weight support at both ends, the side arch is supported by tension rods, chains or cables. Hope It Works Inc. will make an arch like bridge, using mainly wood glue and toothpicks. Sandpaper, wax paper, regular paper, rubber band, ruler,...
Words: 351 - Pages: 2
...*arms up* Welcome to Hertford bridge! *point* commonly known as the bridge of sighs! I’m Elouise and today I will be telling you a little more information about the bridge. The bridge was designed by an English architect Sir Thomas Jackson and is the most photographed piece of architecture in Oxford. The work on the bridge started in 1913 and was finished in 1914, to join the old and new parts of Hertford College together. Sir Thomas Jackson designed this famous bridge, and a spiral staircase which is found inside the collage grounds. Jackson’s work throughout the college has influenced stonemasons, architects and engineers all throughout history. It is commonly known as the Bridge of Sighs because it is similar to the Bridge of Sighs in Venice. *point* this bridge actually looks nothing like the Bridge of Sighs but looks more like the Rialto Bridge also found in Venice. As you can see on the hand out being passed around hold it in-front of you and compare the 2, Can you see the resemblance? *spooky* Many people have witnessed a ghostly figure haunting the bridge, wandering from one side to the next. There have been several sightings from the figure in photos taken of the bridge. And it is one of the locations on the Oxford Ghost Tour. *SLOW* Take 30 seconds to yourself to imagine the bridge being constructed… it’s 1913, horse and carriage run along the cobbled streets. Construction was started not knowing if it was going to be finished, or if it would fail. Spectators...
Words: 471 - Pages: 2
...mortar in addition to being used purely as a building material. Indeed, there are ports made of Roman concrete have been standing for over two thousand years (Yegül, n.d.). Add to this Roman arches, those large, vaulted things that utilized the strength of concrete and the ingenuity pioneered by the Sumerians to dissipate force out and across the curve of an arch, and the Romans were set to define...
Words: 633 - Pages: 3
...Author: Mashell Chapeyama Institution: University of the People Course: History Bachelor’s Degree Selected essays on Roman Civilization Plebeian revolt There are a number of causes that led to the first revolt by the Plebeians. Some of the causes of the revolt are poor distribution of land, poverty among the Plebeians, and the harsh debt law that affected the plebs. This essay will discuss the causes of the first Plebeian revolt as well as the results of the revolt. One of the main causes of the plebeian revolt was the existence of poverty among the Plebeians. The poverty was a result of the actions of the Patrician, in some ways. What happened was that the Plebs assisted the Patrician to expel the kings from Rome and led to a republican state. The fight against the kings left the plebs in a very worse off condition. Since the patricians lived in the city, during the war their property would remain secure. The city was guarded by walls. However, since the plebs lived in the countryside, which was not guarded, their property was greatly destroyed during the wars. The plebs’ fields were destroyed as much as their property. The destruction of the property and fields was possible since the Plebs men were fighting in the wars leaving their homes unprotected. So, whereas the men were fighting during the wars their properties and fields were being plundered, making them very poor at the end of the wars. So the Plebs were not happy that their properties and fields were being...
Words: 9212 - Pages: 37
...Megan Zastoupil Art paper 6/18/12 Stone Arch Bridge and vicinity at night This art piece was created by Brian M. Gardner, He is an artist in Minnesota and has been snapping photos for several years but only recently has he thought that he has got the process down. This photo is the second shot of the Stone Arch Bridge and vicinity at night. This one has a different perspective than the previous shot and it shows a bit more in it. It is an exposure shot. On the website his photos are nearly all taken with an older Pentax SLR and a professional grade manual lens. He thinks this is the best possible way to get a worthy picture even though it might be expensive and time consuming. This shot shows us the beauty at night because it is in black and white where you can see it lit up. The black and white photo lends to the imagination than a color photo and allows the artist to incorporate contrast. St. Paul Minnesota, where this artist is currently living is a great place to take photos there is so much to see and do there, and the architecture is absolutely wonderful which is why he has taken so many great photos of landscaping in St. Paul. Also in the website showing his work he says “special situations are also interesting-night shots for example because the end result is rarely what you sees while you are taking the photo. This shot gives you a glance of what the night life is like in this beautiful city and I also live in Minnesota, but I can’t always see places like...
