AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF “PANTAWID PANGKABUHAYAN PAMILYA PROGRAM” (4Ps) IN THE DISTRICT
OF TONDO MANILA

______________________________________________

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the
Faculty of
ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
MANILA

________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirement for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ECONOMICS

BY

Vincent Earl S. Palec
Lorenzo C. Templo

October 2014

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

Poverty is a condition where people are deprived by their basic needs, it is a widespread problem experienced in every country whether developed or developing. It is a never ending cycle, it cannot be eliminated but rather a country can only mitigate it. Conditional Cash transfer programs are one of the most popular methods used by the government in poverty alleviation and is greatly used among countries, mostly on Latin America such as Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Chile, who are developing and underdeveloped (Dadap, 2011).

The Philippines adopted the same program for the reason that it shown success in poverty reduction among Latin American Countries. The Department of Social Welfare and Development who spearhead its implementation created the first CCT program AhonPamilyang Pilipino Program under the Arroyo Administration on 2008 and later on replaced by the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program under the Aquino Administration. The program provides cash grants to its beneficiaries provided they comply with the required conditions. According to the conditions made by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), a beneficiary must be a pregnant woman, who shall avail a pre- and post- natal care and be attended by a trained professional during childbirth; a parent, who must attend Family Development Sessions (FDS); 0-5 year old children, who must receive a regular preventive health check-ups and vaccines; 6-14 years old children, who must receive deworming pills twice a year; All child beneficiaries (0-18 years old), who must enroll in school and maintain a class attendance of at least 85% per month (DSWD,2014). Beneficiaries are also given Php.500 for health cash grants and Php.300 per child with the maximum of 3 children in each household.

According to (Reyes &Tabuga, 2012) they cited the Department of Social Welfare and Development briefer that the Philippines’ version of the CCT, the 4Ps, is patterned after the basic CCT structure, with its objective to provide social assistance by providing cash grants and health care services and social development by investing and improving the human capital in the long run. It helps to fulfill the country’s commitment meet its goals, namely: (a) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, (b) achieve universal primary education, (c) promote gender equality, (d) reduce child mortality, and (e) Improve maternal health.

The researchers wants to evaluate the performance of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program and validate whether the issues concerning it is true, issues such as corruption, improper allocation of cash grants, whether it is given to them directly or not, if it is doing well, if the beneficiaries are really being helped by the program to be alleviated from poverty or just being thought how to be dependent to the government and the notion that the said program has become a dole-out for the poor.

Background of the Study The Philippines, once considered as the Sick man of Asia, drastically proclaims itself as the new Tiger of Asia. Claiming that it improves in terms of economic growth and accountability, followed by the increasing trends in the GNP and investment and the decrease in the level of unemployment; it may be evident that the country under the Aquino administration is leading towards it’s so called “tuwidnadaan”. But is it really evident that all of these people benefit from this so called economic growth. Why does majority of the poor are still complaining about their current situation claiming” All of us have the right to have a piece of the economy’s bread and not just its crumbles.” In an article published by the Manila Bulletin (Lopez, 2013) cited the statement made by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) stating that economic growth alone cannot solve poverty, unemployment. According to the statement made by Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Arsenio M. Balisacan, the country should give attention to the manufacturing industries and investment on human capital and infrastructure development. Balicasan admitted, in his statement, that the country should stabilize the economic development to improve the economic capacity to generate employment stating that the Philippine economy is dependent on personal consumption and less on trading.
Tondo is one of the districts in Manila who experience this great amount of poverty even in the growing economy. With current implementation of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the municipality; amounting to 1,232 household as its beneficiaries that is in accordance to the findings of Department of Social Welfare and Development last July 20, 2009. Tondo is part of the 1st district and is considered as one of the densely populated area in Metro Manila, which composed of 589,644 population which corresponds to 121,438 household at 4.9 Average Household Size (PSA,2014) .

The interest on this topic grew out of the observation of the researchers while analyzing the government’s allocation of resources and expenditures while saying that it does not neglects the needs of the poor in which they are providing poverty reduction program to help them as well as the increasing number of people claiming that they are not affected by this economic growth.

