...The world at the beginning of the 20th century was a veritable cascade of political tension, imperial rivalry, economic rapidity, and new moral crises. Source E expounds these issues to historians, discussing the jealousies and developments that established the new century. David Thompson describes the imperial inadequacies that grew into robust rivalries in the pre-war decade, threats and action resulting in suspicion and often intense hatred. The race for supremacy on the seas between Great Britain and Germany increasingly ostracised each country from one another, further promoted by the older feud between Germany and France. ‘France saw, in Germany’s bid for adding supremacy to sea… a threat to all prospects of ever recovering [Alsace –...
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...Principle of Supremacy The EU Treaties do not contain a specific legal base or express declaration for the supremacy of EU law but some articles logically imply supremacy. The Lisbon Treaty is silent about the principle of the supremacy of the European Union law over national law. However, Declaration number 17 was attached to the aforementioned Treaty to this effect. There can be seen a very unambiguous perspective on the issue of supremacy of European Union law over disagreeing national law: ‘under the principle of supremacy, precedence must always be given to Community law over conflicting national law however framed and including national constitutional provisions'. As it is firmly known, the discussed principle of supremacy was established as well as developed in almost historical case of Costa v. Enel. In that case the collision between the law of the European Community and the Italian national law had been analysed. The conclusion of the European Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as ‘ECJ') was based upon the limitation of sovereignty of each Member State and also on the transfer of powers from the States to the Community. The ECJ's core justifications for the discussed principle are ‘independence, uniformity and efficacy' of Community law. From this point of view, European Union law is ‘an integral part of ... the legal order applicable in the territory of each of the Member States'. The ECJ has developed arguments that would validate the conclusion about the...
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...development of the European Union was due to the travesties left behind via World war one initially, which resulted in the treaty of Versailles (1919) and was a peace settlement, signed only a year after the first world war, in an attempt to not only hold Germany and her allies to ransom but responsible, weak, in check and to punish them financially. The anger and resentment that built up in Nazi Germany as a result of the heavily imposed precautions set in the treaty of Versailles 1919 was part of the long term cause, which directly contributed to the cause of the second world war, short term causes such as Austria and Czechoslovakia in the 1930 also had a hand. Europe was crushed, due to these events as those involved underwent fatalities way beyond anything ever imagined So the need to prevent any further atrocities was seen as important so binding Germany's coal and steel industry (the strength of its war machines), into an economic and political alliance. Was of major importance The Soviet Union also a concern due to occupancy of the former East Germany, Eastern and Central Europe, urged Western European and America to come together and form NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) 1949, the former West Germany, joined Nato in October 1954 and along with others received millions of dollars, under the marshal plan to support economic recovery. Restricting Germany’s and France coal and steel was a sure fire way to encourage a plan, much than before, to give all...
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...Summer Musser Dr. Newsome Topics in Historiography Precis for Germany, “Domestic Crisis” and War in 1939 Richard Overly’s original assessment bases off Tim Mason’s thesis concluded that Germany did not have domestic crisis causing them to be propelled into war. Overly took Masons’s as a means to using it towards his advantage, but in this case, the opposition could easily be disproved. Tim Mason argued the complexity of the politics during the Third Reich had two key elements, one hand there was a push for rearmament to please the military hopefuls and on the other hand dissuade the masses that a rearmament was going to change the living standards that would plunge the economy into a deeper hole. On page 205 Mason debated that “Nazi Germany...
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...events were only effective temporarily, others still show a strong influence today. Movements such as woman suffrage, events such as dropping the atomic bomb, and social eras such as The Harlem Renaissance still play an important role in the lives of Americans today. World War I laid the foundations for the political and economical crisis that was soon to follow. Even before the end of the war, Allies claimed reparations from Germany, whose economy was destroyed. Wilson, after meeting with the Big Four, slowly began to accept the idea of reparations. Once implemented, the American banks were now beginning to profit greatly from loaning to both Germany and the Allies- Germany who had to pay their reparations and fix the infrastructure of the country, France whose infrastructure was destroyed and Great Britain, who had to pay back America for all the ammo and weapons they had bought. Germany entered a never-ending debt cycle- repaying the allies by taking out loans, then repaying the loans by taking out even more loans. Germany’s dey, white-male supremacy, emerged a new world- where evolution was taught, radio and movies became the main source of entertainment, where blacks were treated more as equals and less as scum, where women received voting rights and labor benefits, where California became the economic powerhouse. The era has set the economic and social values of which we live by today, as well as many political...
