...Glossophobia Using the cognitive-behavioral model of systematic desensitization, the phobia of Glossophobia will be approached with this model. It is common for people to have Glossophobia even actors, singers, business people have suffered from this phobia. Glossophobia affects three out of every four individuals (Glossophobia about, 2012) What is Glossophobia? Glossophobia is a fear of public speaking, speech, anxiety, and stage fright. When even the thought of having to present in front of people already makes you feel anxious, sick to the stomach, nervous, start to sweat drops, dry mouth and even want to avoid presenting. Also when up presenting the “umms” come out and it is taking attention away from delivering the message in the presentation (Pro Quest.) If all this apply then it is a case of Glossophobia. This phobia does not come up from nowhere; this phobia had to do something with the person’s childhood or adolescents. A tragic event had to happen to the person for them to develop a fear of public speaking or presenting. For example either in the childhood the person got made fun of for mispronouncing a word while doing a speech in front of his or hers classmates. Or an adolescent performing a dance in front of a crowed and she slipped and fell or messed up some dance moves, everyone in the crowd laughed so now that is why she may have developed Glossophobia in her adulthood. Glossophobia affects both women and men but the women are the one that suffers the most with...
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...Compare two psychological approaches to Health and Social care provision. Case Study. Demi Lovato is a well-known actress and singer from the USA. Demi Lovato was diagnosed with bulimia, bipolar and self-harm in 2010. She had struggled with a “really unhealthy relationship with food" since age 8 after suffering bullying, and her self-mutilating behaviour started at age 11 as a means to “cope with her emotions and depression”. Demi attended rehab for these mental health illnesses, and from this is now back on track and has had a very successful career. Approach 1: To help treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm, the cognitive approach would use talking therapy, where a therapist/counsellor sits with the individual and allows the individual to talk about their problems and with this find ways to help the individual work out how to deal with negative thoughts and feelings and make positive changes. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an active type of counselling. It is the first-line treatment for outpatients with bulimia. CBT is used to treat the mental and emotional elements of an eating disorder. Approach 2: The behavioural approach would help to treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm by using techniques to minimise stress levels. Behavioural therapy aims to change harmful and unhelpful behaviours that an individual may have e.g. eating disorder. The behavioural approach system controls approach motivation and goal-directed behaviour to achieve rewards. It is activated...
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...Exam Essentials The Behaviourist Approach. Q1 a) State two assumptions of the behaviourist approach The behaviourists believe that all behaviour comes from learning as a result of interactions in the environment. One assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is affected by operant conditioning or learning by consequence. This means that if a person engages in a particular behaviour and is then rewarded (positively reinforced) in some way (the consequence is a good one or a pleasant one) then it is likely it will be repeated. Continuing to positively reinforce it will make it more permanent and it becomes learned. Punishment or negative reinforcement is likely to make behaviour less likely to be repeated and so it will not be continued. There are many examples of this in real life. For example giving house points or stars or sweets to a pupil who completes their m homework means they will be more likely to complete their homework because they are being rewarded for doing it. Another assumption of the behaviourist approach is that behaviour is learned through social modelling or imitation. This means that people learn how to behave in particular ways by observing and copying the behaviour of others. They particularly copy the behaviour of people who they admire (eg pop stars or footballers) or people who are close to them (brothers, sisters and parents). An example of this is small children copying their parents when learning to use a knife and fork...
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...Description of healing modality Yoga Nidra is a unique intergration of spirit and science, combining deepest relaxation and alert awareness. Yoga nidra is one of the practices of pratyahara where the awareness is internalized. Literally, yoga nidra means 'psychic sleep' i.e. sleep with full awareness. In psychology, the state achieved in yoga nidra is termed the hypnogogic state, a state between sleep and wakefulness. It takes one’s brain to the alpha state and eventually the even deeper theta wave state. Here, without effort or strain, one is able to tap into his/her own source of health, abudance , intuition, and creativity. Role of a nurse or healing practitioner during yoga nidra. The presence and voice of the healing practitioner is crucial during the therapy. Yoga Nidra is practiced in a comfortable position while lying down. The healing practitioner guides the practitioner through a series of simple instructions and breathing exercises .These include a scan of the body or visual imagery, which occupies the mind thus preventing it from getting involved in the ordinary mind-chatter that absorbs our usual consciousness. Within a short time, one becomes submerged in the alpha state, in which the brain rhythms fall into the internal silent space. Once the body is relaxed and the mind is calm, all energies become focused on the Third Eye, i.e the inner sanctuary found between the eyebrows. One is now able to simultaneously access both the intuitive and the...