The researchers want to have a broader understanding on the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program’s performance and analyze whether it really helps the poor, its effects to the beneficiaries’ quality of living.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to evaluate the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the district of Tondo, Manila. Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:
1.1 Age
1.2 Civil Status
1.3 Number of dependents per household
1.4 Educational attainment
1.5 Occupation
1.6 Monthly Earnings
1.7 Appliances/Gadgets owned
1.8 Cash Grants Received

2. How do the beneficiaries allocate in their daily living the following:
2.1 Monthly Earnings
2.2 Cash Grants from the 4Ps
3. How often does the DSWD monitor the progress of beneficiaries of the program in terms of:
3.1 Compliance with the required conditions
3.2 Health status
3.3 Educational status
3.4 Maternal health care status
4. Based on the recipient’s experience, to what extent is the contribution of 4Ps to the following:
4.1 Standard of Living
4.2 Health status
4.3 Educational status
4.4 Maternal health care status
5 Is there any significant change on the beneficiaries’ current condition while they are under the 4Ps program

Hypotheses of the Study

Null Hypothesis (Ho) – There is no significant changes in the beneficiaries’ current condition while in the 4Ps program
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) – There is a significant change in the beneficiaries’ current condition while in the 4Ps program

Significance of the Study

The study is significant to the government for the reason that, it could be of use by them to determine whether there are lapses in the program. It will also serve as a guide in determining the improvements to the program.

The study is beneficial to the poor for the reason that, it could be of use to help them have a better program and for them to increase their quality of life.

The study is of benefit to the researchers mainly for the reason that, it could be of use to them for them to be able to add their knowledge regarding the Conditional Cash Transfer Programs.

The study is beneficial to the future researcher as a form of future references in their future studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study will be confined only on the beneficiaries of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program on selected district in Manila The districts 1 and 2 of Tondo, Manila will be the place of the research. The research will be dealing with the evaluation of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program; hence it will tackle only the experience of the beneficiaries while in the program, the changes in their standard of living, health status, educational status, maternal health care status, the problems they encountered and the contribution of 4Ps in the target area. Data will be obtained through research, survey and interview.

The researcher will only conduct a study on a population sample size of 293 (population in terms of household beneficiaries 1,232), a 95% confidence level and a confidence interval of 5. All are certified beneficiaries, who are in capacity to read and write, and has at least 3 or more children per household

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter represents the synthesis of the gathered researches, scholarly academic journal articles and records that give support to the study of the evaluation of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program. The following are the related researches which have been cited by the researchers to give credit on the study.

Local Literature According to the findings made by the National Statistics Authority, As of August 1, 2007, the Philippines had a total population of 88,548,366 persons, an increase of 12,041,438 persons over the May 1, 2000 population count of 76,506,928 persons and based on their latest findings, the total population of the Philippines as of May 1, 2010 is 92,337,852. And it has been projected that by the present year, based on the growth rate of 1.89%, it will give us a 100,617,630 population in the Philippines by 2014, the poverty rate of the Philippines According to the National Statistics Coordination Board (NSCB) is at 19.1% in terms of Family and 24.9% in terms of Population (NSCB,2014). The Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) estimated poverty incidence of the proportion of poor families has risen from 3.8 million in 2006 to 4.2 million in 2012. The poor family with five members needed a monthly additional income of 2,067 to move out of poverty in 2012 so the NSCB estimates id the government would give mere cash to all poor household in terms of what they would require to cross the poverty line, a total of P124 billion is needed to eradicate poverty in 2012 but the 4Ps program of DSWD only has a 39.4 billion (NSCB, 2014)

Despite the increasing trend in the economic growth on the past two years, more Filipinos are still yet to consider themselves as part of the middle class or above the poverty line. It was mandated by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to create and implement social protection programs and projects that will alleviate poverty and empower those who are socially disadvantaged individuals and families. One of the programs being practiced by the DSWD is the Conditional Cash Transfer more commonly known as the “PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Project” (4Ps) which goal is to minimize poverty and to increase on human capital in exchange of given certain condition like health, education and maternal care (Pablo, 2009)

The PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Project, which is formerly known as the AhonPamilyang Pilipino Program, initially implemented in CARAGA area particularly in Agusan Del Sur, Region X in Misamis Occidental and two cities in NCR which are Pasay and Caloocan in 2007. These areas are considered as the pre-pilot sites which composed of 4,589 beneficiaries. The program faces struggles during its course but eventually able to achieved its objectives.

It is unavoidable that the poor will spend their money on food and other basic necessities rather than education of their children and health of the family. If one lacks of educational preparation, it is difficult for them to improve on their standard of living as well as economic well-being (Pablo,2009).The parents plays an important role and has a huge impact on the outcome of their children; The more the children that are in a household, the lesser the opportunities for them to have proper education (Gratz, 2006).

