...Structural-Functional Theory The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This makes it a broad focus on the social structures that shape society as a whole. Also it looks at both social structure and social functions. A structural functionalist view of gender inequality applies the division of labor to view predefined gender roles as complementary: women take care of the home while men provide for the family. Thus gender, like other social institutions, contributes to the stability of society as a whole. In sociological research, functional prerequisites are the basic needs (food, shelter, clothing, and money) that an individual requires to live above the poverty line. Functional prerequisites may also refer to the factors that allow a society to maintain social order. According to structural functionalists, gender serves to maintain social order by providing and ensuring the stability of such functional prerequisites. This view has been criticized for reifying, rather than reflecting, gender roles. While gender roles, according to the functionalist perspective, are beneficial in that they contribute to stable social relation. In that case, many argue that gender roles are discriminatory and should not be upheld. Feminism as a theory in sociology tries to point out these inequalities and find solutions so that every situation is fair to everyone. The feminist movement, which was on the rise at...
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...Mathematics III CE 201 Solid Mechanics CE 203 Engineering Geology CE 205 Civil Engineering Materials CE 207 Surveying CE 231 Civil Engineering Materials Lab CE 235 Surveying Laboratory CE 233 Building Drawing and CAD lab. SA 201 NCC/NSS/NSO I Total Credits 4th Semester Course No. MA 2xx CE 202 CE 204 CE 206 CE 208 CE 232 CE 234 SA 202 5th Semester Course No. CE 301 CE 303 CE 305 CE 307 CE 309 CE 331 CE 333 L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 1-0-2-4 0-0-2-0 16-1-8-42 Course Name Numerical Methods Structural Analysis I Environmental Engineering I Geotechnical Engineering I Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Environmental Engineering Lab Geotechnical Engineering I Laboratory NCC/NSS/NSO II Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 0-0-2-0 15-1-6-38 Course Name Structural Analysis II Environmental Engineering II Geotechnical Engineering II Fluid Mechanics Reinforced Concrete Design Geotechnical Engineering II Laboratory Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Total Credits L-T-P-C 3-1-0-8 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 0-0-3-3 0-0-3-3 15-1-6-38 Course Name HSS II Transportation Engineering I Construction Technology and Management Design of Steel Structures Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Transportation Engineering I Laboratory Hydraulics and Hydraulic Structures Lab Total Credits L-T-P-C 2-0-0-4 3-0-0-6 3-0-0-6 3-1-0-8 ...
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...No. 4 Advanced Mathematics Mathematics Analysis: Series Limit, Calculus, General Theory of Series, Function Series and Power Series, Fourier series, Leaning Differential Coefficient, layer Integral, Curve Integral, Mapped Limit and Progression of Euclid Space. Advanced Algebra: Determinant, Linear Equation, Matrix, Linear Space, Linear Change, Euclid Space No.5 Descriptive Geometry and Mechanical Graphing Descriptive Geometry and Shadows, Perspective Drawing, Projection Standard, Axis Measure Chart Fundamentals of Architectural Design No.6 Building Materials This course teaches the nature, purpose, method of preparation and use, as well as civil engineering materials testing and quality control methods, and to understand the relationship between material properties and materials engineering structures, as well as ways to improve performance. Through this course, you should be able to reasonable selection of materials for different projects, and to work closely with the follow-up courses to understand the relationship between the material and the design parameters and construction measures chosen. No. 7 Metrology Construction Engineering Mechanics measure is specialized elective courses. Every stage of construction, are inseparable from survey work, should work as a pilot to measure. Therefore, any person engaged in engineering and construction technicians must master the knowledge and skills necessary measurements. Construction surveying measurements are an integral...
