...093 : TERM PAPER “SURROGACY SHOULD BE PROHIBITED WORLDWIDE” MAIZATUL AQIDAH BINTI SABARUDDIN (2015838224) SITI NAJIHAH BINTI MOHAMED HUZAINI (2015858408) LECTURER’S NAME : SIR AHMAD KHAIRULHAZIQ SURROGACY SHOULD BE PROHIBITED WORLDWIDE According to Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 Chapter 49, the “surrogate mother” which means a woman who carries a child in pursuance of an agreement can either contribute her genetic material as well as her womb, her uterus, or she can contribute her uterus . There are two main types of surrogacy , gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy . Additionally, if the surrogate mother receives compensation beyond the reimbursement of medical and other reasonable expenses, the arrangement is called commercial surrogacy. There are three parties who use surrogacy, mothers who have other issues with their bodies that inhibit infertility, homosexuals and parents who are infertile . Surrogate parenting is highly controversial by its very nature. Nevertheless, surrogate parenting is attracting wide spread attention as a viable alternative for infertile couples intent on having a child. Thus, surrogacy should be prohibited worldwide to prevent from exploitation of women, a form of child trafficking, violates the relationships between families and surrogates face difficult emotional and psychological issues . However, there are cases that support surrogacy. Sam Everingham is the founder of Surrogacy Australia and has children who...
Words: 1326 - Pages: 6
...Surrogacy Laws in other parts of the world Surrogacy not only involves the personal desire of intended parents or surrogate mother but it also has to deal with different beliefs, culture, ethical dilemmas and local jurisdictions of different countries all around the world & hence the laws regarding surrogacy varies accordingly in different countries. Below are the summarised form of such variations in few relevant countries: 1. Australia: In Australia, commercial surrogacy is strictly prohibited & hence is against the law however a surrogate is free to choose it altruistically. In most of the states of Australia carrying out commercial surrogacy is a criminal offense, although the Northern Territory has no legislation governing surrogacy at...
Words: 1332 - Pages: 6
...“REAL women have their own babies” “Why don’t they have their own?” “It turns women’s bodies into “rent-a-womb” services and “baby-making” factories”-these are the endless phrases thrown around about surrogacy shaming today. We need to support and respect people’s choices of where and how to give birth or whether to give birth at all. We need to acknowledge the variety of life experiences and work to break down barriers, such as poverty, location and lack of education, that impede people’s rights to control their reproductive destinies. We need to work together to ensure that no matter what sexual orientation or identity, everyone has equal access to support for their choices. We need to understand that many are not given choices, or that their choices are limited by...
Words: 856 - Pages: 4
...law areas of surrogacy . The law can be seen to not effectively ensure compliance in the areas of domestic violence and relationship breakdown involving children. In the issue of the legal rights and obligations of parents agreement with the law can be seen to occur, but more reform both legally and socially is needed for such effectiveness In family law issue of surrogacy, much recent reform has been orchestrated as a means to effectively encourage compliance with the law. The need to change and reform surrogacy laws to ones which were more coherent and simpler to comply with are noted in ‘Time to Change unjust surrogacy laws’ 2007 the age and in case law demonstrating the complex nature of complying with such laws ‘Wilson and Anor and Roberts and Anor 2010’. Thus in the surrogacy Act nsw 2010 was implemented to create a more decisive and coherent set of laws that are to be compiled with and that encouraged through their reflection of societies values and ethics. SMH published an article in 2015 stating head of family court Diana Bryant is confident Australia will legalize commercial surrogacy to prevent such tragedies such as ‘Baby Gammy’ who was let behind because of his disability. Commercial surrogacy is outlawed in Australian states and territories, but such couples that are desperate for a child persist in breaking the law. In the case RE Michael 2009, The case was heard under the family law act because the state lacked legislation relating to surrogacy. It was found...
Words: 1006 - Pages: 5
...In Oct 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that "commercial surrogacy is legal and an industry in India", making it a legally protected and viable option for international couples. Named the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2013, it seeks to address issues like how many pregnancies can be allowed for a surrogate mother, the age of the mother and due compensation to be paid to her. "The issues addressed in the bill are compensation, informed consent and health of the women involved,” He said that the bill might also provide a punishment framework for violators. The bill will also provide a framework for letting foreigners use Indian surrogate mothers. Surrogacy in India has always been a controversial subject with activists blaming foreigners for exploiting poor women. In 2012, an Australian couple left behind one of the twins born to an Indian surrogate mother because they could not afford to bring up two children back home. The Indian case happened about two years ago and echoes the recent case of baby Gammy, who was born in Thailand to a surrogate mother and whose Australian parents only brought back his twin sister. In the Landmark case Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, a Japanese couple, Dr. Ikufumi Yamada and his wife, wished to have a baby and entered into a surrogacy contract with an Indian woman in Anand, a city in the state of Gujarat where this practice was pioneered. The couple went through matrimonial discord but the father still insisted on having...
