...Here lately there have been many movies and plays that are being reproduced or made. One of which is the play Lysistrata. Lysistrata is written by the Greek playwright Aristophanes. Lysistrata is actually one of Aristophanes most famous plays. Originally, this play was performed in Athens in 411 BCE. The play is about a woman, named Lysistrata, who is determined to end a war between Athens and Spartans that has been going on for about 20 years now. She decides to end the war by rounding up the other women, who are mothers and wives to the men in the war, and go on a sex strike. She also sends word to the women in Sparta so they can do the same thing. Of course, in the end, the men succumb and the women had peacefully ended the war. In fact, the men were so desperate by the time they declared peace, that they decided to draw their peace treaty on a statue of a naked lady. It is a very comical play, but it also shares some important messages. These messages given throughout the play are what is making the play popular and it is why directors are...
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...Social issues in Aristophanes comedy Introduction Comedy was derived from a Greek word komoidia, which means song. Aristotle argued that comedy was ultimately developed from song. With the introduction of comedy people did not grasp it quickly simply because no one took it seriously. Aristophanes is considered the best playwright of comedies in the classical literary period because of his comedies that are extant. Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus were among the best playwrights who ancient critics recognized for their literary works. Aristophanes’ plays are the only surviving samples of the literary genre conventionally referred to as old comedy. Old comedies were characteristic of topical issues touching in the society and real personalities. New Comedy transcended topical issues to generalized contexts together with stock characters. The move was because playwrights had internalized the perspectives of the people’s cultures after changes. The Old Comedy, which was a specialty of Aristophanes, had sophisticated and subtle dramatic form that adopted many approaches as far as entertainment and humor was concerned (Silk 78). According to Andreas (92), Aristophanes comedies, which gratify the Old Comedy genre, can be analyzed in three distinct characteristics, namely; festivity, complexity, and topicality. The structure of the play espouses what is known as complexity in the plays of Aristophanes and thus treated differently as a separate section. As far as the comedy...
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...411 B.C. Aristophanes’ Lysistrata, a Greek play where women use sex as power to negotiate a peace treaty, was performed in Athens with only male actors. However, the protagonist, Lysistrata, is a heroine. A great majority of the cast consists of female roles, but were all played by men. Aristophanes used many different theatrical techniques of the time to fruitfully project the fallacy of the dominant phallus in Lysistrata’s comedic reversal of power. Aristophanes’ satirizes phallic centric ancient Greece with explicit, witty dialogue and theatrical props. Understanding the costumes of fifth century Greece, the actor playing Cinesias would likely have been wearing flesh colored tights with a large phallic prop. Cinesias enters the scene moaning and sporting, as Lysistrata exclaims, “love upon him like a staff” from being without his wife to ease his suffering. Use of props to exaggerate physical attributes highlights the powerful effect of the women’s sex strike. This is also shown by the Magistrate’s interactions with the Herald. The Magistrate asks the Herald, “why do you hide that lance,” while the Herald boldly remarks, “I've brought no lance.” These phallic props would be designed to grasp the audience’s attention and allow for the comedic effects to sink in. The Greek women forcing the stiff, unyielding men to their knees with a treasury heist and sex strike turns Athenian male dominant society on its head. Our main character, Lysistrata, and her accomplice, Calonice...
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...While Aristophanes clearly wrote Lysistrata as a way of protesting the war, there is another theme tied into the story that is both important and connected with the protest of the war. At this time in history, women had no political rights. However, Aristophanes makes the women the saviors; they seize the Acropolis, demand the end of the war by leaving the men without sex, and negotiate the peace. This theme, women in politics, or feminism, surrounds this story and perhaps foreshadows the eventual rise of women into politics that we are now beginning to see today. These themes lend weight to each other throughout the course of the play. That Lysistrata focused on the Peloponnesian War was nothing new for Aristophanes. The majority of his works date from the years of the Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C. The Acharnians, written in 425 B.C. was the story of an Athenian that makes a separate peace for himself and his family, and enjoys the benefits of peace while everyone else is still at war (NAWM, 394). The Peace focuses on an Athenian that flies to Heaven on a dung-beetle and asks Zeus to end the war (394). The theme of the Peloponnesian War is nothing new in Aristophanes work. However, the treatment of women in Lysistrata is very different from anything else. First off, Lysistrata, the “hero” of the play, is in actuality a heroine. By the time Lysistrata was released, Sparta had built its own fleet with the help of its allies and had beaten back the Athenian fleet. Perhaps...
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...They play Lysistrata is a women’s activist story that happens in a period before there was a term and definition known as women’s liberation. Women were tired of their men being excluded for a considerable length of time to battle for their nation, the ladies bound together and took care of issues themselves. The initial segment of the arrangement was to get control of the Acropolis qualifying the ladies for control of the accounts of the Polis. The second piece of the arrangement was to use techniques until a bargain can be bound. This arrangement was no simple undertaking because of the restrictions of ladies' rights and common freedoms.By using these techniques of the Acropolis from the men, they could change the result of the war and choose the issues of the polis....
