...answer a few of Socrates’ questions. Confessional is the second argumentative strategy in which someone opens up to their intentions. Confessional can be used when someone reveals their motivation for doing something. It can also be used to talk about a purpose for an action someone took. David Henry Thoreau wrote “Why I Went to the woods” to explain why he did not want to live the city. He tries to convince his readers that living life means to not live in city but to live in the wilderness. He explains his reasons why he believed that living in city was not living. Didactic can be defined as a lecture. The argumentative strategy is meant to teach an audience new lessons and new things. When teachers and professors teach their classes, they lecture and use a didactic approach to teach their students. In “Politics and the English Language,” George Orwell attempts to teach his readers about how the English language can affect politics in some of the way people speak. Orwell tries to teach his readers what they can do to avoid any confusion while talking to anybody. Lastly, Epistolary is a letter of instruction. Usually, people using this argumentative strategy use it in a religious way. Epistolary is meant to tell a story from a character’s point of view. Martin Luther...
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...Early Childhood Research Quarterly 19 (2004) 375–397 The early childhood classroom observation measure Deborah Stipek∗ , Patricia Byler School of Education, Stanford University, 485 Lasuen Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-3096, USA Abstract This study assesses a new measure of early childhood classroom practice in 127 kindergarten- and first-grade classrooms. The measure was designed to be appropriate for classrooms serving children from the age of 4–7 years. It assesses the nature and quality of instruction as well as the social climate and management of the classroom. Two separate scales assess the degree to which constructivist, child-centered and the degree to which didactic, teachercentered instructional practices are implemented. Findings indicate that the measure produced reliable scores and meaningful, predictable associations were found between scores on the observation measure, on the one hand, and teachers’ self-reported practices, teaching goals, relationships with children, and perceptions of children’s ability to be self-directed learners, on the other. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Early childhood; Classroom observation; Teaching; ECCOM; Measure 1. Introduction Political and public concerns about improving education have been fueled recently by reports highlighting the number of students, particularly from economically disadvantaged homes, who fail to achieve minimum academic standards. The National Center for Educational Statistics (2002)...
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...1 The Induction-Deduction Opposition: Ambiguities and Complexities of the Didactic Reality Wilfried Decoo Published in IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics, vol. 34, n° 2 (May 1996), 95-118. ("didactic" = pertaining to teaching and learning in a school context) Abstract An analysis of some of the scientific literature reveals that the terms "induction" and "deduction" often point to various concepts. A number of modalities need to be discerned, especially in the realm of "induction". Experimental comparisons of different methodological approaches may also neglect, to some extent, the complexities of what is really taking place in the classroom setting. The purpose of this article is not to take sides in the methodological controversy, but to contribute to a greater awareness of terminology identification and of the tangents, plural forms and crossings between didactic strategies that draw on "induction" or "deduction". Les termes "induction" et "déduction", tels qu'une analyse de la littérature scientifique nous les révèle, renvoient souvent à des concepts différents. Il semble utile de discerner les différentes modalités, en particulier dans le domaine de "l'induction". Les comparaisons expérimentales de différentes approches méthodologiques semblent négliger, du moins en partie, les aspects complexes de la réalité en classe. Cet article ne prend pas position dans la controverse méthodologique, mais désire contribuer à une plus grande prise de conscience d'une part...
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...long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story. The genre has historical roots in antiquity and the fields ofmedieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. Further definition of the genre is historically difficult. The construction of the narrative, theplot, the relation to reality, the characterization, and the use of language are usually discussed to show a novel's artistic merits. Most of these requirements were introduced to literary prose in the 16th and 17th centuries, in order to give fiction a justification outside the field of factual history. ------------------------------------------------- Definition[edit] Gerard ter Borch, young man reading a book c.1680, the format is that of a French period novel. | Madame de Pompadourspending her afternoon with a book, 1756 – religious and scientific reading has a differenticonography. | The fictional narrative, the novel's distinct "literary" prose, specific media requirements (the use of paper and print), a characteristic subject matter that creates intimacy, and length can be seen as features that developed with the Western (and modern) market of fiction. The separation of the field of literary fiction from the field of historical narrative fueled the evolution of these features in the last 400 years. A fictional narrative[edit] Fictionality is...
