...Case Study 1. Mr. Stevens’ symptoms, such as frequent loss of balance and the inability to even draw a straight line are indications that the cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the...
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...Biopsychology The brain is the control centre for the body and it sits in the skull at the top of the spinal chord. The brain is so complex that doctors and scientists still don’t know what some parts do. The brain is made up of different sections consisting of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Memory Part of the brain that is responsible for memory is also known as the hippocampus, it is located within the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdale. The hippocampus is involved in memory forming, organizing and storing information. It is particularly important in storing new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound to, memories. A case study of H.M. (1953) highlights how important the function of the hippocampus is. H.M. was a man who suffered from epilepsy who had surgery to remove the hippocampus to prevent his severe symptoms. After his operation he suffered from major memory loss, which then went on to cause an inability to transfer new information into his long term memory. This resulted in the realisation that the removal of the hippocampus can have detrimental effects on the brains memory. Language and speech The Boca’s area is one of the main areas of the brain which is responsible for producing language. It is located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe and was discovered by French neurosurgeon Paul Broca .He realised that people who had language difficulties often had damage to this area of the brain. This...
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...tud45169@temple.edu ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE FOR ALLERGIES AND RHINITIS IN ADULTS 2 Abstract The nose is one of the defensive organs of the body that helps in maintaining the homeostasis of the body. The nerves in the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses contribute to their function. If the nose or the sinuses gets disturbed, the nerve also gets affected thus affecting the nervous system. There is a serious of events that happen when the nasal mucosa encounters with an allergen. Certain symptoms of the allergic rhinitis are the self defense mechanism of the nose, but some are due to the interference in the nerves between the nervous system and the nose. Alternative medicine encompasses acupuncture, homeopathy, phytotherapy, chiropractic, and several others. They all help in restoring the balance in the body and the connection between the nervous system and the nose. By clearing out the disturbances in the body, the body can heal on its own through its healing power. The feedback from alternative treatment for allergic rhinitis is solely depended on the individual. Keywords: nasal mucosa, alternative medicine, nervous system, sinuses. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE FOR ALLERGIES AND RHINITIS IN ADULTS 3 Complementary treatments for Allergies and Rhinitis Rhinitis and rhinosinusitis happen due to two main reasons such hypersensitivity to certain substances or non- hypersensitivity route. There is a...
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...we behave the way we do, why we express emotion, have feelings, or experience hunger? How does it all work? The human body is comprised of systems all working together to complete an action or a coordinated set of chemical reactions initiated by the nervous system. The nervous system is part of a human’s body that controls voluntary and involuntary behaviors by transmitting information throughout different parts of the brain and the body via neurons and axons. The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) which contains the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Within the peripheral nervous system you have the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists mostly of axons that transport messages from sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles (Kalat, 2013). Also within the PNS is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the heart and other organs. The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares organs for fight-or-flight activity such as increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite decreasing heart rate. Both systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions and behaviors. One example of regulatory behavior is human reproduction and sexuality...
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...all seems too much, when they are overloaded and don’t feel that they are able to meet all the demands placed upon them. As I have said pressure itself is not bad. In fact, many thrive on it. When those pressures exceed a person’s ability to cope, then that is when the problems start. It follows, therefore, that we can tackle stress either by reducing pressures or by increasing coping resources – or a combination of the two. [pic] The graph above shows there is an optimum point – where you have enough pressure to perform, but not so much that you get overloaded. Everyone’s optimum point is different and learning where yours lies can be important. 1. (b) Explain the fight/flight response [pic] Flight or fight is the nervous system priming our bodies to fight or flee. Let's look at this example: You are walking your daughter down the street in her pram when all of a sudden a pit bull hops the fence and starts chasing you. What are you going to do? Are you going to stay and fight, or are you going to run away? This is known as the 'Fight or Flight' response. Your...
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... Match the following: 6) Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers. Answer: A Page Ref: 535; Tbl. 14.1 7) Collateral ganglia. Answer: A Page Ref: 538; Fig. 14.6 A) Sympathetic B) Parasympathetic 8) Increases blood pressure. Answer: A Page Ref: 535 9) Decreases heart rate. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 10) Causes erection of the penis. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 11) Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 12) Active after you have eaten a meal. Answer: B Page Ref: 535 Match the following: 13) Preganglionic sympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tble. 14.1 A) Acetylcholine (ACh) B) Norepinephrine (NE) 14) Preganglionic parasympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 15) Postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands. Answer: A Page Ref: 535; Tbl. 14.1 16) Postganglionic parasympathetic. Answer: A Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 17) Most postganglionic sympathetic. Answer: B Page Ref: 533; Tbl. 14.1 True/False Questions 1) Since the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 535 2) The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS....
