...the mid-90’s the prevalence rate of a child being diagnosed with autism was 1 in 10,000 to about 1 in 110 children in 2011 ( (Hall, pg 4, 2013). That statistic shows that the prevalence for autism has risen...
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...in the amount of stress that parents experience. It was hypothesized that coping strategies would be different between mothers of children with/without ADHD. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coping strategies differ in the two mother groups. Fifty Iranian mothers of children aged between 6 to 12 participated in this study (25 mothers of children with ADHD and 25 mothers of children without ADHD). For assessing coping strategies, ways of coping questionnaire (WOCQ) by Folkman and Lazarus (1988) was administered on subjects. T. test was used for analyzing data. Our data show only one of the coping strategies- problem solving- employed were significantly different between two groups. This strategy was more commonly used among mothers of children without ADHD. Key words: ADHD, Coping Strategies, Mothers. INTRODUCTION Attention- Deficit/ hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects 3-5% of children before age 7 and is characterized by difficulties in controlling impulsive and hyperactive behaviors and/ or paying attention (Mitchell, 2006). This constellation of symptoms not only has a negative impact on the child’s life by creating difficulties in school and peer relations, but also is associated with difficulties within the home. In fact, having a child with ADHD is correlated with significant increases in the amount of stress that parents experience. (Lynn, 2008). Parenting is one of the most demanding responsibilities of adult life. Parenting stress is the affective...
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...traumatic trajectory (Gardner, & Gunn, 2012). From a social and nurturing perspective, the attachment theory supports the above notion, by stating that the quality of mother-child (or primary caregiver) attachment, is regarded as a pervasive factor in the development of an individual’s relational psychology throughout the entire lifespan (Bowlby, 1982; Freud, 1932). Attachment theory evolves from a basic premise that attachment behaviours are part of a drive behavioural system, organised around specific attachment figures (Bowlby, 1969). The theory further explains that the Infants attempt to establish a secure base with a primary care giver, usually the mother, from later, develop appropriate explanatory behaviours (Bowlby, 1969). This parent-infant interaction is referred to as exploration from a secure base. (Ainsworth, 1967). The...
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...INTRODUCTION The 19th century saw a "strong awakening of interest in humane treatment of the mentally retarded" (Anastasi, 1982 p.5). However, examining some of the writings of the 20th century (Huey, 1912; Fernald 1912 in Anastasi, 1982; Foster, 1990), the attitudes of those purportedly concerned with the mentally retarded seemed anything but humanitarian. Parekh and Jackson (1997) make an important point, that a common perception exists that mentally retarded children are social outcasts, due to the stigmatizing consequences of the process of labeling. Foster (1990) also, agree that the treatment of mentally retarded people has been characterized by neglect and abuse. In support of this notion Gilbride (1993) maintain that despite advances in public policy and legislation, significant barriers towards people with mental handicaps stilI exist. Attitudes held by both the general public and the key players, especially parents in the person's life are often cited as an important component of the "handicapping" environment (Hahn, 1982; Yuker, 1988). An attitude may be defined as the individual's tendency to react positively or negatively to some person, object, situation, institution or event (Aiken, 1985; Thomas, 1982). This definition concurs with that of Graharn and LiIly (1984) who describe an attitude as an opinion about something,reflecting how favourable people are towards groups, people, ideas or issues. Kagan and Havemann(1980) also, refer to an attitude as an organized...
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...Relationships among Parenting Practices, Parental Stress, Child Behaviour, and Children’s SocialCognitive Development Nicole R. Guajardoa,Ã, Gregory Snyderb and Rachel Petersenc Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, V A, USA b Children’s Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA c Psychological Assessment Specialists, Pocatello, ID, USA a The present study included observational and self-report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children’s theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty-three parents and their 3- to 5-year-old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent–child interactions also were observed (N 5 47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children’s theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emotion understanding. Results provide support for direct and indirect associations between parent–child interactions and early social-cognitive development. Copyright r 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: parenting; theory of mind; emotion; parental stress INTRODUCTION ...
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...The Effects of Military Service on Children and Families Abstract When a service member is deployed or sent on a tour, this has a drastic change in the life of the service member’s family especially the children. Being the family of a military service member is already a difficult and complex lifestyle; deployments don’t make it any easier. Military deployment is a unique experience affecting both service members who make sacrifices for our country, and the loved ones who await their return. The potential for deployment is a constant reality. Today’s military deployments may occur in rapid succession and be extended. Therefore, military personnel and their families must always be deployment-ready. Deployments are not easy and can create significant stress for U.S. military men and women and their families. In many cases deployments cans create problems in families. It can contribute to marital problems, family dysfunction, and emotional or behavioral disturbance in spouses and children. The primary purpose of this research paper is to describe the effects of military deployments on a families and children. This paper will discuss the effects and they type of effects the military families and children are faced with. “Deployments in the United States have increased greatly in the past 10 years. Families and children are psychiatrically affected by these deployments and recent studies are clarifying these effects.” (James 2012, p.16) Deployments in military...
