...Chapter 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Page Section 1: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Introduction 2 Section 2: Glossary 2 Section 3: Approved Methods 3 Section 4: Safety and Hygiene 3-4 Section 5: Sampling 4-5 Section 6: Effects of Temperature on DO 5 Section 7: Interpretations 5 Quiz 4.1 6 Section 8: Modified Winkler Method 6-9 Quiz 4.2 9 Section 9: The Electrometric Meter Method 9-11 Quiz 4.3 12 Section 10: QA/QC 12 Answers to Quizzes 13-14 Appendix A: References Appendix B: Dissolved Oxygen Reagents Appendix C: Sample Bench Sheets Chapter 4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENT Section 1 : DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) INTRODUCTION The DO determination measures the amount of dissolved (or free) oxygen present in water or wastewater. Aerobic bacteria and aquatic life such as fish must have DO to survive. Aerobic wastewater treatment processes use aerobic and facultative bacteria to break down the organic compounds found in wastewater into more stable products that will not harm the receiving waters. Wastewater treatment facilities such as lagoons or ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge plants depend on these aerobic bacteria to treat sewage. The same type of aerobic wastewater treatment process occurs naturally in streams and ponds if organic matter is present, turning these bodies of water into “aerobic wastewater treatment plants.” If sufficient oxygen is not naturally supplied through wind and turbulence to replace...
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...Desulfurization of Flue Gas Matthew Allsopp, Mallory Clites, Christopher Nunes, Charles Onyenemezu CHBE 446 February 6, 2014 Outline ● Introduction ● Regulations on Sulfur Dioxide ● Flue-Gas Desulfurization Methods ○ Scrubbers ○ SNOX ○ Wet Sulfuric Acid Process ● Application to Project Introduction ● Flue-Gas Desulfurization (Post-Processing) ○ Removes sulfur dioxide from flue gas emissions (often chemically) ● Flue Gas ○ The effluent stream of a process; composed of a mixture of gases ○ Some products formed from combustion reactions: ■ Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Water Vapor ■ Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide ○ Other products are non-reactive species ■ Nitrogen Introduction ● Sulfur Dioxide ○ 93% of SO2 emissions arise from fossil-fuel combustion at power plants or other industrial facilities ● Issues with SO2 ○ causes respiratory problems ○ air pollutant ○ reactive acid ■ oxidizes to form H2SO4 "Sulfur Dioxide." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 08 Jan. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. Regulations on Sulfur Dioxide ● Natural atmospheric concentration is 1ppb ● Two standards of differing tolerance ○ Primary- stricter to protect elderly, children ■ Level averaged over 3 years must not exceed 75 ppb. ○ Secondary- to protect public welfare (plants, animals) ■ Must not exceed 0.5 ppm more than once per year ● These numbers for the basis for the design of a power plant Owen, Lewis A.; Pickering, Kevin T (1997). An Introduction to Global Environmental...
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... which has an unpleasant odor.Further heating results in polymerization of acrolein, which is indicated by the slightblackening of the reaction mixture. Both thepungent smell and the black color indicate the presence of glycerol and therefore fat and/orlecithin. Cholesterol gives a negative acroleintest.Illustrated below is the conversion of glycerol intoacrolein using potassium bicarbonate. Acroleine can be characterized as a substance thatproduces a burnt fat odor. Salkowski’s test- A Salkowski's test is a test for cholesterol. When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to a chloroform solution of cholesterol, the chloroform layer shows a red to blue colour and the acid layer shows a green fluorescence. This test is named after a German chemist by the name of Ernest Leopold Salkowski. Leibermenn-Burchard Test- The principle involved in the Liebermann Burchard test for cholesterol is that cholesterol reacts when exposed to acid. This method shows the presence of cholesterol by the sample changing colors. The cholesterol changes to a blue-green color....
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...Chapter 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dissolved Oxygen Measurement Page Section 1: Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Introduction 2 Section 2: Glossary 2 Section 3: Approved Methods 3 Section 4: Safety and Hygiene 3-4 Section 5: Sampling 4-5 Section 6: Effects of Temperature on DO 5 Section 7: Interpretations 5 Quiz 4.1 6 Section 8: Modified Winkler Method 6-9 Quiz 4.2 9 Section 9: The Electrometric Meter Method 9-11 Quiz 4.3 12 Section 10: QA/QC 12 Answers to Quizzes 13-14 Appendix A: References Appendix B: Dissolved Oxygen Reagents Appendix C: Sample Bench Sheets Chapter 4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENT Section 1 : DISSOLVED OXYGEN (DO) INTRODUCTION The DO determination measures the amount of dissolved (or free) oxygen present in water or wastewater. Aerobic bacteria and aquatic life such as fish must have DO to survive. Aerobic wastewater treatment processes use aerobic and facultative bacteria to break down the organic compounds found in wastewater into more stable products that will not harm the receiving waters. Wastewater treatment facilities such as lagoons or ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge plants depend on these aerobic bacteria to treat sewage. The same type of aerobic wastewater treatment process occurs naturally in streams and ponds if organic matter is present, turning these bodies of water into “aerobic wastewater treatment plants.” If sufficient oxygen is not naturally supplied through wind and turbulence to replace...