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...is a resounding amount of discontent directed at the core of structural adjustment, the World Bank theory created to aide in the improvement and progress of developing nations. Despite all the good intent through which it was created, this development policy seems to have done nothing but accentuate the havoc its subject countries currently find themselves in. Rapley classified this development theory as neoclassical, a strain of thought which ultimately accepts that there are winners and loser, this legitimized by the fact that the losers are using scarce resources in an inefficient manner. This is the nature of S.A.P. policy which seeks to accelerate growth and eliminate waste (Rapley 2002). The greatest enemy, as viewed by S.A.P. theory, is the state, therefore it aims to reduce its capacity to a secondary role in order to grant efficiency to the operation of markets; much of this done through programs such as fiscal austerity and privatization (Rapley 2002). As stated earlier, the good nature of these experiments are quite clearly seen. The World Bank approaches these situations with an end goal in mind: the stabilization of developing societies, an instance that, as they argue, cannot be achieved without the “foreign investment, increased powers and freedoms of entrepreneurs and investors, and increased incentives and competition;” (Rapley 2002) all of which are supposedly borne under the mantle of structural adjustment. Despite its supposed intent, pundits feel that the...
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...Just arrived from Belize, I was determined to succeed. In class we learned about forces on simple members and then we put the members together to form a simple truss. At this point I had almost decided that structural engineering was the career for me. From there the class just took off: We went on to frames, distributed loads, considered friction; basically we were incorporating real world considerations into structural members. I loved the practical, problem solving aspects of the field. At UC my classes were even more advanced. In my analysis and design classes, I especially enjoyed studying steel design because we not only learned the use of the load resistance factor design but also applied that knowledge — I designed a four-story building. The professor was a practicing engineer, and he always related the subject to real life steel structures he had engineered, for example, the SB Medical Center, an all steel building with a base isolated campus. This is the kind of project on which I would like to work, designing the structure and considering how the building will respond to ground motion. After two quarters of structural analysis, I had come as close as possible to analyzing real world structures. Looking back I realize, I had learned great tools for structural analysis, but my "tool box" was still inadequate. I lacked a very important tool: finite element analysis....
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...Where we shall stand? Whatever, this disaster could be managed more efficiently. Requirement was a bit awareness and some knowledge about the result of the incident. 1.1 Aim The aim of this paper is to highlight the manmade disaster “Building Collapse”, it’s details, mitigation, how to minimize the loss due to building collapse? 1.2 Scope In this paper I shall discuss the following things sequentially: * What is building collapse * Types of building collapse * Reasons of building collapse * Effects of building collapse * Rana Plaza tragedy * Measures to avoid building collapse * Few do’s and don’ts during building collapse * Owner’s responsibilities 2.0 Building Collapse Structural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering which deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed load (weight, force, etc...) without...
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...Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses; they don’t have to travel far to find a Wal-Mart store so they save gas. People already know that Wal-Mart has the lowest prices so they don’t have to search for stores with low prices. The items sold are good quality as well as cheap. What more could someone ask for. Wal-Mart is a world leader in logistics and promotes greater efficiency between its suppliers. Bob McAdam who is the Wal-Mart vice president states in the video, “We are raising the standard of living through lowering the cost of goods for people.” He is saying that Wal-Mart is good for Structural functional theory is when society is a complex system of interconnected and interrelated social structures each having a function and working together to promote social stability. One hundred million people shop at Wal-Mart every week. Wal-Mart is very convenient for people to shop at. Most people do not even have to shop at other stores because Wal-Mart has everything. It’s also convenient because it is right around the corner from a lot of customers houses;...
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...Approximates the behavior of an irregular, continuous structure under general loadings and constraints with an assembly of discrete elements. 2. Finite Element Method (1) Definition FEM is a numerical method for solving a system of governing equations over the domain of a continuous physical system, which is discretized into simple geometric shapes called finite element. Continuous system Time-independent PDE Time-dependent PDE Discrete system Linear algebraic eq. ODE (2) Discretization Modeling a body by dividing it into an equivalent system of finite elements interconnected at a finite number of points on each element called nodes. 3. Historical Background Chronicle of Finite Element Method Year Scholar Theory 1941 Hrennikoff Presented a solution of elasticity...
