...Student-Centered Learning Methods vs. Teacher-Centered Learning Methods Abstract The different types of student-centered learning methods are described and compared to teacher-centered approaches. Different studies were researched with mixed results. Student-centered methods, when applied to secondary education students and above, provide social and emotional value to the students and improve reasoning and creative ability. Teacher-centered methods work best in the primary grades and with students faced with low SES. Student-Centered Learning Methods vs. Teacher-Centered Learning Methods All educators in America would agree with what is considered to be the most important goal of schooling our children. It is to promote student learning so our children grow and develop to become productive members of our society. Yet in our education system, the debate of exactly how to go about doing that, has raged for over one-hundred years. Are student-centered methods or teacher-centered methods the best way to educate our children? Since the beginning of the debate, it has been highly political as well; those in favor of student-centered methods represent progressive reformers and associate the terms democratic, permissive, insight, affective and student growth with their methodology. On the other hand, those in favor of teacher-centered methods represent the old guard and have terms such as authoritarian, fascistic...
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...Andragogy vs Pedagogy Andragogy vs Pedagogy Today, there are many ways to obtain an education. Before, students obtained their education through sitting in a classroom in schools, colleges or universities. Now, obtaining ones education may be done by home schooling and online classes. The changes in the education system have led to the development of many teaching methods. Two major and common methods of teaching are andragogy and pedagogy. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast andragogy and pedagogy. “Andragogy is the process of engaging adult learners in the structure of the learning experience” (Conlan, Grabowski, & Smith. 2013). In simple words, it is the art and science of helping adults learn. This learning experience consists of different methods and strategies to assist adult humans in obtaining their education. Pedagogy is the connection of the teaching by the teacher, to the learning of a child student (Gehring, 2010). Thus, pedagogy literally means the art and science of teaching children. This is the most dominant form of teaching and referred to as the traditional, teacher-directed approach. “Andragogy is a newer word that was coined in the 1800s by Alexander Knapp, a German educator, and popularized in the 1960s by Malcolm Knowles, an American educator whose focus was on adult education” (Findsen, 2010). It fell into disuse and didn’t reappear until 1921when...
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...individuals have access to an education. It gives an alternate option to the traditional route of education which is economically practical. It also offers a vast range of learning experiences for job development. Online education costs less than the traditional education. Online schools provide all of the study materials needed, which the costs are cheaper than the textbooks. In addition, students do not have to worry about geographical restrictions to enroll. The students can choose to enroll into any academic institution that offers an online program suitable to the student’s needs while staying in the comfort of their homes. They can save on costs incurred from transportation, board and lodgings. Learning takes place online through print communication, teleconferencing, electronic mail, forum discussion and instructional multimedia. Through traditional education, the students not only have to deliberate the requirements of moving to another state, but also have to consider the regular enrollment fees. One of the most important improvements with an online education is its flexibilities. It has enabled higher education to a great deal of individuals not able to attend regular school for various reasons. Teachers will post the lessons in the learning sections in the school’s online student portal. Students can submit the requirements of the course online and also take their exams online. However, schools structure traditional education in a firm boundary. The traditional route...
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...Running head: ADULT LEARNING THEORY: ANDRAGOGY1 Adult Learning Theory: Andragogy Jonathan S. Ponce American Public University System Author Note Jonathan Ponce for COLL 100, American Public University System, taught by Instructor Anthony Underhill ADULT LEARNING THEORY: ANDRAGOGY2 Abstract The andragogy theory can best be defined as the art and science of helping adults learn. This paper will explore exactly what the andragogy theory is and how it differs from pedagogy. A few examples of earlier andragogy strategies used in adult education were group discussions, interviews, and joint problem solving sessions. Now a days we see online tools such as discussion forums and blogs being used online to promote learning among adult learners. Simply put, andragogy is an organized and sustained effort to assist adults to learn in a way that enhances their capacity to function as self directed learners. ( Mezirow 1981) But does this method really only apply to adults? Could it be used by the younger learners before they reach adulthood? Is either method greater or more efficient than the other? Though mostly seen as a useful tool in adult education, studies into andragogy have shown that there are flaws within the core principles that conflict with its purpose of being a more...