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...that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance to blood flow (Williams, 2005); this is called peripheral resistance and together with the total amount of blood running in the circulation (blood volume) will also have a direct effect on the blood pressure of an individual (Seeley et al 2008). The autonomic nervous system (involuntary) is the short term controller of BP. It contains nerves that are able to modify the rate of the heart’s...
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...emotion has been established. Some scientists believe that only humans produce tears in response to emotional states [2] while others disagree.[3] Charles Darwin wrote in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals that the keepers of Indian elephants in the London Zoo told him that their charges shed tears in sorrow. Tears produced during emotional crying have a chemical composition which differs from other types of tears. They contain significantly greater quantities of the hormones prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, Leu-enkephalin[4], and the elements potassium and manganese.[2] Contents [hide] 1 Function 2 Biological response 3 Frequency of crying 4 Types of crying in infants 5 Categorizing dimensions 6 Lacrimal system 7 Disorders related to crying 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links [edit] Function A young woman weeps during the deportation of Jews of Ioannina on March 25,...
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...SPHE314 WK 4 MIDTERM QUIZ Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/sphe314-wk-4-midterm-quiz/ Part 1 of 1 - 94.8/ 94.799 Points Question 1 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The multiple functions of the muscular system are performed by ______________type(s) of muscle: A.2 B.3 C.4 D.1 Question 2 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Which of the following is NOT considered a fuel nutrient? A.carbohydrate B.fat C.water D.protein Question 3 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The layer of connective tissue surrounding the outside of the muscle is called: A.perimysium B.carbohydrate C.sarcomysium D.epimysium Question 4 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Protein can supply about 5 to 10% of the total energy needs during: A.sprinting activities B.prolonged exercise C.all types of exercise D.weightlifting Question 5 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The two main components of the nervous system are: A.the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system B.the brain and the spinal cord C.the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system D.the efferent and afferent divisions of the nervous system Question 6 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two functional and anatomical divisions called: A.sympathetic and unsympathetic B.sympathetic and parasympathetic C.afferent and efferent D.CNS and peripheral Question 7 of 37 2.6/ 2.6 Points Using an insulated, airtight chamber with walls...
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...Study Guide: Quiz 5 | Quiz Preparation Tasks: | Your Answers and Notes | 10 | The Internally Integrated Human Animal | | 10.1 | The Integrated Human | | | List the names of 10 body systems and the principle role of each in serving the rest of the body. | Muscular system does the work; Skeletal System provides leverage for the muscular system to get you up the stairs; Cardiovascular System services your muscles with nutrients and oxygen, while removing carbon dioxide and other molecular wastes from them; respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body as a whole; digestive system supplies the nutrients to be brought to the muscle tissues; integumentary system to remove the heat your muscles are generating; nervous system (the sympathetic part) responds to the physical stress you are putting on your body; endocrine system a collection of organs (glands) that secrete hormones into the bloodstream; the hormones in turn control many aspects of the body’s form and function; The wastes being produced by the muscles’ metabolism will be removed by the urinary system; your immune response, produced by the lymphatic system; | | As a student runs up the stairs, which 2 body systems would be most immediate in their support of the muscular system in this activity? | Muscular and Skeletal systems | | As a student runs up the stairs, her ____________ system serves her by providing moisture for evaporation to moderate her body temperature. | Integumentary...
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...Anatomy of the Nervous System 3 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 3.1 General Layout of the Nervous System 3.4 Spinal Cord 3.2 Cells of the Nervous System 3.5 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 3.3 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 3.6 Major Structures of the Brain ISBN 0-558-78571-9 Biopsychology, Eighth Edition, by John P.J. Pinel. Published by Allyn & Bacon. Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. 3.1 ■ General Layout of the Nervous System I n order to understand what the brain does, it is first necessary to understand what it is—to know the names and locations of its major parts and how they are connected to one another. This chapter introduces you to these fundamentals of brain anatomy. Before you begin this chapter, I want to apologize for the lack of foresight displayed by early neuroanatomists in their choice of names for neuroanatomical structures— but, then, how could they have anticipated that Latin and Greek, universal languages of the educated in their day, would not be compulsory university fare in our time? To help you, I have provided the literal English meanings of many of the neuroanatomical terms, and I have kept this chapter as brief, clear, and to the point as possible, covering only the most important structures. The payoff for your effort will be a fundamental understanding of the structure of the human brain and a new vocabulary to discuss...