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...Bibliography: Adedeji, A. (1999). "Structural adjustment policies in Africa." International Social Science Journal 51(162): 521-528. Broad, R. and J. Cavanagh (1999). "The death of the Washington consensus?" World Policy Journal 16(3): 79-88. Cleary, S. (1989). "Structural Adjustment in Africa." Trocaire Development Review 1989: 41-59. Dollar, D. and A. Kraay (2001). Trade, growth, and poverty, World Bank, Development Research Group, Macroeconomics and Growth. Escobar, A. (1992). "Culture, economics, and politics in Latin American social movements theory and research." The making of social movements in Latin America: Identity, strategy, and democracy: 65-82. Fine, B. (2002). "Economics imperialism and the new development economics as Kuhnian paradigm shift?" World Development 30(12): 2057-2070. Godard, P.-P. K. and J. H. Williamson (2003). After the Washington Consensus: restarting growth and reform in Latin America, Peterson Institute. Gore, C. (2000). "The rise and fall of the Washington Consensus as a paradigm for developing countries." World Development 28(5): 789-804. Hamilton, C. (1989). "The irrelevance of economic liberalization in the Third World." World Development 17(10): 1523-1530. Harriss, J., et al. (2003). The new institutional economics and Third World development, Routledge. Helleiner, G. K. (1992). "The IMF, the World Bank and Africa's adjustment and external debt problems: An unofficial view." World Development 20(6):...
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...Introduction/Synopsis 1. The Story Behind Pancake Theory (the collapse of WTC; what happened and involved) 2. What is the Pancake Theory (how and why did it happened?) 3. Conspiracies (other causalities?) 4. Conclusion 5. References http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/analysis/design.html http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/news/debunking-911-myths-world-trade-center#damage http://architecture.about.com/od/disastersandcollapses/a/twintowerfall.htm http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/jom/0112/eagar/eagar-0112.html http://911review.com/articles/griffin/nyc1.html 1. The Story behind Pancake Theory (The Collapse of WTC) On September 11, 2001, the twin towers of the World Trade Center (WTC) collapsed due to a terrorists’ attack affiliated with al-Qaeda. It hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners and flying one into the North Tower and another into the South Tower. The major events include the following: * The airplane impact with damage to the columns. * The ensuing fire with loss of steel strength and distortion. * The collapse, which generally occurred inward without significant tipping. Some features that lead to the analysis of the collapse. * The towers fell faster than they could have if they were crushing themselves. * The volume of dust was too great to have been the product of a gravity-driven collapse. * The South Tower's top shattered before falling, and so its breakup was not a result of gravity-driven crushing...
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...Training-I NCC/NSO/NSS L 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 T 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 8 2 C 8 6 8 5 6 2 3 0 0 38 8 8 8 8 6 2 0 0 40 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 40 6 6 8 2 Course No EC-1101 CS-1101 MA-1102 ME-1101 PH-1101/ CH-1101 CS-1111 EE-1111 PH-1111/ CH-1111 Course Name Semester-2 Basic Electronics Introduction to Computing Mathematics-II Engineering Mechanics Physics/Chemistry Computing Laboratory Electrical Science Laboratory Physics/Chemistry Laboratory Physical Training –II NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-4 Structural Analysis-I Hydraulics Environmental Engg-I Structural Design-I Managerial Economics Engg. Geology Laboratory Hydraulics Laboratory Physical Training-IV NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-6 Structural Design-II Structural Analysis-III Foundation Engineering Transportation Engineering-II Hydrology &Flood Control Concrete Lab Structural Engineering Lab L 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 T 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 C 6 6 8 8 8 2 2 2 0 0 42 8 8 6 8 6 2 2 0 0 40 8 8 8 6 6 2 2 MA-1201 CE- 1201 CE -1202 CE -1203 CE-1204 CE-1211 Semester-3 Mathematics-III Building Materials and...
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...After gaining independence, Ghana’s economy had reached a state of crisis and therefore, certain International Financial Institutions (International Monetary Fund and World Bank) had intervened. The goal for Ghana was to pursue economic growth at all costs and seek to achieve through the increase of the Growth Domestic Product and the Growth National Product. Structural adjustment programs (SAP) (designed by the World Bank and IMF) had begun being implemented by the Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC) and National Democratic Congress (NDC). SAPs can be defined as “the process by which key institutions and policies are reconstructed with the intent on advancing economic growth”. This involves increasing economic dependency and diversifying economic resources. While looking at Peter Arthur’s opposing argument that the IFIs and their strategies were detrimental to Ghana’s economy - Kwadwo Kanadu-Agyemang and Darko Kwabena Opoku believe that these strategies and SAPs were beneficial to Ghana’s economy, only to a certain extent. This essay will aim to identify certain criticisms of Ghana undergoing the SAP as well as which sectors of the SAP were beneficial to Ghana. Furthermore, this essay will identify that the ‘imposition’ of the SAPs was indeed necessary and less destructive than its critics state. Colonial rule ended for Ghana in 1957 and they became politically independent and they were “the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to do so”. Ghana had ebeen the world’s...