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...According to Perriera et al. (2006) parents first have to overcome the language barrier in order to be able to help their children navigate the world. In Perriera et al. (2006) study, many of the participants expressed feeling helpless, alienated, and unable to advocate for their children and families since they did not speak English. As children learn English in school, they sometimes come to resent their parents’ Spanish monolingualism or become embarrassed by their parents (Perreria et al., 2006, 14). This tension between the younger English speaking population and their older Spanish speaking parents can cause stress and rupture in their relationship. While stress among the parent and child relationship is significant, this lack of the...
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...Project proposal 1. Title of the Proposed project Study the corelates of study habits among teen agers and development of intervention program and its improvement. 2. Back ground of the study Academic qualification, normally is the initial introduction of any person. Academic process starts from 1st year of school and is further shaped during all the years of school/college education. Academic qualification is achieved by learning and education. Process of formal learning takes place throughout life as a child in school and later as an adult in graduation/post-graduation. As most of the processes have parameters which govern performance of the process, learning process have parameters which are laid in early school years. Academic performance depends on study habits formed in early age. The relationship between study habit and students’ academic performance has for long received attention from scholars and educational agencies. Nuthane & Yenage (2009) have examined the causes of poor academic performance among university undergraduates. One of these factors identified was study habits. Early schooling years are normally spent at home with family. Family members are directly or indirectly influencing children in the early age for all sorts of habits including study habits. Like all other habits, once formed, habits are difficult to change. Family atmosphere is the initial setup through which child...
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...Causes of stress among students The Counselling Club recently carried out a survey to find out the causes of stress among students. About 100 students were chosen from Form 4 and Form 5 to participate in this survey. The survey was carried out in SMK Kuala Kubu Bharu. The main cause of stress in a student’s life is examination. This predicament is felt by students across the board, whether they are good students or weak ones. Good students feel burdened with the expectation heaped upon them by distinctions as a means of obtaining scholarships, good students have to achieve near-perfect cause in order to be consider for these scholarships. Weak students, on the other hand, face the pressure coping with their schoolwork and passing examination. They need to put in extra hours of work and attend tuition classes just to get by in school. The fear of failing is a major cause of stress of these students as their future depends on how they perform in school examination. Peer pressure is another cause of stress among student today. Students have to deal with issue such as fitting in with their friends and keeping up with the latest trends. Many students feel pressure into partaking in questionable activities with their friends are involved in. This can be conflicting for students who are aware of what is right and wrong. Bullying is another cause of stress face by students. Students who are victims in bullying, teasing and threats by other students feel inferior and insecure. More...
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...How Stress Management Affects the Work and Relationship of Less-Fortunate Families The word “stress” is derived from the Latin strictus and the Old French etrace. In the past, the word has been used to designate both a stimulus (a force or pressure that causes distress) and a response to that stimulus (adversity, affliction). Currently, it is used to describe a situation wherein a person suffers an adversity that still persists even after mustering up all the necessary resrouces, threatening their well-being (Auerbach, 1998). Despite this, the so called “eustress” (or “good” or “pleasant” stress), a word coined by Hans Selye during the 1950’s is described as the state wherein a person incorporates the feelings of stress in his work, using the stress as a driving force to ultimately complete a task that is initially daunting. Stressors are the sources or causes of stress. These include physical, emotional, intellectual, social, economic and spiritual factors (Girdano, et al., 1997). Stress Management is the ability to reduce stress arousal or to cope competently with stressors. The paper aims to identify the different stessors within the household and explain, in depth, how these factors affect the family dynamics. By the end of the research, the proponents aim to provide several coping methods appropriate for the types of stress families are experiencing. We have identified verious stressors of parents and children among less-fortunate families. Stressors of parents include...
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...One of the most striking changes in family structure over the last twenty years has been the increase in single-parent families. In 1970, the number of single-parent families with children under the age of 18 was 3.8 million. By 1990, the number had more than doubled to 9.7 million. For the first time in history, children are more likely to reside in a single-parent family for reasons other than the death of a parent. One in four children are born to an unmarried mother, many of whom are teenagers. Another 40 percent of children under 18 will experience parental breakup. Ninety percent of single-parent families are headed by females. Not surprisingly, single mothers with dependent children have the highest rate of poverty across all demographic groups (Olson & Banyard, 1993). Approximately 60 percent of U.S. children living in mother-only families are impoverished, compared with only 11 percent of two-parent families. The rate of poverty is even higher in African-American single-parent families, in which two out of every three children are poor. Effects on Children Past research has indicated that children from single-parent families are more likely to experience less healthy lives, on the average, than children from intact families. For instance, children growing up with only one parent are more likely to drop out of school, bear children out of wedlock, and have trouble keeping jobs as young adults. Other consequences include risks to psychological development, social...
