...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper details the importance of cyber security in the face of evolving cyber threats and the ever-increasing attacks on government and businesses alike. We live in a globally connected world and globally distributed cyber threats. Not restricted by geographical boundaries these threats target all technologies, service providers, and consumers. The threats are at an all-time high, in terms of sophistication and volume, and continue to trend upwards. WHAT IS CYBERSECURITY? Twenty years ago businesses did not think twice about cyber security. In a world of mainframes and dumb terminals with no connectivity to anything outside, viruses, malware, and hacking was unheard of, however, with the introduction of the Internet things have now changed. The term cyber security is getting more and more mixed usage lately, so much so that it is almost as ambiguous as the term "cloud". Cyber security, referred to as information technology security, is the focus on protecting computers, networks, programs, and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change, or destruction. Cyber security also encompasses ten different security domains. The following domains provide a foundation for security practices and principles: • Access Control - to maintain information confidentiality, integrity, and availability, it is important to control access to information. Access controls prevent unauthorized users from retrieving, using, or altering information. They are...
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...CYBER TERRORISM Table Of Contents Section Page Abstract----------------------------------------------------------3 Introduction-----------------------------------------------------4 Premise----------------------------------------------------------5 Research Methodology----------------------------------------5 Research Results-----------------------------------------------6 Critical Analysis------------------------------------------------9 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------30 Appendix---------------------------------------------------------31 Bibliography----------------------------------------------------56 Abstract FBI cyber security division computers are hacked into at the same time that known hackers capable of performing this have their computers hacked into and are blown up when they hit certain keys on their computer keyboards. Traffic lights and the transportation systems are then hacked into and total gridlock and chaos ensure. Wall Street is then affected and cyber money is thought to be dwindling away. This is known as a Fire Sale which has 3 steps. In the first step transportation is shut down then finance and finally, in the third step, utilities are affected. As expected, the media broadcast the government’s next move to everyone including the terrorists. As it turns out, the leader of the terrorists is a former DOD software programmer that had warned...
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...increasing dependence on information technologies has led to a relatively new form of security threat – cyber-attacks. Numerous advantages of the attackers in cyber space and a lack of attribution and awareness has resulted in an increasing number of aggressive operations in the digital realm. Contrary to the beliefs of many, cyber security is not exclusively a technical issue but also a matter of politics and economics. We can observe an increasing number cyber warfare policies in the international realm, which increases the pressure to establish rules of governance in cyber space. The following essay will be concerned with the Stuxnet worm and its role in Operation Olympic Games, which targeted the Iranian nuclear power plant Natanz. The analyses will provide an overview of the attack, including technical comprehension of the attack, and also looks at the attack in term of its political consequences. The first section will discuss the origins of the attack, building on Ralph Langner’s article published in ‘IEEE Software’. Even though numerous cyber offences took place before, it will explain what made Stuxnet stand out. The second part of the essay analyses the political perspective of the attack and two competing theories explaining the presence of malware in the nuclear facilities. The following section analyses the role of cyber warfare as viable military strategy. It will be argued that cyber offences appear to be more applicable as an offensive rather than defensive strategy...
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...our national security. While most of us find the internet to be a great tool of information, and unlimited capabilities, it can devastate us personally and financially. The internet can increase the risk of theft, fraud and even the possibility to suffer from a cyber-attack or even worse a cyber-terrorism, leaving our country at risk especially for those who work in the government defense agencies and private corporations. In 2003, the conflict with Iraq created a round of speculations that the United States was going to experience cyber-attacks in revenge (Clarke). But, since 1995 there haven’t been any reports of cyber-attacks that would produce panic or damage to U.S. infrastructure or that affects our military operations. By any means this is not a result of idleness by terrorist groups. Between 1996 and the end of 2001 there was 1,813 international terrorist attacks performed. To mention a few that involved citizen targets, there is the Khobar Tower Bombing in June 1996, the Embassy Bombing in East Africa in August 1998, and the USS Cole attack in October 2000. Between 1996 and 2003, to compare between terrorist attacks around 1,813, computer security incidents around 217,394 and cyber-attacks on infrastructure which they were 0, reporters have noted that the cyber terror on infrastructure are an unlikely threat to the security of the United States. In 2005, Cyber-attacks cost were $48 billion to businesses and $680 million to consumers. While a physical attack involves weapons...
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...Authority on cyber warfare As we approach a new generation of warfare, we face new problems. Each generation before us has shown that there are continued advancements in warfare technology and with new technology there are different guidelines and terms of use in concordance with international law. The art of war has not changed since the beginning of time. Yes, there are new weapons, but the content for the most part is the same. Defeat your enemy, rendering them unable to strike back, or attack them where it hurts so that they do not want to proceed in the war. Through the evolution of war, the United States has conquered and been defeated. We may not always be law abiding, but we do what we deem necessary to defend the nation. In the process of defending, we learned that technological advancements are not always a positive thing, and technology can become too powerful for any one nation alone. The creation of the nuclear bomb was just that. Now that there is this terrifying new advancement in warfare technology, how do we stop it from getting into the hands of the wrong people? Executive summary, In this paper, I will discuss how the Stuxnet virus was used to stop the use and development of nuclear weaponry in Iran. The laws on proper use will also be discussed, exploring whether it was lawful to deploy the virus, with relation to the use of Traditional Military Activities and presidential findings. In addition...