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...mission role. The bulkiness of the aircraft depends on its structural integrity to withstand the design load level. The heavier the load, the heavier is the structure; hence, the MTOW affecting aircraft performance. Aircraft designers must comply with mandatory certification regulations to meet the minimum safety standards. This book does not address load estimation in detail but rather continues with design information on load experienced by aircraft. Although the information provided herein is not directly used in configuring aircraft, the knowledge and data are essential for understanding design considerations that affect aircraft mass (i.e., weight). Only the loads and associated V-n diagram in symmetrical flight are discussed herein. It is assumed that designers are supplied with aircraft V-n diagrams by the aerodynamics and structures groups. Estimation of load is a specialized subject covered in focused courses and textbooks. However, this chapter does outline the key elements of aircraft loads. Aircraft shaping dictates the pattern of pressure distribution over the wetted surface that directly affects load distribution. Therefore, aircraft loads must be known early enough to make a design “right the first time.” 5.1.1 What Is to Be Learned? This chapter covers the following topics: Section 5.2: Introduction to aircraft load, buffet, and flutter Section 5.3: Flight maneuvers Section 5.4: Aircraft load Section 5.5: Theory and definitions (limit and ultimate load) Section 5.6: Limits...
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...resonance curve, it could stay there even as the driving force frequency changed along the way. The flutter theory was another theory that physicists came up with to explain for the catastrophic phenomenon of the collapse of the bridge. Flutter is a self-inducing and potentially detrimental vibration in which aerodynamic forces acting on an object, together with a structure's natural mode of vibration, which combine to produce rapid periodic motion. (Arioli, 2009) In order to achieve steady-state motion for the flutter speed above the critical velocity, the direction of the force must be in the opposite direction – also known as damping force. Hence, if exceeded, the flutter speed may give rise to uncontrolled phenomena such as torsional oscillations. As the object vibrates, aerodynamic load increases and this causes the object to move much more. If the energy transferred by the aerodynamic excitation in a cycle is more significant as compared to the dissipated energy caused by damping in the system, the amplitude of vibration increases, leading to self-exciting oscillations. However, such method to determine the flutter speed was not used in later plans. Experiments such as wind tunnel tests on thin plates proposed that greater velocity of wind increased the frequency of vertical oscillation while decreasing that of torsional oscillations. The conclusion is that this theory could not be used to explain the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse. Despite many arguments, it was later suggested...
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...Environment MCE Coursework Specification Module title: Structural Design Academic year: 2015/2016 Module number: BE 1310 Semester: YL Credit Points: 20 Programme(s): BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering Year: 2 Level 5 Is this an option module? No Coursework title: Structural Design – Assignment 1 Learning Outcomes measured in this assessment (from the Module Descriptor): 1. Apply structural analysis and design principles to calculate design load acting on structures, members and elements. 3. Explain the behavior of the design of structural connections on structural elements. 4. Present design calculations and sketches in a clear and informative way and communicate effectively using the necessary detailing approaches. 5. Appraise the structural design against relevant criteria such as sustainability, CDM regulations, form and function, buildability, etc. Background information/introduction (& how this assessment fits the overall strategy): The coursework aims to broaden your knowledge of structural principles and behaviour by providing a project encompassing a typical industry scenario for you to design. The coursework will allow you to evaluate the global stability of a structure and to quantitatively indicate how key forces are transferred through structural members to the ground. You will be required to apply computer software to analyse elements of the structure, attaining the confidence to set up, validate and optimise simple structural analysis models. You will select, apply and...
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