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...Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism {Author’s name} {Institution Affiliation} {Due date} Similarities and Differences between Germany Nazism and Italy Fascism Introduction Fascism defined, implies an organization or acceptable rule of administration characterized by a government system led by a dictator who exercises harsh and strict control over the citizens, and the commons are mandated to comply with the government rule without resistance. Most authoritarian regimes rely on nationality or race to garner influence and support for a centralized autocratic government. The main aim of a fascist government is to enhance national unity and maintain a stable order in the society by exercising the element of fear among the citizens. Totalitarianism was able to exercise influence, by garnering devotion from regime loyalist. Its prominent execution was purported to collectively influence the success of a country. Supporters of the regime were rewarded by significant posts and incentives while non-loyalists were expected to remain silent without questioning the administrations motives. Use of violence was supported by the administration system to neutralize any emergent form of oppression. Fascism was a prominent governing system that was established during the early twentieth century, based on the need to respond to western influence and assert dictatorial states as new world...
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...Neo-Nazism refers to any social or political movement to revive Nazism, which was a movement that reflected the beliefs of Adolf Hitler. Hitler was the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party’s and of Nazi Germany from 1933 – 1945 serving as the Head of State, Chancellor of Germany, Head of Government and ruling as dictator. Although Hitler was raised in Austrian Catholic culture publicists Lanz von Liebenfels and politicians such as Karl Lueger and Georg Ritter von Schonerer influenced him, which formed his belief in the superiority of the “Aryan race”. Ideological Theory Hitler developed his political theories from the Austria-Hungary Empire, which is known as the Dual monarchy a multi-national Empire. Born a citizen of the Empire, he believed that the democracy was a destabilizing force because it placed the powers in the hands of ethnic minorities, which cause the Empire to become weak due to the ethnic, and linguist diversity. After the failure of World War I, Hitler gained popularity from the German Nationalists that were disgruntled from the lost war. Many Germans placed the blame of their defeat on the Jews and the communist, which became their ideal scapegoats to a German Nationalist ideology. Hitler’s Nazi theory claimed that the Aryan race is a master race, superior to all other races, that nationalism is the highest creation of race, and great nations (literally large nations) were the creation of great races. These nations developed...
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...Free University of Amsterdam Faculty of social sciences Department of political science Globalization: The end of state Sovereignty? Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Words: 1442 Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Written assignment for International Relations Index Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3 Globalization....................................................................................................................... 3 State sovereignty................................................................................................................. 4 Analysis............................................................................................................................... 4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 6 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 7 2 Globalization: The end of state Sovereignty? Ofran Badakhshani: 1586513 Written assignment for International Relations Introduction “A specter is haunting the world’s governments, the specter of globalization”. The world order and politics are facing a new danger; the sovereignty of the nation states is under question. According to some theorists there is a constantly growing dependency and interconnectedness between the...
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...each state is separate, has its own exclusive competences, its own administration, its own taxes and a minimal need for co-operation. Co-operative federalism on the other hand entails more collaboration between the states and the central government. Competences between states are mostly shared, the central government legislated and the states are to implement this legislation in most fields, the states are however represented in the legislative procedure, taxes are shared and there is a stronger need for co-operation compared to co-ordinate federalism. Evidently, different distinctions between federalism can be made. Distinctions are theory, where practice often shows that it cannot be divided into two groups easily, overlap occurs. Germany Germany’s political form is encoded in the German...
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...During the last years of the nineteenth century, England, France and Germany entered into a keen rivalry (competition, antagonism). The economic and financial rivalry (competition) is decisive and the high stake is the control of existing markets or of new markets as well as raw materials and, in particular, of the colonies’ precious metals. This rivalry, however, promotes a crucial scientific and technical competition. They had to improve the machine tool for a better competitiveness of the industries. They needed to ensure better health conditions for the hardworking population (the labor force) and for soldiers engaged in close or distant conflicts; better travel conditions, quality armaments, etc... The agricultural, industrial and armaments...