Words: 2992 - Pages: 12
...Ethical Dilemmas of Foreign Surrogacy Marek J. Piszczatowski Valparaiso University ¬¬¬¬ Ethical Issues in Advanced Practice Nursing Dr. Christina Cavinder September 25, 2017 Ethical Dilemmas of Foreign Surrogacy Medical tourism is a rapidly growing phenomenon that, over the years, has become a multibillion-dollar international business. The advancement of Assisted Reproductive Technologies and increasing globalization, has made international surrogacy a popular option of acquiring a child for infertile couples from all over the world. Foreign surrogacy is not only a new and filled with potential practice but also a subject of legal and ethical debates. The purpose of this paper is to examine ethical issues surrounding intercountry...
Words: 1156 - Pages: 5
...‘Consumers India’ under “Emblems and Names Act, 1950”. Consumers India has taken up several important campaigns with a view to safeguard interests of large number of consumers. Some of them relate to ‘Unethical Medical Practices’, ‘Misleading Advertising’, ‘Ageing with Dignity’, ‘Access to Affordable Medicines’, ‘End criminalization of Politics', ‘Justice for all…Just Now’, ‘I am a city changer’, ’Right to Information, ‘Junk the junk food’ etc. Catalyzing the energy of youth through Internship Programme and All-India Painting/Slogan/On-line Photography Contests etc. has been a major milestone achieved by Consumers India. In our NGO we were given topics for research work. My topic for research work was – REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON SURROGACY. We were given a certain format in which we had to do our work and submit our work compiled in a file of about 20 thousand words. I learned a lot of new things like filing RTIs, filing...
Words: 7835 - Pages: 32
...PARENTS Definitions Parents: Two people who provide the needs and wants of a child in order to increase their wellbeing. TYPES OF PARENTS 1/2. Biological: When the mother and child are genetically related Why become parents??? 2/2. Social Parents: Two non-genetically related people assist in nurturing the child through their formative years, when the biological parents may be unable to. CARER RELATIONSHIPS Definiton Carer: -Someone who assists in satisfying their needs of individuals who alone cannot -They may voluntary or paid Definitions cont.d… Primary Carer: ‘An individual who has the main responsibility for care of another to help them satisfy their needs by enabling them to interact more successfully with their near environment. Self-Care: Provinding personal care such as showering, dressing,eating Mobolity Care: Assisting people to move outside or in the home.eg. From bed to chair Communication Carer: usually care related to verbal communication in helping a person understand or be understood. Eg. Deaf and blind, instances when such care is required CARERS MAY OR MAY NOT LIVE IN THE HOUSEHOLD ...
Words: 2318 - Pages: 10
...Bisht et al. Globalization and Health 2012, 8:32 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/8/1/32 REVIEW Open Access Understanding India, globalisation and health care systems: a mapping of research in the social sciences Ramila Bisht1*, Emma Pitchforth2 and Susan F Murray3 Abstract National and transnational health care systems are rapidly evolving with current processes of globalisation. What is the contribution of the social sciences to an understanding of this field? A structured scoping exercise was conducted to identify relevant literature using the lens of India – a ‘rising power’ with a rapidly expanding healthcare economy. A five step search and analysis method was employed in order to capture as wide a range of material as possible. Documents published in English that met criteria for a social science contribution were included for review. Via electronic bibliographic databases, websites and hand searches conducted in India, 113 relevant articles, books and reports were identified. These were classified according to topic area, publication date, disciplinary perspective, genre, and theoretical and methodological approaches. Topic areas were identified initially through an inductive approach, then rationalised into seven broad themes. Transnational consumption of health services; the transnational healthcare workforce; the production, consumption and trade in specific health-related commodities, and transnational diffusion of ideas and knowledge...
Words: 11974 - Pages: 48
...clusive use at Institute of Management Technology, Hyderabad (IMT,HYD), 2015 9-109-017 REV: FEBRUARY 18, 2009 ROBERT SIMONS KATHRYN ROSENBERG NATALIE KINDRED Sydney IVF: Stem Cell Research At Sydney IVF we absolutely respect your beliefs. Because of this, we have taken the care to devise acceptable assisted conception programs for virtually all faiths—Christianity (including the Brethren), Islam, Judaism (including supervised kosher treatment cycles), Hinduism, and Buddhism. We guarantee that your eggs and your sperm will never be used in a way that you have not explicitly or implicitly consented to. — (Sydney IVF website) This case study describes the strategy implementation choices made by executives at Sydney IVF Limited: an Australian business that tested and performed research using human embryos derived from in vitro fertilization. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was a process that allowed human eggs to be fertilized outside a woman’s womb. In a typical IVF cycle, a woman’s ovaries were stimulated with fertility drugs to encourage the production of anywhere from 3 to 30 eggs. These eggs were then retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a glass test tube or petri dish—hence the Latin term in vitro, which means “in glass.” The fertilized eggs grew in a specialized culture medium (a nutrient-rich salt solution) for several days. The resulting embryos—clusters of cells that form after an egg is fertilized—were then transferred back to...