Words: 945 - Pages: 4
...technologies such as the arch and the dome to make a new architectural style. Roman architecture flourished throughout the Empire during the Pax Romana. Its use of new materials, particularly concrete, was a very important feature. Roman Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Most of the many surviving examples are from the later period. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is calledRomanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms. The Ancient Romans were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia). he Roman Architectural Revolution, also known as the Concrete Revolution,[4][5][6] was the widespread use in Roman architecture of the previously little-used architectural forms of the arch, vault, and dome. For the first time in history, their potential was fully exploited in the construction of a wide range of civil engineering structures, public buildings, and military facilities. These included amphitheatres, aqueducts, baths, bridges, circuses, dams, domes...
Words: 1295 - Pages: 6
...INTRAMUROS Intramuros (Latin: within the walls) is the historic centre and oldest district of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines. Also known as the Ciudad Murada (Walled City) because of its most famous feature: a nearly three-mile-long circuit of massive stone walls and fortifications that almost completely surrounds the entire district. Understand From the city's foundation in 1571 to the end of Spanish rule in 1898, Intramuros was Manila. The Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi laid the foundations of the new capital on the former site of Maynilad, a palisaded riverside settlement ruled by a native chieftain. To protect the inhabitants from attack, in the late 1500s construction began on a series of stone walls and fortifications that would eventually enclose a pentagonal area approximately 0.67 sq km in size, within which lay a tight grid-like system of streets and a main square surrounded by government structures. The defensive curtain was more or less completed by the 1700s, although improvements and other construction work continued well into the next century. Within the protective walls rose a city of stone palaces, churches, monasteries, convents, schools, and fine courtyard houses. In the centuries that followed, Manila (meaning Intramuros) served as the capital of the Spanish East Indies - the centre of commerce, education, government, and religion in Spain's most distant imperial possession. Except for a brief period under British rule (1762-1764)...
Words: 4150 - Pages: 17
...become an understatement to solely say “things have changed.” Among all these extravagant developments comes the marvel of the bridge. It's safe to say that even centuries ago, the early humans must have created bridges from the simple material they found surrounding them in their all natural environment. Whether it was a 3 by 10 foot log they had so carefully placed across the water way, or piles of smaller wood, closely intertwined and lined by the strongest of branches, the primal people had found a way to gather and hunt across streams and rivers. As the years and population had increased, so had the development and appearance of the bridge. Because of great urbanization and city growth, there was a high demand for a solution to travel in a quicker and more efficient way. One of the cities that rapidly boomed was Chicago, now the third most populous city in the United States. This growth mostly had to do with the rail road and the Chicago River. Because Chicago was fortunate enough to have a natural waterway entwined in the city, it was essential to begin the building of bridges throughout. As architects and engineers from all over gathered to create bridges both beautiful and useful, the city of Chicago continued to grow. Although used by millions of people each year, most Chicago natives and tourist fail to see the true importance of the bridges in this beautiful city. Overlooked is the importance of the...
Words: 2604 - Pages: 11
...memorial as larger than as the queen had been herself, in his words: "Let us, therefore, have a building, stately, spacious, monumental and grand, to which every newcomer in Calcutta will turn, to which all the resident population, European and Native, will flock, where all classes will learn the lessons of history, and see revived before their eyes the marvels of the past." It was funded by many Indian states and individuals of the Raj along with the British government in London. The princes and people of India responded generously to Curzon's appeal for funds and the total cost of construction of this monument amounting to one crore, five lakhs of rupees which was entirely derived from their voluntary subscriptions. Thus in the memory of the late queen, King George the fifth (Prince of Wales as not royalty by birth) on 4th January 1906, laid the foundation stone to the structure and before it’s completion; in 1921, the to-be monument’s gates were thrown open to...
Words: 750 - Pages: 3
...Roman Art – The Identity of an Empire Christina Kapua ARTS/100 April 18, 2013 Taurie Kinoshita Roman Art – The Identity of an Empire The Romans ingeniously display majestic art while incorporating function and purpose to build an empire. The Romans had many forms in which they created art. They adorned their city, homes, and palaces with paintings, sculptures, and grand architectural structures. Rome admired and emulated the artistry of the Greek, Egyptians, and Celtic designs. They learned engineering techniques from the Etruscans that has developed Rome’s historical development and style. With its influence of other cultures, Romans have established its own characteristics of ancient classical Rome, which has carved a pathway to many forms of artwork in the past and present time. The different genre that Rome has influenced is two-dimensional arts, sculpture, and architecture; with significant contributors, such as Michelangelo Buonarroti and Gian Lorenzo Benini. Historical Development and Evolution of Style Influenced by the Etruscans and inspired by the Greeks, the Romans artistry evolved to display realism and power. Romans learned practical and advanced engineering techniques from the Etruscans that began the groundwork for the vast buildings built to serve the needs of a growing population. After the overthrow of Greece majority of their artwork, and sculptures were brought back to Rome to adorn their city and palaces. Many Greek artists migrated to Rome to impart...