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...A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Learning and Teaching Styles in Germany and Brazil, and the Influence of Cultural Values With the globalization phenomena more present than ever in our societies, teachers and students have the chance to learn and experience different practices in education. It is easier nowadays to find students, and teachers too, from different parts of the world in a classroom. However, even with this more frequent contact, there are some important distinctions on the learning process and teaching styles between individuals from different cultures that would explain how these people act and interact with each other on the educational environment. The behavior of an individual, student or teacher, in a classroom may have much to do with the cultural background that this particular person comes from. Each society will think about education considering their own needs, and in this way their adopted systems and methods to train their students might differ from each other (Barmeyer, 2004). On this mindset, the present study will be conducted in comparative terms between a German student, who was interviewed by me, a Brazilian student, highlighting the differences and possible similarities in educational experiences in our home countries. In order to conduct these comparisons, I will use Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of Power Distance – referring to the power distribution in our societies - and Individualism vs. Collectivism – the degree of integration of each...
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...Literature Review Literature Review: Abstract Fair grading and assessment practices for students’ with a learning disability is an area of controversy for classroom teachers’. In general, the literature seems to indicate that there is a need to evaluate grading and testing practices for students with a specific learning disability. Current grading and assessments do not adequately allow for a student with a learning disability to graded or assessed based on their individual achievement level. All students are pushed to take standardized test that do not provide a true indication of a student’s ability for acquisition of core skills. Much of the research has provided various reasons for a change in grading practices and alternative ways to assess students with a learning disability. Through research we can examine and determine how fair grading and assessment practices can improve student learning. Keywords: Accommodations, RTI, inclusion, grading, NCLB, IEP, alternative assessments, learning disability, high stakes testing Literature Review: Grading and Assessing Introduction The enactment of No Child Left Behind The literature review began with finding research on how current grading and assessing practices are not fair for a student with a specific learning disability. This is particularly true for students with a noted 15 point or more discrepancy in reading or math. These core subject areas tend to be subject areas in which standardized testing is...
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...Online Vs. Traditional Education | James JohnsonCOM/155December 15, 2013 | Online Vs. Traditional Education Thesis statement Is online education equal to traditional education? Research shows that online learning is equal or better than traditional classroom experience. There has been a strong debate about online education and traditional on campus education, this essay will point out the facts about both online and traditional, on campus, teaching’s. Traditional Education A. The traditional education system relies on a style of learning intended to allow students to gain individual meaning and learning to the subject matter. Traditional education focuses on individual student’s needs and self-expression. Traditional education has a more hands-on approach that utilizes both the teacher’s intellectual values and skills as well as the students. B. Traditional schools have a more one-on-one intercourse between professor and student. 1. In a traditional school you can interact with students easier than if you were online. Living on campus lets you have a space to call your own. Online Education A. Students are given the opportunity to choose from various schools, programs and courses which are not available in the area where they live in. 1. Offers flexibility to students. Allows a more student-centered teaching approach. B. Getting an online education may help in ensuring that each lesson or material is completely understood before moving...
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...Direct Instruction Vs. Constructivist Instruction [pic] Wingate University ED 530 It is important that educators and parents understand the methods used to effectively educate each student and how they impact student learning. To relay the importance of direct instruction, I would introduce the instructional model as described by the National Institute of Direct Instruction. According to the National Institute of Direct Instruction, “Direct Instruction (DI) is a model for teaching that emphasizes well-developed and carefully planned lessons designed around small learning increments and clearly defined and prescribed teaching tasks (http://www.nifdi.org/).” I would describe how direct instruction is a method of teaching considered most effective by various researchers. I would explain how the direct instruction model utilized in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School system (CMS) allows students to learn more in less time. To demonstrate the direction instruction model, I would provide parents an opportunity to review the lesson plan format (Appendix 1) as prepared by CMS. Parents will be directed to notice how classes are structured to allow for: link to prior learning, teacher modeling, guided practice, independent practice, closure, and student assessments. Each of these items will be broken down using research based information to explain the break down of learning into smaller increments (Appendix 2) for the direct instruction model. Parents...