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...term with a seemingly obvious meaning. The research literature contains many studies evaluating its effectiveness, but it is not clear how many different forms of SM exist and how efficacious they are for which target problem. One hundred and fifty-three studies on SM were analyzed to determine consensus in definitions and therapy protocols. Results showed that a typical delivery format exists (mostly group form, 8–10 sessions in length and multitechnique), but the number of techniques used was very large, techniques were inconsistently labeled are often poorly described. It is concluded that in outcome research, the term "stress management" is operationally defined with such variability that comparisons of SM outcome studies are not meaningful at this time. Author Keywords: Stress management; Arousal reduction; Coping; Therapy outcome [pic] Article Outline • Introduction • Methods • Results • Typical components of SM interventions • Imagery, relaxation and meditation • Cognitive–behavioral approaches • Systemic approaches • Discussion • Acknowledgements • References [pic] Introduction This paper questions whether or not stress management (SM) researchers agree on what SM is, what the necessary treatment ingredients are and whether or not comparisons of different studies using SM are possible and meaningful. Previous experience with the conduct of controlled studies of SM for health outcomes and the desire to continue this line of research motivated...
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...congestion related to this can often be relieved with diuretic therapy. However, diuretic therapy should generally not be used alone and, if required, should be combined with the pharmacological therapies outlined in this review. Heart failure can be caused by systolic or diastolic dysfunction, and is associated with neurohormonal changes. [1] Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 0.40. It may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Defining and diagnosing diastolic heart failure can be difficult. Recently proposed criteria include: (1) clinical evidence of heart failure; (2) normal or mildly abnormal left ventricular systolic function; (3) evidence of abnormal left ventricular relaxation, filling, diastolic distensibility, or diastolic stiffness; and (4) evidence of elevated N-terminal-probrain natriuretic peptide. [2] However, assessment of some of these criteria is not standardised Top of Form Search the BMJ[pic][pic] Bottom of Form • BMJ • BMJ Journals • BMJ Careers • BMJ Learning • Evidence Centre • BMJ Group [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Home | Log in | Athens Log in | Shibboleth Log in | Help | Contact us [pic] Sections Full review list Top of Form [pic][pic] Bottom of Form Conditions Subscribe Resources About us Contact us Contribute Cardiovascular disorders Heart failure Robert McKelvie • Interventions ...
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...Stress management Abstract Stress management (SM) is a widely used term with a seemingly obvious meaning. The research literature contains many studies evaluating its effectiveness, but it is not clear how many different forms of SM exist and how efficacious they are for which target problem. One hundred and fifty-three studies on SM were analyzed to determine consensus in definitions and therapy protocols. Results showed that a typical delivery format exists (mostly group form, 8–10 sessions in length and multitechnique), but the number of techniques used was very large, techniques were inconsistently labeled are often poorly described. It is concluded that in outcome research, the term "stress management" is operationally defined with such variability that comparisons of SM outcome studies are not meaningful at this time. Author Keywords: Stress management; Arousal reduction; Coping; Therapy outcome [pic] [pic] Introduction This paper questions whether or not stress management (SM) researchers agree on what SM is, what the necessary treatment ingredients are and whether or not comparisons of different studies using SM are possible and meaningful. Previous experience with the conduct of controlled studies of SM for health outcomes [1 and 2] and the desire to continue this line of research motivated us to begin examining the efficacy of SM with the possible goal of conducting a meta-analytic review. A minimal, yet pivotal, requirement for considering meta-analysis...
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...or television hypnotist. However, the hypnotic trance is a natural phenomenon that most people will have experienced personally, whether aware of it at the time or not. An example of this might be driving a car along a regular route and arriving at the destination with no memory of the journey, having performed the activity safely and reliably while in another sense being quite detached from the experience. This altered level of consciousness is the starting point for the hypnotic process through an induction which focuses on relaxation, inner experiences, feelings and imagery (Heap & Naish, 2012: 7). It is generally accepted that hypnosis is a different experience to that of being awake or being asleep but debate remains over its true nature within academic and scientific circles (Karle & Boys, 2010:14). This essay will discuss the nature of hypnosis, focusing on the psychological and physical aspects while touching on the role of relaxation. Hypnosis is a complex psychological phenomenon and one which is difficult to find an agreed definition for. Indeed the American Psychological Association definition of hypnosis in 2003 is almost 300 words long but centres around hypnosis being a procedure of suggestions where one person (the subject) is guided by the other (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions around subjective experience, changes in perception, sensations, thoughts or behaviours (Green et al, 2005). Hypnosis has also been helpfully and simply described...
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...OB Seminar 12: Managing Change & Stress • • • • Team Discussion on Case Study Team Presentation Reflection & Experiential Exercise Lesson 12 (Chapter 18) 1 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 1. Use Table 16-2 to evaluate the extent to which Lynn Tilton displayed the characteristics associated with being a good leader and good manager. 2 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 2. Which different positive and negative leadership traits and styles were displayed by Tilton? Cite examples. 3 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 3. To what extent does Tilton display situational approaches toward leadership? Explain. 4 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 4. Which of the four types of transformational leadership behavior were displayed by Tilton? Provide examples. 5 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 5. Would you like to work for Lynn Tilton? Explain why or why not. 6 Case study on Lynn Tilton’s leadership (p. 389) 6. What did you learn about leadership from this case? 7 Ch. 18 Learning Objectives 1. Discuss the external and internal forces that create the need for organizational change. 2. Describe Lewin’s change model and the systems model of change. 3. Discuss Kotter’s eight steps for leading organizational change. 4. Define organizational development and explain the OD process. 5. Explain the dynamic model of resistance to change. 18-8 Ch. 18 Learning Objectives ...