Words: 2078 - Pages: 9
...with selections made by popular vote. Over 100 million votes were cast, and the new 7 Wonders were announced as follows: Chichen Itza (the Yucatan, Mexico pyramid), Christ the Redeemer (Brazil’s enormous statue of Jesus), Colosseum (Rome’s arena of Gladiators),Great Wall of China (you can see it from space!),Machu Picchu (ancient city built on an unbelievably high mountain top in Peru),Petra (Jordan’s city cut directly into the side of a stone mountain ),and the Taj Mahal (India’s majestic temple/mausoleum).[2] But my final Cyber Journey of the semester started not as a stroll through history, but as a trip into the future of arts and Architecture with a look at another “7 Wonders” list – The 7 New Wonders of the 21st Century [3], as selected by Architecture, an online review published by the website Quazen. With no further ado, here are the 7: * Millau Viaduct http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millau_Viaduct At a height of 1,122 feet, and a span of 1.6 miles, this bridge holds the record as both the longest, and the tallest cable-stayed bridge in the world. In addition, it is a beautiful work of architecture, and the support beams resemble ships at sail. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/wonders_bigdigs/image/millau_viaduct.jpg * San Francisco Federal Building...
Words: 771 - Pages: 4
...Spell Check-list Unlike the Greek city-states, the Roman republic embarked almost immediately on imperial expansion. Utilizing its citizen armies, the republic gained control of the entire Italian peninsula. Conquered regions were incorporated into the republic or allowed to remain as independent allies. Rome's greatest rival in the western part of the Mediterranean was the former Phoenician colony of Carthage in northern Africa. Between 264 B.C.E. and 146 B.C.E., Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Rome's victory created an empire that extended from Italy to the Iberian peninsula and into northern Africa. The collapse of the Hellenistic successor states of Alexander's empire drew the Romans into the eastern Mediterranean. Greece, Macedonia, the Asian littoral, and Egypt were drawn into Rome's orbit. Rome and its Empire, (1995), Pearson Education, Pearson Longman, Retrieved from; http://wps.ablongman.com/long_stearns_wc_4/17/4390/1123999.cw/index.html The Regal Period. According to tradition, the first King laid the political foundations for the city, by creating the senate, and by dividing the people into curiae. He also extended Roman power by successful wars. Numa Pompilius is the antithesis, in many ways, of Romulus. He organized priesthoods, established religious rites, and sought to develop the religious life of the people. It was the main purpose of Tullus Hostilius, as it had been that of Romulus, to extend the material power of Rome. Ancus Marcius...
Words: 1177 - Pages: 5
...Architecture Comprehensive Examination Reviewer HISTORY AND THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1. The ornamental blocks fixed vertically at regular intervals along the lower edge of a roof to cover end tiles. a. ancones c. acroteria b. Antifixae 2. A continuous base or structure in which a colonnade is placed. a. stereobate c. stylobate b. Torus 3. The market in Greek architecture. a. Megaron c. agora b. Pylon 4. The smallest among the famous pyramids at Gizeh. a. Pyramid of Cheops c. Pyramid of Chephren b. Pyramid of Mykerinos 5. The largest outer court, open to the sky, in Egyptian temple. a. Sanctuary c. Irypaetral b. Irypostyle 6. The inner secret chamber in the mastaba which contains the statue of the deceased family member. a. Pilaster c. serdab b. Sarcophagus 7. The grandest of all Egyptian temples. a. Palace of Sargon c. Great temple of Ammon, Karnak b. Great temple of Abu-Simbel 8. The principal interior decoration of early Christian churches. a. stained glass c. painting b. mosaic 9. In early Christian churches, it is the covered space between the atrium and the church which was assigned to penitents. a. baldachino c. narthex b. apse 10. A dome placed on the drum. a. simple c. compound b. superpositioned 11. The architect of a church of Santa Sophia Constantinople, the most important church in Constantinople. a. Ictinus and Callicrates b. Apollodorous of Damascus and Isidorous on Miletus c. Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus 12. The second largest medieval cathedral...
Words: 19682 - Pages: 79
...city’s breathtaking, fantastic views, from the famed B&O railroad bridge to the homes and churches, so brilliant and perfect it appears they were painted, Harpers Ferry is most known for its history. In fact, from its humble beginnings involving George Washington to through the 1800’s, Harpers Ferry was a town crucial to the nation. John Brown’s raid on the town, Harpers Ferry’s famed Armory, and the battle that took place there were extremely significant leading up to and in the...
Words: 998 - Pages: 4