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...Middle English Morphology • loss of inflections • loss of grammatical gender • two noun cases: possessive and non-possessive • all adjective inflections lost, loss of weak/strong distinction • verbs: personal endings reduced, mood distinctions blurred • dual/plural distinction lost • change from synthetic to analytic language; reasons: interaction of different inflectional systems in English, French, and Scandinavian; reduction of unstressed final vowels; relative rigidity of word order; increasing use of prepositions and particles • changes more visible in North of England where reduction of inflections began Nouns -es for genitive singular and all plurals noun class distinctions disappeared, generalized to the strong masculine declension of OE weak declension endings (-n) survived into early ME then merged with strong declension(some survivals: children, brethren, oxen; some ME words had plurals with -n: eye, ear, shoe, foe, hand Unmarked genitives: a few s-less genitives: e.g. formerly feminine nouns (his lady grace), kinship terms (thi brother wif, hir doghter name); nouns ending in sibilant sounds took no s in the genitive (for peace sake) Unmarked plurals: some OE strong neuter nouns had no ending in the nominative and accusative plural, continued in ME (year, thing, winter, word); unmarked plurals for animal names (derived from OE unmarked neuter plurals); measure words without -s in the plural (mile, pound, fathom, pair...
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...English Novel over the centuries- English novel came into existence in the beginning of 18th century with the emergence of new middle class. During this time, public interest in human characters grew and this led to the popularity of autobiographies, biographies, journals, diaries and memoirs. Novelists showed interest in the newly emerged complex middle-class characters who were struggling with their morality and social issues. Tom Jones, a foundling was written by Henry Fielding during this time and focused on the social structure that prevailed in England during that time. The first half of the 19th century was influenced by romanticism and the focus was on nature and imagination. Gothic (horror) and romantic novels were written during this time. Jane Austen wrote highly polished novels about the life of the landed gentry and social issues like marriage and property from women’s perspective. In the period between 1837 to 1901, the Victorian novelists became popular. They portrayed middle-class, virtuous heroes responding to harsh society. Stories of working class poor people were directed to incite sympathy. The development of the middle-class and the manners and expectations of this class, as opposed to the aristocrat forms were the focus of the novelists of this period. Charles Dickens emerged as a literary figure and wrote about London life and struggles of the poor in Oliver Twist. In the early twentieth century, Rudyard Kipling wrote highly versatile novels...
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...what a complex achievement it is. Someone learning or teaching English as a second language will also be conscious of the complexities of oral language. In writing this section, we were very aware of the unsuitability of the written medium for discussing spoken language. It is much easier to describe syntax and morphology because these appear in the written form of the language, which is what books are designed for. Writing involves no sound; the symbols are taken in by the eye. When we speak, however, we are using organised sounds that are taken in by the ear. It is very much harder, therefore, to convey spoken language because understanding depends on being able to hear different sounds, rhythms, and patterns of intonation. The examples need to be heard rather than seen. This part of the book can deal with only some of the concepts and information about speech and suggest other elements to look for. A videotape, entitled Oral Language, accompanies this book. We were also aware that for most teachers, the study of oral language is completely new territory. We can assume that most people have a nodding acquaintance with nouns or verbs. We cannot assume that people know much about the mechanics of speaking. However, although the unfamiliarity of the content in this section might cause some initial alarm, the material is not intrinsically difficult. Many teachers now have in their classrooms students for whom English is a...