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...Pius II was elected as Pope at a time when Rome was still recovering from the aftermath of the Great Schism and facing new threats from the Ottoman Empire. Upon his election he promised to address the threats from the Turks, which he did by preaching a Crusade against them. Scarce resources in a city in ruins and decaying Christian identity led Pius to become supportive of an idea he had always argued against – Papal Supremacy. As Pope, this new point of view was meant to provide enough power to influence the split Christian community and spark the crusade he was so fixed on. His commitment to this promise is apparent in his commentaries on the transfer of the sacred head of St. Andrew to Rome. Pius’s depiction of the pompous procession emphasizes the importance of the Papal position, the apostolic succession of clergy men, and Rome’s history as the center of the world, all of which affirmed the Pope’s supremacy over councils and emperors and had the potential of bringing Christians together against the Turks. In order for his preaching of the crusade to be effective, Pope Pius needed to restore the importance of the papacy position, which had been overshadowed by councils since 1418 when the Council of Constance did away the Great Schism. The news about St. Andrew’s head being rescued from Patras before the enemy got a hold of it presented him with an opportunity to do just that. Pius claimed the sacred head belonged at the St. Peter’s citadel with his brother and planned...
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...Britain’s commitment to France and Belgium in causing her to declare war on Germany in august 1914? Britain’s commitment to France and Belgium was important in causing her to declare war on Germany. Britain had abandoned ideas of splendid isolation which meant now that alliances had been formed it was inevitable that Britain would be dragged into war if one of the two countries got itself involved in one. One of the reasons why commitment to France was an important factor in Britain declaring war on Germany was the Entente Cordiale. Source B explains how the naval conversation agreed France and Britain would commit their navies if Germany attacked. “French fleet was in the Mediterranean” which means French were defending the Suez Canal for Britain which was situated in Mediterranean leaving it open would’ve been a threat to Britain’s empire in India. Britain main fleet was on the waters of Great Britain to defend against the threat against Germany. As the source describes this left France at a “positive disadvantage” because the “French north and west coast were therefore left at entirely without naval defence”. This agreement therefore meant that if France was attacked it would be the responsibility of Britain to also make sure to step in to protect the French coasts. Like source B states even though did not “originate the suggestion” it was part of closing the deal and Britain was expected to go to war in Germany because it was committed to France. Another factor was that Britain...
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...Three Significant Cold War Events that Shaped the Europe of Today In 1947 at the beginning of the Cold War the European continent was devastated by the events that had just transpired on the continent over the past decade. World War II had just ended and the former allies were struggling to keep an alliance together. Because Germany had started the war, there was mistrust amongst the allies that Germany would again rise and create the turmoil that the continent had just witnessed. And there was also a larger mistrust, bordering on an animosity, between the two superpowers the Soviet Union and the United States as these one time allies vied for supremacy of the world. Caught in between this superpower struggle was the European continent. As the European continent was divided between the superpowers there were many events that occurred that had an impact on the Europe of today. I believe the three most significant events affecting the development of Europe during the Cold War and helping to shape the European continent, was the United States implementation of the Marshall Plan, the signing of the Washington Treaty of 1949 and the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1950. Each one of these events would lead to further expansion on the initial premise of each program or policy further enhancing the security or prosperity of the European continent. After the War, "with Western Europe on the verge of not only economic ruin but also...
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...would be combined in many forms, most obviously in the centre of imperial London.”[2] This quote taken form Andrew Lambert’s article on the lasting effects of the battle of Trafalgar illustrates the significance of that battle of the world’s stage. The battle reinforced British supremacy of the seas and set forth the uncontested dominance of the British Empire throughout the globe. The fact that the British Empire then dominated the seas led directly to their ability to develop as a nation state and to influence the political landscape of Europe. Nations of Europe that had any interest in maritime trade with others now had to contend with the British Empire. The maritime supremacy of Great Britain, secured at the Battle of Trafalgar, is arguably one of the most important aspects of what shaped the European Continent into what it is today. Bitterness and envy over the unchecked power of the British Navy sowed deep resentment in the hearts of nations of Western Europe that ultimately came to a boiling point at the turn of the 19th century.[3] The battle of Trafalgar and the death of Lord Admiral Nelson became symbols of the ultimate maritime supremacy of...
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...The rise of Nazi Germany marked the start of the Third Reich which had started from 1933, to 1945. During the Third Reach, the role of women was seen as essential throughout the Nazi Regime as they needed to populate and were required for household work. This is seen on a few points. Women had a crucial role in raising the future generations of Nazi Germany. Women had an important role in supporting their men. The role of Women was seen as an essential role for population increase in Nazi Germany. Women had an essential role for population increase in Nazi Germany. When the population decrease started in Germany, the Nazis thought of this as a major weakness as they would not have as many soldiers to fight in coming wars or to defend Germany....
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