...Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD Clancey Bateman, Timothy E. Wilens, B.A., M.D., MaryKate Martelon, M.P.H., Gagan Joshi, M.D., Ronna Fried, Ed.D., Carter Petty, M.A., Joseph Biederman, M.D. Objective: High rates of substance-use disorders (SUD) have been found in samples of adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Predictors of SUD in children with ADHD who are at risk for the development of SUDs remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUDs and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. Method: Subjects were children and adolescents with (n 268; mean age standard deviation 10.9 3.2 years) and without (n 229; mean age 11.9 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a 10-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. Results: Over the 10-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (hazards ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.02; p .01) and cigarette smoking (2.38; 1.61–3.53; p .01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74; 1.66 – 4.52; p .01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21; 1.40 –3.51; p .01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUDs. Similar results...
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...Etiologies of ADHD and Substance Use Disorders Etiologies of ADHD and Substance Use Disorders Approximately half of all individuals with mental disorders also have substance abuse issues (Dual Diagnosis, 2007). Likewise, it is estimated that up to 45% of adults with ADHD have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol abuse or dependence (Wilens, 2006). Consequently, individuals with addictions who are also diagnosed with ADHD, characteristically have a extra severe course of addiction and greater difficulties in recovery. It is difficult to predict with any certainty which drinker or recreational drug user will develop serious substance abuse issues. It is also unfeasible to predict whose problems are situational and short-lived and whose will remain chronic and progressive. However, there are specific factors and influences that increase a person’s chance of developing a substance use disorder (SUD). Interplay between genetic familial predisposition and lifestyle manipulates the development of an SUD just as it may manipulate hypertension. Many clinicians believe that individuals may inherit a genetic susceptibility to substance abuse that may be fueled by a combination of family and social norms, traumatic events, pharmacodynamic effects, or environmental factors. At the same time, people with these inherent genetics may develop problems as a response to external stresses or internal discomfort if they continue using alcohol or other drugs over time (NAMI, 2011)...
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...Some veterans aren’t so lucky to come home and live a completely normal life. More times then not veterans tend to come home dealing with PTSD (Post traumatic Stress Disorder), or they become be highly addicted to drugs and alcohol. These veterans try to cope with their Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by drinking heavily, using drugs, or smoking too much. People coming back from service have more problems with drugs and alcohol both before and after getting PTSD. Even if someone does not have a problem with alcohol before a traumatic event, getting PTSD tends to increases the risk that he or she will develop a drinking or drug problem. Eventually the overuse of these substances can turn into Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and treatment...
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...support who play an active role in managing the issues of loved ones who suffer from SUD tend to fare better than their counterparts who do not. Another key element in self-care is the peer community. Peer-run communities provide education and behavioral interventions by recovering addicts who are trained in self-care techniques. However, informal community care is NOT a substitute for publicly funded evidenced-based...
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...Mood and Addictive Disorders Kali LaDuke Psy/275 April 4, 2016 Kristi Collins Mood and Addictive Disorders Mood and substance abuse disorders are among the most common abnormal psychological afflictions. Mood disorders include those who suffer the symptoms of depression and mania. The depressive disorder unipolar depression, are those who only experience the lows of depression, while bipolar disorder is marked by both the low of depression and the frenzied high of mania. Substance use disorders are marked by recurrent use of substances, such as alcohol or drugs, that results in maladaptive behaviors (Comer, 2014). To explain the development if both mood and substance disorders there are biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Treatment for these maladaptive behaviors also use biological, psychological, and sociocultural methods. Finally, there are several gender and cultural differences in the development, frequency, and treatment in these disorders. Mood disorders Depressive disorder has symptoms such as sadness, low energy, guilt, and low self-worth (Comer, 2014). When these symptoms occur without periods of mania, it is called unipolar depression. Overall, about 19 percent of the adult population experiences an episode of unipolar depression in their lifetime. Severe cases interfere with the daily activities of life and can include physical symptoms such as physical pain and muscle fatigue. Severe moodiness and suicidal thoughts may also accompany...