There were reported cases, particularly on the reliability of the performance of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Project, cases such as misuse of funds and pawning of ATM used in withdrawing cash grants that had reached the DSWD. According to the article published by the Manila Bulletin, Gabriela party-list Rep. Luz Ilagan and Kabataan Rep. Terry Ridon as well as some lawmakers asked the government to push for the total scrapping of the 4Ps saying it is an anomalous program, stating that “sustainable and dignified livelihood” should be given to the poor, instead of dole-outs and maintaining the program encourages a culture of “mendicancy and entitlement”, calling the program a complete failure saying that the 64.7 billion CCT allocation for the next year should be used to implement education and land reforms. However, Speaker Feliciano “Sonny” Belmonte Jr. and Iloilo Rep. Jerry Trenas disagreed with their progressive colleagues, saying that the program should be sustained because it has improved the lives of poor Filipinos (Luci, 2014). National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Secretary ArsenioBalisacan argue that the 4Ps should continue even beyond the Aquino Administration, saying that if stopped will result to a wasteful investment by the government. According to him the program helped reduced the absolute number of poor people, relating the effects of economic growth (Quismorio, 2014).

International Literature
Brazil CCT (The BolsaFamilia Program)
The BolsaFamilia Program was lunch on October 2003 of their President Lula da Silva. This program results from merging other cct programs resulting to reduction of administrative costs and bureaucratic complexity. This program correspond to a monthly allowance of 32reais(about US$ 19 USD) per children and a maximum of 5 children per family, family that received 140 reais or US$ 82 per month below is included to this program. In return families who are in the program must commit their children to attend school and regular health checks. The allowance is given to the female head of the family; each familyhas their own debit card to withdraw money from the program. The BolsaFamilia program aims to lower the poor and to reduce current poverty through direct fund to low income families. This program is breaking the cycle of the poverty passing to generation to the next (IBSA, 2012).
The BolsaFamilia Program reaches more than 12 million families and span more than 5, 5thousand municipalities. The total cost of the program is less than 1% of the Brazil GDP and 2.5% of the total Government expenditures. The BolsaFamilia Program is the world largest conditional cash transfer programme in the developing country
The program reduces the income inequality, population living in the extreme poverty and improved the school performance and health condition of the children. It also aims to develop rural areas emergence of the small business in poor areas (IBSA, 2012).

Chile (Chile Solidario)
Chile Solidario was created May 2002 as social protection system targeted at people living in extreme poverty. 225,00famalies are in the program;this family are living extreme poverty according to the data Casen 2000. Chile Solidario has 3 component 1st is the Family support and conditional cash transfers also known as Bono De Proteccion a la Familia – Programa Puente2nd is the monetary subsidies or the SubsidioUnicoFamliar last is the Priority access to the other social protection programmes.
ProgaramaPuente are families invited to take part of this programme based on the score derived from the form. This generates multi-dimensional ranking index. The higher the score the worse is the situation of the families. It is grouped in 4 majors categories (housing, condition, Education, job and income) this program is to deliver support in the families for two years, families are visited by a social assistant to check the major problems that they encounter including the following: access to the public service, Identification card, health aids, employment and domestic violence. Programa Puente is in partnership with the municipalities
Bono de Proteccion aim to help the families to pay for a basket of goods, amenities and services that is considered as the minimum level below which a damily could be considered socially excluded. After 24 months the family will continue to receive financial support, the SubsidioUnico Familiar, and will have priority to access to social protection programs (Soeres et al., 2012).

Mexico (Oportunidades)
Internationally best known CCT programme, the origanal name was Programait was establish 1997 by the Zedillo administration (1996-2001) this program was a hightly controversial during the former Salinas administration (1989-1994). The Oportunidades covered 03 million and covered 2.52 million by 2000. Programa was focus on poor rural municipalities with fewer than 2,500 inhabitants that had minimum necessary school and health facilities for the conditionalities to be applied. Later on the Fox administration (2001-2006) changes the name to the Oportunidades and expanded its membership to five million beneficiary households by 2004. The Oportunidades expanded its coverageto included small urban locations with 2,500 to 14,999 on 2001 and to all urban areas.
In the Oportunidades has three stages procedure to be selected as beneficiaries. First they choose municipalities with high poverty population and have five major categories (very high, high, medium, low, and very low). Second is that they wll choose household within the selected municipalities according to the socio-demographic study they conduct on discriminant analysis. The last step is to involve feedback from the community to know if they are eligible to the program. This process takes about five months from the initial request to be included as a beneficiary of the program(Soeres et al., 2012).