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...stored chemically in different ionic forms of vanadium in a dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte. This creates a current that is collected by electrodes and made available to an external circuit. The reaction is reversible allowing the battery to be charged, discharged and recharged. This technology is one of the only socially responsible energy storage options in existence. As a "green" technology, the VRB is characterized by the lowest ecological impact of all energy storage technologies and is unlike most other conventional energy storage systems that rely on toxic substances such as lead, zinc or cadmium. The electrolyte is a solution of vanadium mixed with a dilute sulfuric acid, with about the same acidity as in a conventional lead-acid battery. Unlike lead acid systems however the VRB electrolyte has an indefinite life span and is reusable. The electrolyte in vanadium reflux batteries is known as an "Aqueous Solution of Sulphates of Vanadium". It is made up of sulfuric acid, and emulsified vanadium particles. The electrolyte is pumped from separate storage tanks into flow cells across a proton exchange membrane (PEM) where one form of electrolyte is electrochemically oxidized and the other is electrochemically reduced. Sulphuric acid is manufactured through the catalytic action of vanadium pentoxide. V5 looses oxygen to oxidize the sulfur giving sulphur trioxide and V4. Some vanadium ions remain in the final acid and so is an obvious choice for the electrolyte. The VRB-ESS installation...
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...of Universal Paper Corporation. Now that ACC is required to sell its Collinsville plant, there is an opportunity for Dixon Corporation to acquire the plant for $12 million along with a $2.25 million investment for upgrading to a new technology. Statement of the Problem The CEO and Board of Directors at Dixon Corporation need to decide if they will approve the acquisition of the Collinsville plant at the price and on the terms proposed. Discussion Dixon Corporation The Dixon Corporation is a specialty chemicals company that sells primarily to the paper and pulp industry. Its main plant is located in Calhoun, Georgia, and its sales are focused in the Southeastern United States. Dixon's principal line of products includes sulfuric acid, aluminum sulfate, and liquid sulfur dioxide. The company has been consistently profitable for years, and sales at Dixon have grown from $19 million in 1975 to over $42 million in 1979 . The profits after taxes have nearly quadrupled from 1975 to 1979, and the stock price has gone up five-fold in the same period. The Collinsville Plant The Collinsville plant can produce 40,000 tons of sodium chlorate per year. The facility has 20 cell tanks that house the "D cells". These cells use graphite electrodes, and necessary to produce Sodium chlorate. The plant has consistently been profitable from 1974 and doubled its operating profits to net assets from 44% in 1976 to 90% in 1979 . The major cost for the plant is electric power, which...
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...138-139 in the textbook”. Observations: Reaction A: had a reaction of Incomplete Combustion. When you put the Copper (penny) into Nitric Acid a red gas was formed. Reaction B: had a reaction of Double Displacement. When the Copper Nitrate was mixed with Sodium hydroxide and the water a solid/paste was formed. Copper (II) Nitrate and Sodium Hydroxide produces Copper (II) Hydroxide and Sodium Nitrate Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ( Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) Reaction C: had a reaction of Incomplete Combustion. When the paste was heated a black precipitate was formed. Copper (II) Hydroxide reacts with heat to form Copper (II) Oxide and Water. ∆HEAT Cu(OH)2 ( CuO(s) + H2O(l) Reaction D: had a reaction of Double Displacement. When we added Sulfuric Acid to the Copper mixture it fizzed and bubbled. When we started to stir it, it turned light blue. Copper (II) Oxide plus Sulfuric Acid forms Copper (II) Sulfate and Water CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ( CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) Reaction E: had a reaction of Single Displacement. Once you stirred the graduated zinc metal for a while to the Sulfuric Acid mixed with Copper the Copper turns Zinc into Copper. Graduated Zinc metal plus Copper (II) Sulfate produces Zinc Sulafte and Copper. ...