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...American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2006; 70 (5) Article 104. RESEARCH ARTICLES Factors That Affect Academic Performance Among Pharmacy Students Sujit S. Sansgiry, PhD, Monali Bhosle, MS, and Kavita Sail, MS College of Pharmacy, University of Houston Submitted February 3, 2006; accepted April 14, 2006; published October 15, 2006. Objective. The objective of this study was to examine factors such as academic competence, test competence, time management, strategic studying, and test anxiety, and identify whether these factors could distinguish differences among students, based on academic performance and enrollment in the experiential program. Methods. A cross-sectional study design utilizing questionnaires measuring previously validated constructs was used to evaluate the effect of these factors on students with low and high cumulative grade point averages (GPAs). Pharmacy students (N 5 198) enrolled at the University of Houston participated in the study. Results. Academic performance was significantly associated with factors such as academic competence and test competence. Students with a cumulative GPA of 3.0 or greater significantly differed in their level of test competence than those with a GPA of less than 3.0. Students enrolled in their experiential year differed from students enrolled in their second year of curriculum on factors such as test anxiety, academic competence, test competence, and time management skills. Conclusion. Test competence was an important...
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...from 1597 until after his death), brief meditations noted for their wit and insight. Francis Bacon “Of Studies In his classic essay, “Of Studies,” Francis Bacon explains how and why study—knowledge—is important. Along with Michel de Montaigne, who published his first essays less than twenty years before Francis Bacon published his first collection in 1597. Bacon is considered the father of the English essay (with Montaigne the father of the French essay). Bacon’s essays differ from Montaigne’s in being more compact and more formal. Where Montaigne conceived of the essays as an opportunity to explore a subject through mental association and a casual ramble of the mind, Bacon envisioned the essay as an opportunity to offer advice. The title of his essay collection: “Essays or Counsels: Civil and Moral,” suggests that didactic intent. In “Of Studies,” Bacon lays out the value of knowledge in practical terms. Bacon considers to what use studies might be put. He is less interested in their theoretical promise than in their practical utility—a proclivity more English, perhaps, than French. Bacon’s writing in “Of Studies” is direct and pointed....
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...continental Europe. The mysterious letters “P.R.B.” features on the paintings of the young and completely unknown artists caused a stir in the English society. This group was comprised of London’s Academy students including John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt, each of whom was eager to change not only the principles of modern art but also the role it played in society. Combining scientific precision, an innovative approach to subject matter, and brilliant, clear colors, Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain's first avant-garde art movement. The members of the Brotherhood were well aware of their place in the culture with non-existent traditions of religious art, which had been obliterated in the 16th century during the Reformation. The Pre-Raphaelites were faced with an uneasy task – to revive religious art without employing the canonical imagery of altar paintings. Unlike the Renaissance masters, “P.R.B.” based their compositions not on imagination but on observations from everyday life. While the Pre-Raphaelites approached the Bible as a source of human drama and searches for literary and poetic meaning, they also addressed provocative narratives of modern life that employed religious iconography. Their compositions, focused on social issues and daily activities, often grew into parables, demonstrating how the didactic rhetoric typical of religious painting infiltrated every corner of the Victorian era. Historical compositions were the mainstay of the Pre-Raphaelite...
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...Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 13, no. 7 (2007), 959-969 submitted: 7/3/07, accepted: 25/7/07, appeared: 28/7/07 © J.UCS Pipeline-scheduling Simulator for Educational Purpose José M. Chaves-González (University of Extremadura, Spain jm@unex.es) Miguel A. Vega-Rodríguez (University of Extremadura, Spain mavega@unex.es) Juan A. Gómez-Pulido (University of Extremadura, Spain jangomez@unex.es) Juan M. Sánchez-Pérez (University of Extremadura, Spain sanperez@unex.es) Abstract: This paper presents a project that provides both, to professors and to students, a tool that is useful for studying, teaching and learning how pipelines work and how they can be scheduled in an easy and widespread way. The project is called PipeSim, and features static and dynamic pipelines with a very attractive, dynamic and intuitive interface. It is well known that pipeline and pipeline-scheduling are very relevant concepts in computer science studies and it is very important that students can learn these in an easy and reliable way. The simulator makes easy both working in depth about pipeline scheduling and working slowly paying attention in the different stages of the scheduling. However, we designed the simulator knowing that principal users would be students with no experience, so both the execution and the presentation of the results have been carefully developed. In addition to this, to check the success of PipeSim, a survey has been made among some students that used...