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...connections between mental illness and substance use disorders. This essay is barely scratching the surface in describing the complexity of the two. In order to know how to treat an individual who exhibits symptoms of both a substance use disorder and a mental illness, it must first be determined which came first, the mental illness that lead to the substance use disorder or the SUD which exacerbated the underlying mental illness. I’m sure you have heard the saying, ‘Which came first, the chicken or the egg?’ Well, this seems to be the dilemma for the experts in their respective fields of study in determining the most effective form of treatment for those who have been given a dual diagnosis. Unfortunately, individuals who have this diagnosis have become the norm in today’s day, rather than the exception. Dual Diagnosis It was widely believed at one time that substance use disorders and mental illness were seldom found in an individual. Since that time, it has been discovered, through epidemiological studies done on individuals who struggle with both mental illness and substance use disorder, that this is not true. A majority of those diagnosed with a mental illness also concurrently have a substance use disorder (Doweiko, 2015). ). Some of the mental illnesses that are challenging mental health professionals today are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Bipolar Affective Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Depression. Treating...
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...Lori France-Larsen PSY201 (Herman & Balogh) Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes: susceptibility to substance abuse (SUD) Substance use disorders 1) (AD) Alcohol Dependency A. European ancestry study a.17 studies including 3489 alcoholics and 2325 controls B. Frequency of S allele at 5-HTTLPR significantly associated C. Early childhood trauma clarify relationship between 5-HTTLPR and AD 2) Japanese ancestry study D. Positive association between G allele of rs6311 with inactive ALDH2 compared with control subjects E. Investigating rs6311 on individuals with AD compared with (OD) opiod dependence were enriched with G allele when they carried 5-HTTLPR L allele F. SNP rs6311 not observed to moderate response to alcohol 3) American Indian ancestry G. Examined roll of HTR1B rs6296 vulnerability to AD with (ASPD) antisocial personality disorder a. Frequency of rs6296 C allele elevated b. HTR1B rs6216 significant linkage to AD 4) Taiwanese Han – AD and controls H. rs130058(A-161T) T allele significantly higher in AD cases I. demonstrated in vitro higher than A allele 5) Chinese Han J. T allele of rs130058 associated with AD K. Additional SNP’s in HTR1B related to AD L. Functional HTR1B SNP(rs13212041) described and reported larger portion of variation in self reported anger and hostility compared with HTR1B SNP’s 6) Animal...
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...Drugs as an abject failure. I decided to discuss these suppositions because I have worked with several clients diagnosed with substance use disorders that report extensive histories of primary and secondary trauma. Many of the clients had similar stories to that of some of the Edgewater homeless that they grew up in environments where drugs, alcohol, and sex work were present on a daily basis. I decided to discuss the War on Drugs an an abject failure because as an African American, I see how the War on Drugs has disproportionately impacted the African American population in such a negative way. I am also eager to gain...
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...why people use substances such as alcohol and other drugs. Many people use substances because they like the way it makes them feel. The substance hijacking their brain’s pleasure system, leaves them wanting to do it again. The use of the substance in such way, influencing the brain to crave the substance, lose control over the use, and continue use despite the consequences. Substance Abuse vs. Substance Use Disorder Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is very prevalent in many countries. A drug is any substance that modifies the body’s normal functioning. As stated in our book, Substance Abuse “is the term that is used when an individual uses a compound when there is no legitimate medical need to do so, or, when that compound is used in excess of the social standards” (Doweiko, 2014, p.13). Substance abuse also indicates that the dependence for the chemical or chemicals being abused is nonexistent at this time. One thing to keep in mind is that excessive substance abuse can lead to developing a substance dependency. Addiction affects all aspects of a person’s life. Substance use disorder refers to the recurrent use of one or more substance leading to significant impairment (Clinton & Scalise, 2013). Substance use disorder is occurring when the substance is continued to avoid withdrawals and to function normally day to day. Diagnosis of substance abuse disorder is becoming more common in our society. When diagnosing a substance use disorder you would...
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...Dual Diagnosis Lloyd Bell Liberty University Lynchburg That give me an idea of how many people have found this document helpful. Thanks Dual Diagnosis Those who suffer from a concurrent mental illness and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) are often categorized as dual diagnosed (Doweiko, 2015, p. 317). While this is not a hard concept to understand it can be very difficult to assess, properly diagnose, and treat such an individual. Scalise (n.d) points out that it is crucial to properly assess the client because the presenting problem may be different from the underlying issue. This is where concurrent disorders can “throw a monkey wrench” in the process of assessing risk and formulating a treatment plan. Since it can be difficult to distinguish which symptoms are from which condition the professional must be careful to gather as much background information as possible to begin assessment. However, with those suffering from symptoms and withdrawals due to SUDs it could take as long as 2-8 weeks to get an accurate diagnostic picture (Doweiko, 2015). Addictive Cycle The addictive cycle is a vicious cycle that has stages which include experimentation, occasional use, regular use and ultimately dependence ( Scalise, n.d). One of the greatest factors mentioned by Scalise (n.d) that leads to perpetuating this cycle is unmet needs. In the case of those who suffer from a dual diagnosis it is crucial to understand that the underlying needs may...