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...between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a number of conflicts that have occurred in society and it is important that we understand why it occurs and how to reduce it to benefit society and its functioning, as well as for economic reasons. Supporting evidence is Sherif’s study which found that the boys in the rattlers and eagles called those in the other group names when they heard about their existence. It was not until cooperative...
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...and the trends of selfies, people are becoming increasingly concerned about their physical appearances. The body weight has always been a major concern of women but with the increased exposure is a relevant reason for the increased concern. Furthermore, the concept of fast food is also leading to certain habits that may cause eating disorders. The concept where the simple act of eating can lead to become a disorder is rather complicated and it will be discussed in the later part of this report. For now, let’s engage ourselves in identifying the behaviors that may be classified as normal or abnormal which actually define the disorders (Eating disorders, 2009). The distinction of eating and digestion may be a minor one but when it comes to studies pertinent to the eating disorders and the...
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...made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2007 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy...
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...Clinical Psychology 8 • Exemplar exam paper 9 PART A – INFORMATION TO HELP EVALUATE STUDIES • Evaluation sheet for the theories/studies of Health Psychology 10 • Guide for answering part A & part B exam questions 11 PART B – HEALTHY LIVING • Introduction to Healthy Living 14 • Theories of Health Belief 17 • Compliance with a Medical Regime for Asthma (Becker 1978) 18 • Internal versus External Locus of Control (Rotter 1966) 21 • Analysis of Self-Efficacy Theory of Behavioural Change (Bandura and Adams 1977) 23 • Summary of the health belief theories 26 • Comprehension questions for theories of health belief 27 • Part A exam question 28 • Part B exam question 29 • Evaluation sheet of health belief theories/studies 30 Introduction to Health Promotion 31 • Theories of Health Promotion • Chip pan fire prevention (Cowpe 1983) 32 • Legislation-Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns (Dannenberg et al. 1993) 34 • Effects of Fear arousal (Janis & Feshbeck 1953) 37 • Summary of the health promotion studies 41 • Comprehension questions for health promotion 42 • Part A exam question 43 • Part B exam question 44 • Evaluation sheet of health promotion theories/studies 45 Introduction to Theories of Adherence 46 • Theories of Adherence • Reasons...
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...Unexplored psychologists or psychiatrists Herbert "Harry" Stack Sullivan Herbert "Harry" Stack Sullivan (February 21, 1892, Norwich, New York – January 14, 1949) was an American Neo-Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who held that the personality lives in, and has his or her being in, a complex of interpersonal relations. Work Along with Clara Thompson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Otto Allen Will, Jr., Erik H. Erikson, and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Sullivan laid the groundwork for understanding the individual based on the network of relationships in which he or she is enmeshed. He developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships where cultural forces are largely responsible for mental illnesses. In his words, one must pay attention to the "interactional", not the "intrapsychic". This search for satisfaction via personal involvement with others led Sullivan to characterize loneliness as the most painful of human experiences. He also extended the Freudian psychoanalysis to the treatment of patients with severe mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Besides making the first mention of the significant other in psychological literature, Sullivan developed the Self System, a configuration of the personality traits developed in childhood and reinforced by positive affirmation and the security operations developed in childhood to avoid anxiety and threats to self-esteem. Sullivan further defined the Self System as a steering mechanism toward a series...
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...Definitions of Abnormality Defining a person or behaviour as ‘abnormal’ implies something undesirable and requiring change Therefore, we must be careful how we use the term Psychologists need methods for distinguishing ‘normal’ from ‘abnormal’ Our definition of abnormality must be objective: * It must not depend on anyone’s opinion or point of view * It should produce the same results whoever applies it It must not be under or over-inclusive * It must not label as ‘abnormal’ or ‘normal’ behaviours or traits that aren’t Three definitions are used to define abnormality: * Deviation from social norms * Failure to function adequately * Deviation from ideal mental health Deviation from social norms Under this definition, a person’s thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the (unwritten) rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. Their behaviour may: * Be incomprehensible to others * Make others feel threatened or uncomfortable With this definition, it is necessary to consider: * The degree to which a norm is violated, the importance of that norm and the value attached by the social group to different sorts of violation. * E.g. is the violation rude, eccentric, abnormal or criminal? Abnormality is defined in terms of behavior which goes against societies accepted standards Different societies have different standards Standards change over time Strengths Should be easy...
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