...Problem Assignments 38. Kevin deliberately omitted $40,000 of gross income from the restaurant that he owned from his 2012 tax return. The return indicates gross income of $ 200,000 when he files it on April 14 2013. As of what date can the IRS no longer pursue Kevin with the threat of collection of the related tax, interest, and penalties? Answer: There is no statute of limitation. The IRS can pursue Kevin with additional taxes, interest, and penalties if they are able to prove fraud was committed by deliberately omitted $40,000 of gross profit. However if the IRS is unable to prove Kevin deliberately omitted $40,000 of gross income as fraud expire date would be April 15, 2016. 42. When Keith created a new corporation as a sole shareholder, he was advised by his accountant to treat 50 percent of the amount invested as a loan and 50 percent as a purchase of stock. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this structure as compared with treating the entire investment as a purchase of stock? Answer: The advantages of treating 50 percent of the amount invested as a loan and 50 percent as a purchase of stock this structure as compared with treating the entire investment as a purchase of stock is Keith will be able to deduct interest from the company gross income as a sole shareholder and pay interest on the company debt. The disadvantage of not treating the entire investment as a purchase of stock is the dividends would be...
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...Chapter C:1 Tax Research Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Distinguish between closed fact and open fact tax situations. 2. Describe the steps in the tax research process. 3. Explain how the facts influence tax consequences. 4. Identify the sources of tax law and assess the authoritative value of each. 5. Consult tax services to research an issue. 6. Apply the basics of Internet-based tax research. 7. Use the citator to assess authorities. 8. Describe professional guidelines that CPAs in tax practice should follow. 9. Prepare work papers and communicate to clients. Areas of Greater Significance Since this will usually be a student’s first exposure to tax research, the importance of the facts to the tax results, federal tax services and the citator should be discussed. The widespread use of Internet-based databases for tax research makes this means of tax research much more important. An effort should be made to introduce Internet-based searches to the students if at all possible. The text discusses two types of professional guidelines for CPAs in tax practice. Areas of Lesser Significance In the interest of time, the following areas may be omitted: Sample work papers and client letter (Appendix A). Problem Areas for Students The following areas may prove especially difficult to students: ...
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...The purpose of this tax research problem is to solve the following scenario presented by Rupert, Pope, & Anderson: “Mark Hancock is a self-employed attorney who operates his law practice as an unincorporated sole proprietorship. In 2012, the IRS disallowed several business deductions he took in 2010 and 2011. In addition to paying the deficiency and assessed penalties, he also pays $18,000 in interest on the tax owed. Can he deduct that interest in the current year?” (p. 7-45). This is a highly controversial subject that has been contested many times over the years. “Prior to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the tax court in several cases had deemed an income tax deficiency to be an ordinary and necessary business expense for purposes of determining a taxpayer's adjusted gross income, net operating loss carryover, and net operating carryback, so long as that deficiency was attributable to the ordinary operation of the taxpayer's business” (Rovner, 2015, para. 6). Therefore, businesses could deduct the interest they paid for IRS penalties from previous years as a business expense before 1986. The decision of whether or not a business could deduct interest incurred as a result of IRS imposed penalties was brought to the spotlight in the 1990’s. “On their income tax returns for 1992 and 1994, Nick and Helen Kikalos deducted as a business expense the interest they paid on tax deficiencies that had been assessed for prior years. The Internal Revenue Service disallowed the deduction...