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...Women have historically used their bodies and sexuality to influence the decisions of men. This also proves to be true in most present-day cultures around the world. Though a large majority of the countries of the world are led by men, women have a way of influencing men in their decisions. In both Lysistrata and The Thousand and One Nights, women have great influences on men in power to positively affect the community or kingdom in which the story takes place. In both literary works, this influence from the women brought peace to a society previously in turmoil. The way that women influence men in these works indicates that women in these cultures were able to use their sexuality to earn the right to speak into a man’s life, as they still do today, and positively influence the decisions of men in power due to their nurturing nature and community mindedness. In The Thousand and One Nights, King Shahrayar, the king of Persia, was causing turmoil as he sought vengeance on women for their infidelity by sleeping with a virgin every night and killing her the next morning. The protagonist, Shahrazad, daughter of the king’s vizier, was determined to bring peace back to the kingdom by putting a stop to the king’s slaughter. After Shahrazad volunteered to be the king’s next victim, she used her sexuality in sleeping with the king to gain respect and the right to speak in the king’s chamber. It was not her sexuality that saved her life, but her intellect and storytelling. However, her...
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...Entertainment throughout the ages has remained the same, audiences are captivated by the morally gray areas, gory violence, and raunchy comedies with female leads (like Golden Girls and Sex in the City). With the way society has made us desensitized to almost all the twisted scenarios we see on tv and in the media it is not surprising that this thirst for debauchery is nothing new. I think the oedipus the king would be well received, and maybe even acclaimed with the way the story transitions smoothly, while it ties together the never ending drama that is presented throughout the play. The entire concept of Lysistrata can only be described as an old comedy. A old comedy by greek definition generally was political in nature, the statement being the need for an end to the war. Aristophanes did so in what can be considered one of the best comedies by having the woman, who were played by men, withhold sex from the Athenians to bring an end to the war. The play continues it’s jest on society and the war by having the chorus of old men and old women. The chorus of old men continually try to undermine the women, but the women usually being two steps...
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...endlessly spending money - “all that sort of expense that women cost”. Again, this concept of married women stealing men’s freedom and wealth is shown in The Brothers Menaechmus where Menaechmus explains how he has provided his wife with “servants, food, clothes, jewellery and “everything she could possibly need” yet she still constantly pesters him and is never satisfied. In a humorous light the playwrights display married women as an irritation to men’s life, who do nothing whilst men slave away only for women to spend their wealth – comedy which would be more of its own time rather than timeless. Similarly, women across the plays we see women as manipulative, cunning and artful – especially captured in Lysistrata which shows the extent to which women can artfully gather together and strike against the men being described as “clever villains” and as Myrrhine states “There’s no getting the better of women”. This is substantiated by The Swaggering Soldier where the female characters show us how they are always up to...
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...Lysistrat by Aristophanes 410 BC anonymous translator CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY LYSISTRATA CLEONICE MYRRHINE LAMPITO MAGISTRATES CINESIAS CHILD OF CINESIAS HERALD OF THE LACEDAEMONIANS ENVOYS OF THE LACEDAEMONIANS AN ATHENIAN CITIZEN CHORUS OF OLD MEN CHORUS OF WOMEN (SCENE:-At the base of the Orchestra are two buildings, the house of LYSISTRATA and the entrance to the Acropolis; a winding and narrow path leads up to the latter. Between the two buildings is the opening of the Cave of Pan. LYSISTRATA is pacing up and down in front of her house.) LYSISTRATA Ah! if only they had been invited to a Bacchic revelling, or a feast of Pan or Aphrodite or Genetyllis, why! the streets would have been impassable for the thronging tambourines! Now there's never a woman here-ah! except my neighbour Cleonice, whom I see approaching yonder.... Good day, Cleonice. CLEONICE Good day, Lysistrata; but pray, why this dark, forbidding face, my dear? Believe me, you don't look a bit pretty with those black lowering brows. LYSISTRATA Oh, Cleonice, my heart is on fire; I blush for our sex. Men will have it we are tricky and sly.... CLEONICE And they are quite right, upon my word! LYSISTRATA Yet, look you, when the women are summoned to meet for a matter of the greatest importance, they lie in bed instead of coming. CLEONICE Oh! they will come, my dear; but it's not easy, you know, for women to leave the house. One is busy pottering about her husband; another...
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...We all laugh, we laugh about a great number of things, but why? There are multitude of reasons why we find something funny and basic rules and protocols for creating a hilarious piece. Lysistrata, an ancient comedy piece that was originally preformed in 411 BCE uses rich and numerous of different methods to create an overall humorous play. The overall plot is that Athens and Sparta are at war and the wives of both city-states want the conflict to end so they go on a sex strike in order to persuade their husbands to attempt to end the war, due to the bankrupt situation of the two city-states. The play uses various methods such as bringing certain stereotypical character types that are found in a great number of comedies. One example is the use...