All of this CCT programs check all the income of the household who will be the beneficiaries. For this purpose, all is needed to know the average income per capita of the households (Soeres et al., 2012)

Conceptual Paradigm

Figure 1

Theoretical Framework
Population-Poverty Cycle

Figure 2

A theory that states that too rapid population growth will result to negative economic consequences and thus should be a real concern for countries especially the developing ones. It slows the progress of a country; the two factors are correlative to one another. As population increases, the poverty rate would also increase and as the population decreases, poverty will also decrease. An over populated country will eventually experience poverty due to the lack of natural resources to address the needs and wants of its people. According to the research made by the National Statistics Coordination Board, if the trends in increasing population continue, there will be limited supply of goods that will lead to poverty which causes malnutrition, poor education and health care. This will result in a competing household in terms of these needs in order for them to survive.

Vicious Cycle of Poverty

Figure 3
The theory expresses the circular relationships that afflict both the demand and the supply side of the problem of capital formation in economically backward areas.

According to RagnarNurkse a society is poor because it is poor. A society with low income has both levels of savings and low levels of consumption. The low level of savings means that low investment, while the low levels of consumption means not enough market to induce investment-that is, even if the capital for investment were available.

This low investment in turn means little ability of the society to expand its productive capacity or transform the quality of the productive forces as a whole. This finally leads to a continuation of low incomes in the economy and then circle begins again.

According to Nurkse one of the most important reasons the backward countries have been prevented from enjoying the stimulating effect on the manufacturing industry is not the wickedness of foreign capitalists and their exclusive concern with raw material supplies, but merely the limitation of the domestic market for manufactures articles.

Malthusian Theory of population

Figure 4

In the theory of Thomas Robert Malthus, he argued that the population grows exponentially while the resources increase arbitrarily. Thus he predicted that due to this phenomenon, humans in the future will have scarcity or no resources to be used. According to him birth control should be practice among married couples to limit the number of populations. Wars, famine and other disasters are essential in the progress of a country.

Definition of Terms

To better understand the research, the following terms are conceptually and operationally defined.
Conditional Cash Transfer- programs that give money to poor people in return for fulfilling specific behavioral conditions; these conditions include for example children's school attendance, up-to-date vaccinations or regular visits to a health care facility by pregnant women (Doetinchem&Xu et al., 2008).
Growth Rate- The average annual rate of change of population size during a specified period; measures how fast the size of population is changing.
PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program - is a human development program of the national government that invests in the health and education of poor households, particularly of children aged 0-18 years old.Patterned after the conditional cash transfer scheme implemented in other developing countries, the PantawidPamilya provides cash grants to beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set of conditions required by the program (DSWD, 2014).

Poverty Rate- the people who cannot meet their daily needs and does not have a decent jobs; the ratio of the number of people who fall below the poverty line and the total population (OECD, 2012)

Rapid Population Growth- refers to the drastic and rapid rise in the population that has occurred over the last few hundred years. Mostly experienced by developing countries (Mondal, 2012)

Social Assistance- are transfers made by government units or NPIs to households intended to meet the same kinds of needs as social insurance benefits but are provided outside of an organized social insurance scheme and are not conditional on previous payments of contributions (COED, 2001; Hess, 2013).

Social Development- Social development is giving emphasis on human capital as the main focus of development. This means a thorough focus on processes of development needs to benefit to masses, particularly the poor, the way they interact in groups and society, their social intelligence and comprehension and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape development processes (Todaro& Smith, 2006; Huitt& Dawson, 2011).

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the discussion of how the research is designed as well as the procedures and tools to be used.

Research Design

This research aims to evaluate the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) in the municipality of Tondo, Manila. The researcher will be using both qualitative and quantitative research method as well as descriptive method as its design of research to fully understand the data that will be gathered in the course of the study.

Qualitative research is a research that uses methods such as participant observation or case studies which result in a narrative, descriptive account of a setting or practice (Parkinson &Drislane, 2011). Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed using mathematically based methods particularly in statistics.
Descriptive method help provide answers to the questions of who, what, when, where, and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot conclusively ascertain answers to why. Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena and to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation (Anastas&Jeane, 2000).This approach is used to describe variables rather than to test a predicted relationship between variables. In this study, “descriptive” refers to the descriptive aspect of a phenomenon.