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...Assisting these former soldiers with their medical needs is a vital cog in keeping America healthy. Suicide prevention is imperative in supporting veterans who are plagued by mental illnesses and disorders. They cannot win this war on their own; they need the help of everyone. In order to prevent suicide one must observe the various mental illnesses and disorders that are most closely associated with suicide. Veterans are at a much higher risk for suicide than the general population. Veterans are dealing with a range of mental illnesses and disorders. These issues stem from the veterans’ service to their country and the vigorous demands of being in the military. The most common elements linked with suicide are depression, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Substance Use Disorder (SUD), and environmental factors. Depression is the leading cause of suicidal ideation. Depression can occur in individuals of all ages. It is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for weeks or more. The sufferers of this illness often show signs of irritability, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, loss of interest in activities, sleep issues, and feelings of hopelessness. This disease often leads to a dependency on alcohol or illegal substances. This, in turn, can lead to a plethora of other mental and physical health problems. People with depression have a significantly greater propensity to commit suicide, than those without depression...
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...There are not many people who can understand what a person with an anxiety disorder deals with on a daily basis. But, a good look into Understanding The Anxious Mind will give you a peak into the life of people with anxiety disorders. This article goes in-depth from the moment when infants first start doing things like general interactions with toys and life at 4 months old. This article discusses the research of psychology professor Jerome Kagan on the anxieties and daily worries of infants and children all the way through to adulthood. The general idea that professor Kagan is giving rise to is that certain people in society are predisposed to anxiety due to genetics. In this article his research started with infants between 4-6 months old,...
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...Journal Article Review by Madison Goodpasture Abnormal Psychology - 2230 December 9, 2015 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental condition that affects ~5-10% of children with symptoms such as inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. While both children and adults can have ADHD, it is typically diagnosed in children around the age of seven. Along with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, ADHD is also thought to lead to other behavioral issues including substances use/abuse and addiction. Since ADHD can continue through adolescence and into adulthood, it is important to learn if this disorder puts individuals at risk substance use. The object of one study conducted by Brooke S.G. Molina and William E. Pelham, Jr. was to clarify the magnitude of risk for early substance use and SUD in clinic-referred children with ADHD compared to children without ADHD. Their results were published in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2003, Vol.112, No.3, in their paper titled, “Childhood Predictors of Adolescent Substance use in a Longitudinal Study of Children with ADHD”. The research was performed by two distinguished psychologists, Dr. Molina and her mentor, Dr. Pelham, both of whom have significant experience in studying ADHD in children. The article reference section was lengthy and covered numerous topics of children behavior specific to ADHA issues. The authors themselves had several other publications included in the References. The longitudinal...
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...Chemical Use Assessment/History and Treatment Recommendations Shawn Johnson Liberty University Chemical Use Assessment/History and Treatment Recommendations This document serves as a training aid for assessment and treatment recommendations of a patient in the screening process of a treatment facility. Through the process of assessment the following practices will be established: professional assistance with identifying a SUD, justification for admittance, identifying patient strength and weaknesses, and to address individual and program treatment goals. The final objective is to acquire the proper knowledge and skill to carefully and accurately make assessment and treatment recommendations. Reason for Assessment Jason Doe born 4/28/77, 38- year old factory worker, married 10 years, estranged from wife Melissa and two sons ages 6&8. Jason reports early child hood trauma and abuse (verbal and physical) possible PTSD, adult child of an alcoholic traits, father killed in alcohol related incident. Jason separates himself from his mother and siblings, his main focus is social gatherings of his choice that include the consumption of alcohol. Jason is being assess after his second arrest for drinking and driving (DUI/DWI), Jason has entered treatment at the advice of his attorney, his unsuccessful attempts to cut down has led to an increase in consumption...
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...Orygen Youth Health undertook a study in 2013 to examine the impact of co-occurring substance use disorders (SUD) among two groups, this was observed from baseline presentation to 6months later. The study consistently reports that both groups had suicidal thoughts, serious impairments in functioning, and high levels of psychopathology. Following the 6months the non-SUD group had considerable improvements in all areas, whilst the SUD group experienced ongoing issues with functioning and poorer health outcomes. The findings from the survey indicate the importance of early recognition and management to better equip youth mental health and substance use services. (Watsford & Rickwood, 2013) recognises that young people aged 12-25years are a vulnerable group for the early onset of mental illnesses, which signifies a critical period for early...
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