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...April 2012 | Semester | : 2 | Time of Experiment | : 14.00-17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment: | Principle of Spectroscopy | NAME : Melisa Grace (14211043) Nur Ratih K. (14111005) Group : G | | Campus BSD CityBumi Serpong DamaiTangerang 15321 – Indonesia | Tel. +62 21 537 6221 Fax. +62 21 537 6201 sgu.info@sgu.ac.id www.sgu.ac.id | EXPERIMENT 5: Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves 1. Objective: To demonstrate the extraction of Caffeine as natural substance by using organic solvent and distillation technique. 2. The Materials, Equipments and Procedures: A) Materials * K2CrO4(Potassium Chromate) * H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) * Aquades B) Equipments * Beaker * Volumetric flask (50 ml and 25 ml) * Glass rod * Spatula * Watch glass * Graduated pipette * Pipette * Scale * UV-Vis spectrophotometer * Cuvette C) Methods 1. Equipment and materials necessary for the experiment were prepared on the working table. 2. Calculation were made to make the parent solution (50 ml 0.1 M K2CrO4 needed to be made. a. TOLONG MASUKIN CALCULATION YG HASILNYA BRP GRAM YG MESTI DIAMBIL BUAT BIKIN 0.01 LARUTAN 3. 0.1 M of K2CrO4 was added with 2 ml of H2SO4. Then it was diluted to 0.01 M K2CrO4 based on this calculation: M1 x V1 = M2 X V2 0.1 x GUE GA TAU CALCULATION YG KMRN GMN 4. 0.01 M K2CrO4 was...
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...out to be a sort of great pleasure and experience for me to be a summer intern in Hindustan zinc Ltd. I wish to express my indebtedness to those who guided & helped me Mr. Lakshman Kumar Pandey, Mr. Amit Sharma, Mr. Shravan Dwivedi & Mr. RP Vaghela. This would not have been made successful without their help and precious suggestions. Finally, I also warmly thanks to all our colleagues who encouraged us to an extent, which made the experience here good. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABOUT HINDUSTAN ZINCLTD………………………................................... 2. ROASTING PLANT…………..………………………………………………... 3. ACID PLANT…………………………………………………………………… 4. LEACHING PLANT………………………………………………………..…. 5. ZINC ELECTROLYSIS PLANT…………………………………………….. 6. MELTING AND CASTING…………………………………..………………. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE AND PRACTICES 7. AGIATATORS………………………………………………………………… 1. ABOUT HINDUSTAN ZINC LTD. Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) is an integrated mining and resources producer of zinc, lead, silver and cadmium. It is a subsidiary of Vedanta Resources PLC. HZL is the world's second largest zinc production. HZL operates the world's third largest open-pit mine, and World's largest Zinc Mine in Rampura, Agucha in Rajasthan. Other mines with HZL are located in Sindesar Khurd, Rajpura, Dariba, Kayar and Zawar...
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...oxygen, which in turn indicates the production of biomass. The difference between the physical concentration of oxygen in the water (or the theoretical concentration if there were no living organisms) and the actual concentration of oxygen is called the biological demand in oxygen. Principle: The Winkler test is used to determine the level of dissolved oxygen in water samples and to estimate the biological activity in the water sample. An excess of Manganese(II) salt, iodide (I-) and hydroxide (OH-) ions are added to a water sample causing a white precipitate of Mn(OH)2 to form. This precipitate is then oxidized by the dissolved oxygen in the water sample into a brown Manganese precipitate. In the next step, a strong acid (either hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid) is added to acidify the solution. The brown precipitates then convert the iodide ion (I-) to Iodine. The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of Iodine with a thiosulphate solution. Method First Manganese(II) sulfate is added to an environmental water sample. Next, Potassium iodide is added to create a pinkish-brown precipitate. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) ions to the tetravalent state. 2 Mn(OH)2(s) + O2(aq) → 2 MnO(OH)2(s) MnO(OH)2 appears as a brown precipitate. There is some confusion about...
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...Introduction/ Company Background: Rhone-Poulenc (rP) is a French chemical company whose plant manufactures and recycles sulfuric acid. The plant also operates as an incinerator that burns liquid waste that contains sulfur. Until 1985, only 3% of its global sales were coming from the United States. From 1985 to 1990 the company’s income doubled from $7.48 billion to $15.48 billion respectively. The reason for this was that during this 5-year period the company implemented an ambitious growth strategy, making eighteen separate purchases of facilities in the U.S. As a result, rP moved up from twelfth to seventh on the list of the world’s largest chemical companies. Among the eighteen separate purchases made was the acquisition of a facility in Manchester, Texas. The plant facility in Manchester has acid coming in and out, shipped by railroad tankers and barges. Only a few local people worked in this facility. At this time the company’s plant manager was Bill Colvin. Its expansion is considered to have been too ambitious for it’s chemical company. Rhone-Poulenc’s case involves problems dealing with failed leadership, poor communication and its relationship with it’s neighboring Manchester community. Case/ Problem In 1991 Rhone-Poulenc plant management, had no contact with the local community of Manchester. Very few member of the local community worked for the facility. During this year, Poulenc sought a modification permit for incinerating hazardous waste, a requirement of the...