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...Bertoline, 2000). Pedagogy is in actuality the study of being a teacher, the process of teaching, and the correct use of instructional strategies (“Pedagogy,” 2011). Pedagogy helps teachers understand the role of learning theory in the design and function of class activities (Okojie, Olinzock, and Okojie-Boulder, 2006). Pedagogy evolved in 7th and 12th century schools of Europe and its foundational theories about learning and learners are based on observations of monks teaching simple skills to children. These ideas were further adopted and reinforced in 18th and 19th century Europe and North America elementary schools. Even in the beginning stages of the scientific study of learning around the turn of the 20th century, research was limited to mostly the reactions of children. Because of this pedagogy evolved into a learning model predominately for the education of pre-adults (Holmes and Abington-Cooper, 2000). In the early 20th century when adult education began emerging, teachers of adults began seeing problems with the pedagogical model. One of the biggest problems was that pedagogy proposes that the purpose of education was the transmittal of knowledge and skills through the use of lectures, assigned readings, drills, quizzes, note memorizing, and examinations. Another problem with the pedagogic model is that many of the assumptions about the characteristics of learners do not fit the adult students. Because of this Adult learners began to get frustrated and resist...
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...The VARK Anaylsis: Learning Styles Lesley Good Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V October 19, 2015 The VARK Analysis: Learning Styles Over the years, research has discovered that the ability for students to learn is based off of an individual’s strengths, weakness, and learning preferences. These learning preferences are divided into five categories: visual, auditory, reading/writing, kinesthetic, and multimodality. The VARK analysis developed in 1987 by Neil Fleming “was the first to systematically present a series of questions with helpsheets for students, teachers, employees, customers, suppliers, and others” (VARK Learn Limited, 2015) to determine an individual’s unique approach to the learning process. “VARK is an acronym for the Visual (V), Auditory (A), Read/Write (R) and the Kinesthetic (K) sensory modalities” (Kharb, Samanta, Jindal, & Singh, 2013). To better understand how this process works we will establish a scenario using Student A, allowing her to access the VARK questionnaire and give us some insight and understanding on how the evaluation process works to establish an individual’s learning style. The VARK questionnaire consists of 16 questions and given the results we will review the learning style for Student A, compare preferred learning strategies to the identified strategies, and discuss how the recognition of individual learning styles, preferences and strategies influence teaching and learning. Summary of Results ...
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...to provide learning and knowledge, also to enhance the skills and abilities of every student, to bring competence, and guide them with positive attitudes and values. Quality education is considered as an important factor to produce globally competitive professionals in order to build a strong nation and to bring out the best way to get along with global competition. Education is facing challenges in terms of worldwide movement of international students mostly from the Asian and African continents to universities in the West to provide an important source of income to those receiving universities (Biggs and Tang, 2010). In trying to strengthen the quality assurance system in Philippine higher education, institutions of higher learning were mandated to upgrade higher education curricular offerings to international standards (Valdez, 2012). There is a growing worldwide concern among the stakeholders of education that the present educational system does not prepare students adequately for life and work in the 21st century. (ncrel.org) In order to remain responsive to these challenges, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) need to continuously assess correctly the organization’s strategic needs and ever-evolving business process requirements in terms of core, operational and management competencies. This has prompted many educators across the globe to explore new ways of designing education including a review of the curriculum, the instructional processes and the methods of assessment...