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...blame ‘bad parenting’ for children’s and young people’s troublesome behaviour. What can research tell us about the influence of parenting, especially the parent-child relationships in millions of ‘ordinary’ families? This paper: ■ Summarises findings from seven reviews of existing research that were commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation to inform its own Parenting Research and Development programme. ■ Considers parenting from the perspectives of mothers, fathers and children themselves, as well as those of black and minority ethnic parents and families living in poverty with restricted access to support services Editor: David Utting August 2007 www.jrf.org.uk Key points ■ Differences in child temperament, among other factors, demonstrate that flexible, adaptable parenting is more likely to be effective than a ‘one size fits all’ approach. ■ The quality of parent-child relationships shows considerable stability over time. Some dimensions of parenting are important in children’s lives irrespective of age, especially whether relationships are warm and supportive or marked by conflict. ■ Warm, authoritative and responsive parenting is usually crucial in building resilience. Parents who develop open, participative communication, problemcentred coping, confidence and flexibility tend to manage stress well and help their families to do the same. ■ Young children’s relationships with their mothers typically affect their development more than father-child...
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...not the case in all children. Many children undergo much abuse during their childhood. From the physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, to that of edcational neglect, child maltreatment not only affects the child’s childhood years, it affects the indivudual’s adult life as well. Child abuse comes in many different forms and types. The one we are most familiar with is that of physical abuse. Such abuse includes deliberate acts of violence that injure children. Verbal abuse, in forms of shouting, humiliation, threats, and severe put-downs are forms of emotional abuse. Such abuse lowers individual’s self-esteem and disrupts a healthy emotional development. Another type of child abuse would be that of sexual abuse. Sexual acts of any form on a young child are all examples of child maltreatment. For victims of sexual abuse the symptoms are even more severe. A child who is the victim of prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self- esteem, a feeling of worthlessness and an abnormal perspective on sexuality. The child may become withdrawn and mistrustful of adults, and can become suicidal. Physical and emotional neglect are forms of child abuse that we might not be as familiar with. Such abuse involvve’s the parents failure to provide food, clothing, shelter, or medical assistance to a young child. Emotional neglect is shown with the lack of affection or comfort. Unaffection from the parents or caretakers lowers...
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...Running head: STRESS DISTRESS OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN ADMITTED TO This should be your name and course info Stress distress of parents of children admitted to intensive care unit This paper will examine stress experienced by parents of children who are admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). It will then identify the potential causes of stress in the PICU and nursing interventions that would reduce parental stress level in the PICU hence improving patient outcome as well as enabling parents to continue in their family roles to be effective and therapeutic to their children. Approximately 150,000 to 250,000 children are admitted to the PICU each year (Board & Ryan-Wagner, 2002). Admission to an intensive care unit usually comes with no warning, creating an uneasy situation for the families in which uncertainty, shock, helplessness, and confusion are some of the immediate responses (Lam & Beaulieu, 2004). Health care providers are often so focused on the patient who is severely ill or injured that the needs of the family are overlooked. Research has shown that having a child in the pediatric intensive care unit is a stressful experience for parents (Board, 1994; Board &Ryan-Wagner, 2002; Curley, 1988; Curley & Wallace, 1992; Miles et al., 1989). Miles, Carter, and colleagues studied 37 parents who recently had a child discharged from the PICU. Findings indicated that both mothers and fathers experience a high level...
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...fundamental risk factors that contribute to childhood obesity. Because of this immense concern, researchers have examined several risk factors that may be linked to the rising number of obesity among children. The literature reviewed has revealed that the contributions of the built environment have played negative role in providing support to children who are obese or overweight. The objective of this research was to examine the negative risk factors that may be correlated with childhood obesity. The results revealed that the effects of childhood obesity have emerged from different phases of life: (a) familial stress, (b) emotional-behavioral stress (c) self-esteem, (d) peer victimization, (e) eating-habits and influences, and (f) physical activities. In addition to examining the fundamental risk factors, interventions have been suggested and discussed in this paper. Keywords: childhood, obesity, parents, schools, physical activity, food, intervention Linking Factors to Childhood Obesity and Intervention: A Literature Review Overview. Today, childhood obesity has become a primary issue for public health worldwide. It has been well documented that over 23 million children in the United States alone are obese or overweight. Center for Disease Control (2004), defined obesity in children or adolescents as those individuals with a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile on revised Center for Disease Control and Prevention growth chart (Green, Riley, and Hargrove...
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