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...Cyber Security by American Military University Professor Derrick Thomas June 22, 2014 Cyber security is a difficulty that everyone faces in today’s society. It is defined in a variety of ways by many. One definition is that cyber security focuses on protecting computer networks, systems, data, and programs from unwanted access. Cyber security is sometimes referred to as information security, information network security, cyberspace security, or even computer security. There are many viewpoints by highly educated people on cyber security but the purpose of this paper is to tell my viewpoint on the subject. Every aspect of a persons life has some sort of cyber dimension. People paying for bills online, cloud computing, and even online gaming. This year in 2014, everyone is bombarded with news headlines that say cyber threats are up. Many of these headlines always include some kind of phishing attack trying to steal someones identity, a hacker that breached the network of a company, a new technique that attacks mobile devices like smart phones, or a government trying to monitor and take secrets from another government!!br0ken!! The concern for cyber security is now a real-world concern globally. The concern over cyber security is what is driving the governments worldwide to make it priority one on their list's now. This is so, because technology is growing at a very fast and continuous pace. The technology field itself is very vast and has much variety. Cyber security...
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...Introduction Cyber security refers to the practices and processes that are used in technologies such as networks, computers, information and programs from damages by unwarranted entities (Ahmad, Yunos & Sahib, 2012). There are different attacks towards technology which may distort information or be used to create tension in an organization. Information stored in computers has some level of privacy and this depends on the level of sensitivity that such information may have towards that organization. Business strategies, political discussions and government documents are some of the documents that require a higher degree of privacy. However, there are individuals who cause deliberate attacks on the information systems of organizations and governments in order to unlawfully access information or distort the meaning of such data. The intention of cyber attacks has led to the classification of these attacks into particular classes. For example, we have cyber bullying and cyber terrorism. Under cyber bullying, the attackers use technology to abuse and intimidate their targets. Cyber bullying has been common through the presence of the social media where an individual will use pseudo-accounts to publish half truths about others with a bid to embarrass them. On the other hand, cyber terrorism involves the use of technology to access vital government sites in order to cause harm and fear in the society through terrorism activities. Brunst (2010) indicates that cyber terrorist activities...
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...Corporate/Cyber Espionage You’re the owner of ABC Candy Company and just about to debut your latest and greatest chocolate snack when your biggest rival over in Asia at XYZ Candies introduces its latest snack, that is almost a doppelganger to yours. Have you just been a victim to corporate cyber espionage or just extremely bad timing? In 2012 federal agencies alone reported 46,562 cyber security incidents compared to only 5,503 in 2006. In 6 years the number of incidents has multiplied over 8 times. (LUKAS, 2013) And what is the cost of this to companies in the U.S.? It is figured the price tag for this theft of information is at least 250 Billion dollars each year. This is significantly higher than what businesses pay each year, in federal corporate income taxes. (LUKAS, 2013) Meanwhile, McAfee provides an estimate encompassing global remediation costs to total a staggering $1 trillion per annum. (Paganini, 2013) Cyber corporate espionage attacks and threatens corporate America, government programs and individuals daily in new and unrelenting ways. But who is committing these attacks and why? How are individuals, groups, companies and even governments’ gaining access to supposed secure information? And how are you and corporate America going to detect and remove these threats from your daily lives? Let’s first start with just the basic definition of just what is corporate cyber espionage Cyber espionage is defined as the intentional use of computers or digital communications...
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...Cyber terrorism Assignment #10 6/15/2012 TS 5999 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………2 Introduction…………………………………………………..3 What is Cyberterrorism?....................................................3-4 History…………………………………………………………4 Examples of cyberterrorism…………………………………4-6 Level of cyber terror capability ……………………………..6 Figure 1……………………………………………………….7 Prevention of cyberterrorism……………………………….7-8 Conclusion ……………………………………………………..8 Reference ……………………………………………………...9-10 Abstract Cyberterrorism has increasing become one of the most significant threats nationally and internationally. Being that the internet makes it easier for terrorist to communicate, organize terrorist cells, share information, plan attacks; the internet also is used to cyber terrorist acts. Since the September 11th terror attacks on the US, American have remained on high alert for possibly another terror attack. The government has many action plans ready in the event that they get wind of another attack or an attack happens. Law enforcement has received training in terrorism prevention and detection techniques, granted terrorist are always looking for ways to improve their methods of attack. This paper will look at all the different aspects of cyberterrorism and review the different cases of cyberterrorism nationally and internationally. Introduction The use of computers and the internet have been an important part of our daily lives. Computers and the internet makes...