Words: 10084 - Pages: 41
...“Do you agree to legalize the same-sex marriage here in the Philippines?” “Marriage is about LOVE, not GENDER”, this is what the gays and lesbians wanted to say. Nowadays, this issue, the same-sex marriage is viral in the whole world. But, what is same-sex marriage? It is defined as a union between two people who are of the same gender or biological sex. Since 2001, ten nations and other jurisdictions have made this type of union legal. Whether or not to recognize such marriages remains a source of debate as far as civil rights, political and social issues go. Introduction of same-sex marriage laws has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or by direct popular vote (via ballot initiative or referendum). The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political and social issue, and also a religious issue in many countries and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships should be allowed marriage or some similar status (a civil union). Same-sex marriage can provide those in same-sex relationships who pay their taxes with government services and make financial demands on them comparable to those afforded to and required of those in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights. Various faith communities around the world support allowing those of the...
Words: 2254 - Pages: 10
..........................................................................................................1 A. Inroduction.........................................................................................................................2 B. Definition...........................................................................................................................3 - 4 C. Issues..................................................................................................................................4 - 8 i. LGBT parenting..........................................................................4 ii. Adoption.....................................................................................4 - 5 iii. Surrogacy and fertility treatment................................................5 iv. Organizations..............................................................................5 - 8 v. Health..........................................................................................8 - 9 D. History..............................................................................................................................9 - 11 i. Ancient........................................................................................9 - 11 ii. Modern........................................................................................11 E. 10 Reasons Why Homosexual “Marriage” is Harmful and Must be Opposed.................11 - 17 F. Reasons...
Words: 7674 - Pages: 31
...Sponsorship for a child to migrate to Australia Form 40CH Important – Please read this information carefully before you complete this application. Once you have completed this application we strongly advise that you keep a copy for your records. Before you fill in this form you should read booklet 2, Child Migration, which is available from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (the department) website www.immi.gov.au/allforms/. If you are satisfied that you are eligible to sponsor the child, you should continue reading these instructions. If the child is under 18 years of age If the child is in Australia, and you are in Australia, you should complete this form and lodge it together with the completed visa application form (form 47CH), plus all relevant documentation, on the behalf of the child at the nearest office of the department in Australia. If the child is outside Australia, you should complete this form and arrange for it to be lodged together with the completed visa application form (form 47CH), plus relevant documentation, on behalf of the child at the nearest office of the department. Applications for children outside Australia must be lodged at an office of the department outside Australia. However, for Adoption (subclass 102) visa applications, the applications must be lodged outside Australia at the department’s office responsible for visa applications from the country where the child was, or is in the process of being, adopted. You, or the child’s...
Words: 7784 - Pages: 32
...Why the Current FMLA Policy is not Enough? Annette Fininen Prof. Davenport ENG 215 May 26, 2013 Why the Current FMLA policy is not Enough? The dynamics of the American family have changed. No longer is a working father, stay at home mother, and kids considered the norm. Even the definition of “family” has changed dramatically. Changes in the American “norm” raise an important question, “Should the Family and Medical Leave Act be changed?” to meet our communities evolving needs. In the United States, the current Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) only provides up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave, but compared to other counties with similar policies the act does not have enough coverage to protect the average worker and should be changed. A woman walks into her human resources office crying, asking to speak to someone. She is currently on FMLA leave to care for her sick child who has been diagnosed with leukemia. She is a single parent with two other children at home to care for as well. Even with insurance coverage, the bills are mounting because FMLA is unpaid and she has exhausted all of her personal time off (PTO). With her steady income cut-off, she is concerned how she will pay her bills. She has no close family to turn to for support and does not qualify for government assistance. Her story is just one example. According to the United State Census, in 2010 single parent households comprised about 9.6 percent of the total...
Words: 4180 - Pages: 17
...Minister)–!A!minister!is!both!a!member!of!parliament!and!a!member!of!the!executive.!This!means!a!minister!is!usually!in!charge!of!a!government! department!that!is!responsible!for!enacting!the!law! ! Australian Parliamentary System Under!the!Australian!federal!system!of!government,!the!country!is!divided!into!states!and!territories!each!with!its!own!parliament!–!making!a!total!of!9! parliaments.! • Commonwealth,)6)States,)2)Territories! They! are! elected! by! the! people! and! represent! the! needs! of! the! people.! Members! are! also! responsible! to! the! parliament! and! the! people! for! their! actions.!The)APS)is)based)on)the)Westminster)system)that)was)adopted)by)the)Commonwealth)constitution)in)1900,)as)originally)Australia)and)its) states) were) British) Colonies.! The! Commonwealth! and! State! Parliaments! operate! on! a! bicameral! structure! –! 2! Houses! –! Upper! and! Lower! houses.! Exception:!QLD!and!territories!have!only!one!house!–!Lower!House.! ! Bicameral Structure Upper)House) Lower)House) Federal!Commonwealth!Parliament!–!...
Words: 27914 - Pages: 112