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...Case Study 1 Heart Failure M.G., a “frequent flier,” is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart failure (HF). She was discharged from the hospital 10 days ago and comes in today stating, “I just had to come to the hospital today because I can't catch my breath and my legs are as big as tree trunks.” After further questioning, you learn she is strictly following the fluid and salt restriction ordered during her last hospital admission. She reports gaining 1 to 2 pounds every day since her discharge. 1. What error in teaching most likely occurred when M.G. was discharged 10 days ago? If M.G. is currently following her fluid and salt restriction strictly but is still exhibiting the symptoms of fluid overload in heart failure, there was most likely an error in regards to medication teaching. She would have been prescribed a diuretic to eliminate the fluid that what giving her shortness of breath, edema and weight gain but if not taken correctly or at all this would explain why M.G. is still having these manifestations. CASE STUDY PROGRESS During the admission interview, the nurse makes a list of the medications M.G. took at home. * Chart View Nursing Assessment: Medications Taken at Home Enalapril (Vasotec) 5 mg po bid Pioglitazone (Actos) 45 mg po every morning Furosemide (Lasix) 40mg/day po Potassium Chloride 20meq/day po 2. Which of these medications may have contributed to M.G.’s heart failure? Explain. ...
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...Study Guide: Exam #4 PSY 100 EMOTION 1. Important Concepts: Emotion, Facial Expressions, Physiological Measures, Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems, Fight-or-Flight Response, James-Lange Theory of Emotion, Basic Emotions 2. What four components make up what we think of as emotion? 3. What are some types of physiological measures psychologists use to measure emotion? 4. What is the purpose of the autonomic nervous system? 5. What roles do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play? When is each system most active? What physiological changes occur? 6. What is the fight-or-flight response? When does it occur and what types of reactions does it typically cause in people? 7. Are polygraphs good at detecting lies? What do polygraphs actually measure? 8. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions does feeling an emotion cause our body to physically react, or do physical reactions in the body cause us to feel emotions? What evidence do we have that this is the case? 9. What are basic emotions? What do psychologists look for when they try to identify basic emotions? 10. How do we know facial expressions for basic emotions are not learned through experience? PERSONALITY 11. Important Concepts: Personality, Unconscious, Id, Ego & Superego, Defense Mechanisms, Repression, Denial, Rationalization, Projection, Personality Traits, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Big Five 12. What is the difference...
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...Cardiodynamics Case Study 2 The Big Race At the start: Question 1: Since the race has not actually started, the anticipation of the race is activating the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is stimulating these changes. Question 2: The thought of the race creates enough stress to activate the sympathetic division of the autonomic system. Question 3: The sympathetic division stimulates the fight or flight organs. This means that blood and nutrients are being delivered to areas that might be needed for a fight for your life, or to run for your life. This means that organs needed for non-life saving actions, such as the bladder and digestive systems, will be inhibited so that the heart, limbs, and brain can receive more blood and nutrients for quick decision making and to support fight or flight scenarios. Sympathetic stimulation also increases ADH release which will preserve blood volume and insure greater blood flow to large muscle groups and other tissues. Question 4: Sympathetic stimulation of the liver will stimulate glycogenolysis, which puts more glucose into the bloodstream. Question 5: Sympathetic stimulation decreases the production of saliva. One Minute In: Question 1: With any sort of extreme exertion, such as intense rowing, muscles will have an immediate increase in their demand for ATP. ATP is produced by aerobic cellular respiration, which is the most efficient method. This creates demand for oxygen from the muscles...
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...Topic: Neuroblastoma Neuroblastoma is a malignant tumor that starts in certain types of very primitive nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus. This type of cancer occurs in infants and young children. It is rarely found in children older than 10 years. Neuroblastomas are cancers that start in early nerve cells of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic neuroblasts), so they can be found anywhere along this system. The sympathetic nervous system controls body functions, such as heart rate and blood pressure, digestion, and levels of certain hormones. According to www.americancancersociety.org 1 out of 3 neuroblastomas start in the adrenal glands, 1 out of 3 begins in sympathetic nerve ganglia in the abdomen, and most of the rest start in sympathetic ganglia near the spine in the chest or neck or in the pelvis. There is a wide spectrum of how neuroblastomas can behave. Sometimes, in very young children, the cancer cells die without any cause and the tumor goes away on its own. In other cases, the cells sometimes mature on their own into normal ganglion cells and stop dividing. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries. Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cells can invade other tissues...
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