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...ASPECTS OF MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE (1066-1500) Middle English, Anglo-Norman, Anglo-Latin After the Conquest: dramatic changes in language and cultural temperament Old English literature: Middle English literature realistic,matter-of-fact,unromantic, growing audience, a panorama of most serious, often melancholic, diverse folk of many social classes (castle, monochrome gray, loyalty to the lord, barnyard, town); the appearance of leasure desperate courage in defeat, class and an audience of women rigorous adherence to the tribal code; new type of secular entertainment: major theme: agony of the lordless man, code continued but became chivalric social alienation, noble and heroic deeds; agony of alienation, physical hardships for audience: almost exclusively male;lords and the sovereign lady thanes - no mention of lower classes, strong courtly flavour, …So they duly arrived The sumptuous bed on which she lay in their grim war-graith and gear at the hall, Was beautiful. The drapes and tassel, and, weary from the sea, stacked wide shields Sheets and pillows worth a castle. of the toughest hardwood against the wall, The single gown she wore was sheer … And made her shapely form appear. … And the troops themselves She’d thrown, in order to keep warm, were as good as their weapons. Then a proud warrior An ermine stole over her arm, questioned the men concerning their origins: White fur with the lining dyed ...
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...Gin Craze is not found in contemporary dialogues. However, in modern terminology it approximates the tenor of the English hysteria regarding gin consumption and a perceived accompaniment of moral corruption in the first half of the eighteenth century, approximately 1720 to 1751. After its introduction to the English masses late in the seventeenth century, gin quickly became popular due to its domestic manufacture and resultantly inexpensive price. By 1720, the nation was seized by rapidly shifting discussions about the effect of gin consumption upon the nation and the extent of governmental action necessitated in response. By 1751, and after the final of four restrictive legislations meant to curb consumption, the panic abated due to the act’s seeming...
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...Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education ISSN: 0305-7925 (Print) 1469-3623 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ccom20 International education policy transfer – borrowing both ways: the Hong Kong and England experience Katherine Forestier & Michael Crossley To cite this article: Katherine Forestier & Michael Crossley (2015) International education policy transfer – borrowing both ways: the Hong Kong and England experience, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 45:5, 664-685, DOI: 10.1080/03057925.2014.928508 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2014.928508 Published online: 27 Jun 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 364 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ccom20 Download by: [The University of Manchester Library] Date: 01 December 2015, At: 11:00 Compare, 2015 Vol. 45, No. 5, 664–685, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2014.928508 International education policy transfer – borrowing both ways: the Hong Kong and England experience Downloaded by [The University of Manchester Library] at 11:00 01 December 2015 Katherine Forestier* and Michael Crossley Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK This paper analyses how the impact...
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...Issues of Concern in the Study of Children’s Literature Translation Elena Xeni Teaching Staff – Language Pedagogy Department of Education, University of Cyprus Summary The present paper focuses on issues of concern in the study of Children‟s Literature Translation (ChLT). Attempting an overview from the years when ChLT was much ignored in the academic and non-academic world to the years that attention is paid to ChLT as a scientific field in its own right, the present paper illustrates issues that have generated intense and ongoing discussions. Issues such as the missionary role of ChLT, the theoretical framework of ChLT, the translator‟s invisibility, low status, profile and royalties, translatability vs. untranslatability, ideology, censorship, manipulation, and ambivalence are visited in this paper. These issues have had a deep impact on key ChLT actors, processes, and products: the child-reader, the translator, the translated text, the translation process, the author, the publisher, etc. The present text is a modest attempt to join efforts with the international community of scholars, translators, authors, children readers, publishers and other parties with an interest in ChLT, so as for the field to be given its merit in Translation, Comparative, Literary and Interdisciplinary Studies and for the translator –who had for long been much invisible and undervalued –to gain the place s/he deserves in history and society. 1. Introductory note It is widely accepted that Children‟s...
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