Population and Sampling

The researchers will gather its data among the beneficiaries of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program in Tondo Manila. The population of which is 589,644 or 121,438 households with 1,232 of households in terms of 4Ps beneficiaries. Thus considering the number of population in terms of it beneficiaries, the researchers will have a population sample size of 293 with the confidence interval of 5 and confidence level of 95%. The beneficiaries will be chosen by a form of random sampling and interview.
Selection criteria of the respondents The researchers will be gathering data from the respondents. Thus certain criteria in terms of the respondents are to be met.
a. The respondents are in capacity of answering the questions
b. Are not mentally disabled
c. Are able to or knowledge in reading and writing.
d. Are of the right age
e. They are registered citizen in the municipality of Tondo, Manila
f. Must be a beneficiary of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Project.
g. Must have at least 3 children

Research Instruments

The researchers will be using primary and secondary data to answer the problems of the study. The primary data will be gathered through interview and distributing questionnaires. The secondary data will be gathered from the records of the municipality of Tondo, Manila and throught the Department of Social Welfare and Development or PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program Office.

Interview
Using of interview is one of the effective ways in gathering primary data qualitatively. To have a more reliable data, the researchers will be using a semi-structured form of interview. Semi-structured from of interview is when the interviewer and respondents engage in a formal interview while using a guide usually in particular order. The interviewer follows the guide, but is able to follow topical trajectories in the conversation that may stray from the guide when he or she feels this is appropriate (Cohen & Crabtree, 2006).

Questionnaire
Using of questionnaires is one of the effective ways in gathering primary data quantitatively. The researchers will formulate a set of questionnaires to examine the opinions of the beneficiaries while in the 4Ps program. The purpose of this is to know the performance and perception of the beneficiaries in terms of changes in their standard of living, education, nutrition and maternal health. Documents/Record
Using of documents and records is an essential way of supporting the primary data findings. The researchers will be utilizing the gathered documents and records coming from the municipality of Tondo, Manila as well as in the Department of Social Welfare and Development.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will try to evaluate the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program by gathering its primary and secondary data. For its primary data gathering, they will be distributing questionnaires in a purposive sampling method, A form of non-probability sampling in which decisions concerning the individuals to be included in the sample are taken by the researcher, based upon a variety of criteria which may include specialist knowledge of the research issue, or capacity and willingness to participate in the research, and will be interviewing the beneficiaries/co-researchers to provide an in depth understanding about the performance of the program. For its secondary data gathering procedures, they will be using the documents and records of the municipality of Tondo as well as the records coming from the reports of the Department of Social Welfare and Development or the 4Ps Office. They will also use related journal articles to help explain certain problems in the study.

Data Analysis and Procedures
Categorization of data
It refers to the grouping of subjects under study according to the objectives or purposes of the study.

Coding of data
Information from the questionnaire, tests, interview schedules, rating scale and many others must be transformed into coded items to facilitate tabulation of data.
Tabulation of data
This is done by tallying and counting the raw data to arrive at a frequency distribution and to facilitate in organizing them in a systematic order in a table or several tables.

Dummy tables
Are helpful in preparing for the data matrix because they are used in planning, summarizing, organizing and analyzing the data on how the different variables differ with each other.
Statistical Treatment
Percentage and Frequency distribution
A percentage frequency distribution is a display of data that specifies the percentage of observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a particularly useful method of expressing the relative frequency of survey responses and other data. Many times, percentage frequency distributions are displayed as tables or as bar graphs or pie charts. The process of creating a percentage frequency distribution involves first identifying the total number of observations to be represented; then counting the total number of observations within each data point or grouping of data points; and then dividing the number of observations within each data point or grouping of data points and then dividing the number of observations within.
Formula;
%Distribution= F/N * 100
Where
F=Frequency of an item or response
N= Total Numbers of response

Ranking Ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either ranked higher than, ranked lower than or ranked equal to the second.
Weighted Mean
It is a measurement of central tendency. It represents the average of a given data.
Formula