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...Industrial espionage is most commonly associated with technology-heavy industries, particularly the computer and auto sectors, in which a significant amount of money is spent on research and development (R&D). One of the most notable industrial espionage is “Operation Aurora” which took place in 2009 when some parties hacked Google China operation, stealing intellectual property and, in particular, accessing the email accounts of human rights activists. II. Brief Explanation Operation Aurora was a cyber attack conducted by advanced persistent threats, such as Elderwood Group that based in Beijing China. Elderwood Group was the digital arms dealer that was used against Google, operating since 2009, when Titan was hit. The Elderwood supplier has frequently been linked to the 2009 attacks. Elderwood used against a large number of industries, including defense, technology and human rights organizations, throughout 2014 and before. Some researchers believe that attack code has been sold to...
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...of Maryland University College CSIA 360 Introduction Why is it important that every nation has a cyber security strategies? The past decade multiple company national or international have faced cyber security threats. Either sensitive government information or individual’s information has been compromised. Cyber security issues have developed into a significant national level where now it requires government consideration. In this analysis we will compare Europe and the Commonwealth on how they approach the national and international cyber security strategies. Overview of national cyber security What is national cybersecurity? Well first cyber security is a body technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from being attacked, damaged and or unauthorized access (target, n.d.). Now in the bigger end nations are now in the need for cyber security. National cyber security is to protect publicly held information that can be personal or private, national security and more. There has been several attacks on public services that have compromised personal or private information. As technology rapidly changes, new vulnerabilities are being created. National cyber security also outlines visions and articulates priorities, principles and approaches to understanding and managing risks at the national level. Some cyber security strategies by country may focus more on protecting critical infrastructure risks, while other countries...
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...Case Study 1: Cyber Security in Business Organizations Abstract This paper examines the importance of cyber security in business organizations and discovering better methods to combat cyber terrorism in the future. Data breaches in the work place have become an increased threat to personal privacy as well as to the economic livelihood of many organizations. In this paper we will further examine how a simple data breach almost brought the retail giant Target to the brink of destruction and provide detailed accounts of other recent data security breaches that have effected other business organizations and discuss what could be done to prevent them. Cyber Security in Business Organizations Modern global industries rely heavily on the data that they acquire to stay relevant in order to compete in a constantly moving world of technology. Protecting present and future data from potential cyber theft has become a vital need to the economic livelihood of today’s organizations. In today’s business world, organizations must prepare themselves for not only increased vulnerability attacks from exterior threats of cyber terrorist seeking to gain access to a company’s private data and resources but also have to take in account and be mindful of the interior threat of disgruntled employees whose mission is to expose or sale company sensitive or secret data for their own profitable gain. In today’s era of computing, cyber security can be described and defined in several ways...
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...Rising Cyber Terrorism and Role of Law in India Abstract: This paper makes an attempt to realize how cyber-crime and the measures to contain it are implemented in India. With the rise of global terrorism, terrorists are more inclined to use the vast internet for their nefarious activities. Something that they can accomplish without them physically being present and having the assurance of not being caught has promoted this form of terrorism all the more. In this paper an attempt has been made to understand cyber-terrorism, its various facets and also the laws and legislations in our country that inhibit such acts of terror. Introduction: The separation between the real world and virtual world is vanishing. The dependence of life on computers has increased high level. This dependency is used by the terrorists to their advantage by the use of internet. There are several types of cyber-crimes, such as Cyber Theft, Cyber Trespass, Cyber Stalking, Cyber Pornography, Cyber laundering, Cyber Theft, Cyber Vandalism and Cyber Terrorism, but the most threatening and dangerous are ones the that come under the category of the term cyber terrorism. Techno legal experts of India have been warning against growing incidences of cyber-attacks, cyber-crimes, cyber espionages, etc....
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...Cyber security is gaining tremendous attention nowadays due to the increasing use of internet, computers by the media and various public and private institutions. They recognize the terrible impacts with the cyber attacks. Cyber security involves preventative methods which are used to protect information from being stolen or attacked. Cyber attack is a crime that involves a computer and a network for stealing and attacking of information. It is an attack where a person uses a computer to commit an illegal act. At present, cyber attacks is the current challenging issue which has resulted in computer based criminal activities which are generating worldwide threat, destruction and disruption. There is no border for cyber activities. The increase in the use of internet by the world wide users and lack of international cyber...
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...institutions use to carry out research, communicate and innovate. Even through this evolution has brought many benefits but also it has also brought serious threats such as cyber-attacks that has been demonstrated over the past few years through acts of cyber espionage and cyber-crime through the virtual space. In this context, the University of Dar es Salaam needs to develop policies towards cyber threats even through this has often be clustered and fragmented. Using theoretical and conceptual models this paper provides an informed understanding and critical assessment of the University of Dar es Salaam cyber security policy through addressing the following research questions: What are the IT risk management policy and systems that can be developed for the University of Dar es salaam? The primary data is collected through surveys, and interviews that are open ended and close ended. The results of the paper demonstrated that colleges and universities have been a target for cyber-attacks due to the fact that of the vast amount of computing power they possess, and they provide open access to their constituents and to the public. The research also showed that University of Dar es Salaam doesn’t have a comprehensive IT security risk management policy or guidelines that will guide the business process in the event of an IT security threat. Therefore the University needs to develop policiesthat provide roadmap for effectively protecting the availability, integrity and confidentiality of University...
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