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...11 Issues Chapter of Reporting, Disclosure and Financial Analysis Questions for Review and Discussion 1. The two main adjustment are likely to be the addition of capital assets and longterm obligations. 2. The main adjustments are likely to be: the addition of depreciation expense and gains or losses from the sale of capital assets and the deletion of amounts spent to acquire capital assets and the proceeds from the sale of capital assets the deletion of long-term debt proceeds and amounts spent to repay long-term debts and the addition of any gain or loss on the retirement of debt and the amortization of any debt premium or discount. 3. The key criterion is financial accountability the primary government either appoints a voting majority of the units governing body or a majority of the units governing body is composed of primary government officials and the primary government is able to impose its will upon the potential component unit or there is the potential for the organization to provide specific financial benefits to, or impose specific financial burdens on, the primary government. 4. Discrete presentation is when one or more component units are reported in separate columns, in addition to those pertaining to the primary government. Blending is when the component units transactions and balances are reported as if they were part of the primary government that is, the component units funds are accounted for just as they were funds of the primary government. Blending is...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF GEORGE ORWELL’S ANIMAL FARM By HAZEL K. DAVIS, Federal Hocking High School, Stewart, OH S E R I E S W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., E D I T O R S : UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of George Orwell’s Animal Farm 2 INTRODUCTION Animal Farm is an excellent selection for junior and senior high students to study. Although on one level the novel is an allegory of the 1917 Russian Revolution, the story is just as applicable to the latest rebellion against dictators around the world. Young people should be able to recognize similarities between the animal leaders and politicians today. The novel also demonstrates how language can be used to control minds. Since teenagers are the target not only of the educational system itself but also of advertising, the music industry, etc., they should be interested in exploring how language can control thought and behavior. Animal Farm is short and contains few words that will hamper the reader’s understanding. The incidents in the novel allow for much interactive learning, providing opportunities for students to dramatize certain portions, to expand on speeches, and to work out alternative endings. The novel can be taught collaboratively with the history department as an allegory of the Russian Revolution, allowing students to draw parallels...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S ROMEO AND JULIET By ARTHEA J.S. REED, PH.D. S E R I E S W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., E D I T O R S : UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet 2 INTRODUCTION William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is an excellent introduction to Shakespearean drama; teenagers can relate to its plot, characters, and themes. The play’s action is easily understood, the character’s motives are clear, and many of the themes are as current today as they were in Shakespeare’s time. Therefore, it can be read on a variety of levels, allowing all students to enjoy it. Less able readers can experience the swash-buckling action and investigate the themes of parent-child conflict, sexuality, friendship, and suicide. Because of the play’s accessibility to teenagers, able readers can view the play from a more literary perspective, examining the themes of hostility ad its effect on the innocent, the use of deception and its consequences, and the effects of faulty decision making. They can study how the characters function within the drama and how Shakespeare uses language to develop plot, characters, and themes. The most able students can develop skills involved in literary criticism by delving into the play’s comic and tragic elements and its classically...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF BOOKER T. WASHINGTON’S UP FROM SLAVERY By VIRGINIA L. SHEPHARD, Ph.D., Florida State University S E R I E S E D I T O R S : W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery 2 INTRODUCTION Booker T. Washington’s commanding presence and oratory deeply moved his contemporaries. His writings continue to influence readers today. Although Washington claimed his autobiography was “a simple, straightforward story, with no attempt at embellishment,” readers for nearly a century have found it richly rewarding. Today, Up From Slavery appeals to a wide audience from early adolescence through adulthood. More important, however, is the inspiration his story of hard work and positive goals gives to all readers. His life is an example providing hope to all. The complexity and contradictions of his life make his autobiography intellectually intriguing for advanced readers. To some he was known as the Sage of Tuskegee or the Black Moses. One of his prominent biographers, Louis R. Harlan, called him the “Wizard of the Tuskegee Machine.” Others acknowledged him to be a complicated person and public figure. Students of American social and political history have come to see that Washington lived a double life. Publicly he appeased the white establishment...
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...Chap1 Comparing Apples and Oranges The concept of “apples and oranges” relates to the consistency of anything that is compared with something else. Whenever you make a comparison in sentence, you have to make sure the things you compare are , in fact, comparable. Than ①主语比较 1. Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West.(D-P35-9) 2.Local residents claim that San Antonio, Texas, has more good Mexican American restaurants than does any other city in the United States. (D-p78-14) 3.The guiding principles of the tax plan released by the Treasury Department could have even greater significance for the economy than do the particulars of the plan. (C-p8-6) 4. Because natural gas is composed mostly of methane, a simple hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emit less of certain pollutants than those burning gasoline or diesel fuel. (C-p8-16) 5. The United States government employs a much larger proportion of women in trade negotiations than does any other government. (C-p22-8) 6. The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers. (C-p67-5) 7. A newly developed jumbo rocket, which is expected to carry the United States into its next phase of space exploration, will be able to deliver a heavier load...
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