Where, x = weighted mean. xi = x1,x2,x3...... = Items given. fi= f1,f2,f3,...... = Frequencies corresponding to the given items.
T-Test
The simplest experimental design is to have two conditions: an “experimental” condition in which subjects receives some kind of treatment, and a "control" condition in which they do not. We want to compare performance in the two conditions. Sometimes, the difference between the two conditions is very clear-cut: our experimental treatment has made a clear difference to subjects' behaviour. More often in psychology, the difference between the conditions is not so obvious; in these circumstances, use of a t-test can help us to decide whether the difference between the conditions is "real" or whether it is due merely to chance fluctuations from one time of testing to another. The t-test enables us to decide whether the mean of one condition is really different from the mean of another condition.
Formula
t= observed difference – difference between population means under the null between sample means___________hypothesis_________ Estimate of the standard error of the difference between two sample means

Reference:
Anastas, Jeane W. (2000) “Research Design for Social Work and the Human Services. Chapter 5, Flexible Methods: Descriptive Research. 2nd edition”, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999
Cohen D, Crabtree B. July 2006. "Qualitative Research Guidelines Project.". Retrieved from: http://www.qualres.org/HomeSemi-3629.html
Dadap, E. (2011) “ The Politics of Conditional Cash Transfer of the Philippines” Retrieved from International Institute of Social Studies
Department of Social Welfare and Development (2014) “PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program” Retrieved from: http://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/index.php/about-us
Doetinchem O., XuK. andCarrin G. (2008) “Conditional cash transfers: what's in it for health?” Published by: World Health Organization, Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/pb_e_08_1-cct.pdf
Gratz J. (2006) ’The Impact of Parents’ Background on their Children’s Education” Retrievedfrom:http://www.macalester.edu/educationreform/publicintellectualessay/gratz.pdf
Huitt, W. & Dawson, C. (2011). Social development: Why it is important and how to impact it. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/socdev.pdf
IBSA (2012). “Brazil’s Conditional Cash Transfer ProgrammeBolsaFamília” Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---sronew_delhi/documents/presentation/wcms_175274.pdf
Lopez R. (2013)“ NEDA: Economic growth alone won’t solve poverty, unemployment” published by the Manila Bulletin, Retrieved from: http://www.mb.com.ph/neda-economic-growth-alone-wont-solve-poverty-unemployment/
Luci C. (2014)” Total scrapping of ‘anomalous’ CCT dole-out program pushed” published by: Manila Bulletin. Retrieved From:http://www.mb.com.ph/total-scrapping-of-anomalous-cct-dole-out-program-pushed/
Michael P. Todaro and Stephen C. Smith (2006) “Economic Development, A Comprehensive Approach”; Jurong Singapore, Pearson. Education South Asia PTE, Lte
Mondal P. (2012) “Population Explosion: Definition and Causes of Rapid Population Growth”, Published by: Your Article Library, Retrieved from: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/population-explosion-definition-and-causes-of-rapid-population-growth/29330/
National Statistics Coordination Board (2014) “Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold and Poverty Incidence among Families, by Region 1991, 2006, 2009 and 2012” Retrieved from: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_income.asp\
OECD (2011) “Social assistance benefits” Retrieved from: https://www.google.com.ph/#safe=off&q=social+assistance+definition.
OECD (2012) “Poverty rate and gaps” Retrieved from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/factbook2010en/11/02/02/index.html?itemId=/content/chapter/factbook-2010-89-en
Pablo L. (2009) “DSWD annual report: Sama-samangpagtawidtungosakaunlaran” Retrieved from:http://www.dswd.gov.ph/download/Publication/Annual%20Report/2009DSWD_annual_report.pdf
Parkinson, G., &Drislane, R. (2011).Qualitative research.In Online dictionary of the social sciences.Retrieved from http://bitbucket.icaap.org/dict.pl
Peter N. Hess (2013) “Economic Growth and Sustainable Development”, London and NewYork, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group
Philippines Statistics Authority (2014) “National Statistics Coordination Board Municipality/City Tondo I/II” Retrieved from: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/municipality.asp?muncode=133901000®code=13&provcode=39
Quismorio E. (2014) “CCT should continue beyond 2016—NEDA chief” published by, Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from: http://www.mb.com.ph/cct-should-continue-beyond-2016-neda-chief/
Reyes, C. &Tabuga, A (2011)” Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the Philippines: Is It Reaching the Extremely Poor?” Retrieved from: http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1242.pdf
Soares S., Osorio R., Soares F., Medeiros M., Eduardo Zepeda (2007).“Conditional Cash Transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon Inequality”; Working Paper 35; New York: Retrieved from http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper35.pdf