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...Principles of Learning and Teaching STUDENTS AS LEARNERS – 35% THEORISTS LEV VYGOTSKY http://facultyweb.cortland.edu/andersmd/VYG/ VYG.HTML JEROME BRUNER http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.ht ml JOHN DEWEY http://www.infed.org/thinkers/e t-dewey.htm Importance of CULTURE humans use of tools and symbols to learn – culture dictates what we learn and how • Higher and Lower mental functions – elementary (or lower) functions gradually transform to HMF through culture • Central ROLE OF LANGUAGE: Language is made possible because of our culture (tools and symbols). The learning of language (or signs) is brought about by social processes, and language or signs ultimately make thought possible. Three stages in the development of speech a. Social speech – speech to control the behavior of others b. Egocentric speech – three to seven year olds – talking to themselves to learn c. Inner speech – soundless speech – thinking in our head • ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT: The discrepancy between a child's mental age [indicated by the static test] and the level he reaches in solving problems with assistance is the zone of his proximal development. _________________________________ ABRAHAM MASLOW http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/m aslow.html HEIRARCY OF NEEDS • Physiological needs • Safety needs • Belonging needs • Esteem needs • Self-actualization • Principles: learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge – DISCOVERY...
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...Israel Accepted for publication 22 March 1999 BEN-ZUR H., YAGIL D. & SPITZER A. (1999) BEN-ZUR Journal of Advanced Nursing 30(6), 1432±1440 Evaluation of an innovative curriculum: nursing education in the next century The present research focused on an interim evaluation of a new nursing curriculum made by ®rst- and second-year undergraduates. Study 1 examined the assessments made by 90 students of the new, actual programme of their studies, as well as an ideal one, on 21 bipolar criteria re¯ecting the developing changes in health care practices and higher educational processes in western society. The results of study 1 indicated that students perceived the actual programme as compatible with health care changes, but lacking in terms of the learning process. Study 2 investigated the same assessments among 105 registered nurses who evaluated the traditional nursing programme under which they were trained as well as an ideal one. The results of study 2 showed that registered nurses perceived past curricula as lower than the ideal on both health care and process of learning. The results of this interim evaluation imply that the new nursing curriculum follows health care trends, but a shift in the educational process is required. Keywords: curriculum, nursing, education, evaluation, health-care, baccalaureate society, with existing knowledge becoming...
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...Family Centered Health Promotion Nursing 429V Dr. Rhonda Johnston January 7, 2016 Vark: One or all “Do you know how you learn?” This is the first sentence on a website that introduces the reader to a way of classifying ways of learning. According to this site, Vark-learn.com (2016), although we have known for centuries about different learning modes, the VARK questionnaire developed in 1987 by Dr. Neil Fleming from New Zealand, was the first to present a series of questions that classified individuals to learning modalities. This classifications came with help sheets for individuals to use in their own way or style of learning. Today this system is still used by high schools, colleges and business to help enhance learning and teaching experiences. These sheets are divided into four groups. Their classifications are: Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic strategies. The acronym VARK comes from the four divisions. Classification sheets, also referred as help sheets by the VARK website, discuss strategies that help enhance the taking in of information, strategies that make studying or learning more effective, and tips on how to perform well on examinations. But the truth is not as simple as to classifying individuals to just one learning modality. In fact about 35% of individuals use a four-part multimodal approach, and sometimes may switch to a single preferred mode that fits the situation (VARK personal, 2016). Sometimes by using all four modes, learning can become...
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...setting where teachers continuously change and organize curriculum and instruction to meet the needs of their children (Poon, Tan & Tan, 2009). The best environment that fosters and develops structured scientific analytical thinking is the school, where the child spends the major section of his/her day when he/she is away from home. It is within the school environment that formal learning takes place. Acceptable attitudes and values which the child inculcates are transmitted by the teacher who is specifically trained to teach at given levels. The training of the teacher in the use of the most effective methods of teaching is therefore the first and foremost important goal preceding the child’s education, especially since it has been established that teachers go on to teach science in the same way that they have been taught (Marshall & Dorward, 2000). Upon investigation, in private as well as public schools, we have been privy to two familiar methods of teaching science in the elementary and kindergarten classrooms. The two common methods are the inquiry and the direct instruction methods of teaching. The inquiry method of teaching is practiced mainly by a lot of public school teachers in the kindergarten classes. The teachers follow the general principle of providing materials and setting the environment for the children to experiment, discover, ask questions and give answers and also receive positive feedback from the teacher. On the other hand the method of indirect...
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