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...1. Should the Board of Directors of Dixon Corporation approve the purchase of the Collinsville plant from American Chemical? The plant location and sodium dioxide product is a good fit for Dixon. Dixon could use its existing infrastructure for Collinsville’s products and it fits well with Dixon’s overall strategy. However Dixon’s future success does not hinge on this deal. This deal financially is dependent on two things: the capital structure of the company and the viability / installation timing of the laminate technology. We believe the capital structure should be 10% debt to match the structure of the comparable NaCl producers like Brunswick and Southern. Without the laminate, this is not a financially sound deal. With the laminate, this is an attractive deal. The laminate development plan, however, is very aggressive and we feel there is too much risk of possible installation delays (or technology issues) which outweighs its possible financial benefits. Therefore, in summary, we would NOT recommend this purchase. 2. What is the cost of capital (WACC) for the Collinsville plant? We assumed that the target capital structure based on comparable companies is 10% debt. The calculated WACC is 16.88%. 3. What are the relevant cash flows for the Collinsville plant? Please see the attached financial analysis for FCFcap for details. We calculated EBIAT using an implied 48.7% tax rate from Dixon’s financials and added back in depreciation, Capx, and net working...
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...Na, CI, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, I, and Se. What are the names of these elements? q. Ca – Calcium r. P – Phosphorus s. K – Potassium t. S – Sulfur u. Na – Sodium v. CI – Chlorine w. Mg – Magnesium x. Fe – Iron y. Zn – Zinc z. Cu – Copper {. Mo – Moldbenum |. Co – Cobalt }. I – Iodine ~. Se - Selenium 3. Classify each of the following phenomena as a physical or chemical change; . The detonation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) produces carbon monoxide, water, nitrogen, and carbon. i. Chemical Change . When exposed to an ignition source, hexane vapor ignites at -7°F (-22°C). ii. Chemical Change . Battery acid is neutralized when mixed with sodium bicarbonate. iii. Physical Change 4. Gold has only one stable isotope, gold-197. Its atomic mass is 196.96655. What is the atomic weight of gold? . 196.9666 5. Multiple samples of chlorine collected from sources around the world are found to consist of two stable isotopes:...
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...Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Color Change Reaction Introduction: The Briggs-Rauscher reaction, is one of the most common demonstrations of a chemical oscillator reaction. The reaction begins when three colorless solutions are mixed together. The color of the resulting mixture will oscillate between clear, amber, and deep blue for about 3-5 minutes. The solution ends up as a blue-black mixture. What we need: We need three different chemical solution. Solution A: Add 43 g potassium iodate (KIO3) to ~800 ml distilled water. Stir in 4.5 mL sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Continue stirring until the potassium iodate is dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Solution B: Add 15.6 g malonic acid (HOOCCH2COOH) and 3.4 g manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4 . H2O) to ~800 ml distilled water. Add 4 g of vitex starch. Stir until dissolved. Dilute to 1 L. Solution C: Dilute 400 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to 1 L. Then prepare all of each solution 300ml, 1L beaker, stirring plate, and magnetic stir bar. Procedure: First step, place the stirring bar into the large beaker. Then, pour 300 mL each of solutions A and B into the beaker. Third step, turn on the stirring plate. Adjust the speed to produce a large vortex. Final, add 300 mL of solution C into the beaker. Be sure to add solution C after mixing solutions A + B or else the demonstration will not work. Note: This demonstration evolves iodine. Wear safety goggles and gloves and perform the demonstration in a well-ventilated...
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...------------------------------------------------- Reagent index[edit] A[edit] Chemical name | Chemical formula | Common name | Source and description | Acetic acid | CH3COOH + H2O | 5% Solution: White vinegar | Grocery store; "white vinegar"—5% or "cleaning vinegar"—10%Photography supply store; "Indicator Stop Bath"—89% (with Bromocresol Purple dye) or "Glacial Acetic Acid" 99.5–100% | Acetone | CH3COCH3 | Acetone | General; "nail polish remover"Discount store; Onyx, Cutex. Boating supply; "fiberglass cleaner" Hardware store; "Acetone"While composition varies from product to product, paint removers have more acetone per volume than regular nail polish remover, and industrial grade (rather than consumer grade) paint removers used by professionals + sold in bulk will contain more acetone still. Some stores sell pure acetone as well.[2] | Acetylene gas | C2H2 | Ethyne | Hardware store or Welding supply; "acetylene"By reaction of calcium carbide and water. | Acetylsalicylic acid | C9H8O4 | Aspirin | Pharmacy; "Aspirin" | Aluminium | Al | Aluminium | General; "aluminium foil"Fine art store; "metallic pigment"—powdered aluminiumFiberglass supply shop; powdered aluminium as a filler material.Refined from mined aluminum ore, or bauxite.Often coated with wax to reduce flammability. | Aluminium hydroxide | Al(OH)3 | alumina hydrate | General; "antacid tablets"—blended with magnesium hydroxideAntacid Tablets; Alu-cap, Amphojel, Dialume—100%Fine art supply: "thickening agent"...
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