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...Introduction Chapter 1 – Introduction “At a time when the Government is tackling the deficit, against a backdrop of global financial uncertainty, it is vital that we focus relentlessly on cracking down on those that break the law and making sure that everyone pays the tax they owe” (HM Revenue & Customs, 2012, p. 4) Every year the UK Government spends billions of pounds to provide a better life for its citizens. Most of the money the Government is spending comes from tax revenue. Tax revenue allows the Government to budget expenditure such as education, health and welfare, housing, protection, re-paying national debts and improving the infrastructure. Without tax revenue, the government would not be able to fund the projects and services that people require. Following the recent recession and the global financial crisis it is important to increase tax revenue for economic growth and keeping the economy moving. The majority of the UK’s individuals and businesses pay their share of tax honestly. However, a minority deliberately seek to evade or avoid paying what they owe while benefiting from the public services (HM Revenue & Customs, 2013). As a result the Government does not receive enough tax as budgeted but spends more than what is collected. This is called budget deficit. It leads to either cuts in the budget of projects or borrowing money from other nations to fill up the deficit. Borrowing is an expensive option and currently the UK government is trying...
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...Taxation System, Returns and Information | | | |Objectives: | | | |By the end of this lecture, you should be able to | | | | |● |Describe sources of Hong Kong tax law and its features | |● |Identify major kinds of income tax, estate duty and stamp duty | |● |Explain the power of Inland Revenue Department to obtain returns and information | | | | |Readings: | | | |Assigned reading | | ...
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...the institute of cost accountants of india(ICAI) (A Statutory body under an act of parliament) SYLLABUS 2012 STRUCTURE & contents Evaluation Synthesis ANALYSIS ANALYSIS APPLICATION APPLICATION COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE LEVEL A LEVEL B LEVEL C FOUNDATION COURSE - Syllabus 2012 the institute of cost accountants of india(ICAI) (A Statutory body under an act of parliament) SYLLABUS 2012 STRUCTURE & contents The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) Page 1 FOUNDATION COURSE - Syllabus 2012 The Following table lists the learning objectives and the verbs that appear in the syllabus learning aims and examination question. Learning objectives Level A COMPREHENSION What you are expected to understand List Make a list of. State Express, fully or clearly , the details/ facts of. Define Give the exact meaning of. Communicate the key features of. Distinguish Highlight the differences between. Explain Make clear or intangible/state the meaning or purpose of. Identify Recognise, establish or select after consideration. Illustrate What you are expected to know Definition Describe KNOWLEDGE Verbs used Use an example to describe or explain something. The Institute of Cost Accountants of India (Statutory Body under an Act of Parliament) ...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 PREAMBLE One constant variable that permeates through man’s entire life is uncertainty. Uncertainty and man are inseparable. As man builds organizations and institutions that he utilizes to make his existence easier, uncertainties also creep into these organizations and institutions. All human transactions carry these uncertainty traits. These transactions are many and varied but arise essentially, as stated above, as inherently of man and the institution created by him. One of the ways man has tried to manage and control the damaging effects of uncertainty in his institution especially as it relates to his financial transaction in use of budget. These are many varied definitions of budget, according to Obazele (2000:127)in his book titled Accounting for public sector Activities in Nigeria. Budget is defined as a “statement whish express future plans in financial terms.” It is also defined by Okoye (1979: 301). In his book titled Cost Accounting Management Operational Application, as “plans prepared and approved before The of use. A budget is defined in the institution of cost and management Accounting, 1966 edited of Terminology as a financial and/or quantitative statement prepared and approved prior to a defined period of the policy to be pursued during that period for the purpose of attaining a given objective”. Going by the above definitions of budget by previous authors, it could be deduced that a budget as an element of control in it...
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...Psychological motivation of tax payers Tax compliance has been linked heavily with deterrence as the most important compliance-increasing factor but now a days importance of tax morale is being considered as intrinsic motivational toll for the honestly pay taxes. Tax morale , however, depends on the positive interaction of individual taxpayers and the taxing authority through fiscal exchange in a broader arena . Fiscal exchange, for example, may involve adequate provision of public services for the tax payers rather than purely monetary rewards which may be influenced by political decisions or by the way tax authorities treat tax payers in course assessment of the tax liability of an assessee. The relationship between the taxpayers and the taxing authority should be an as an implicit or “psychological tax contract”, under which the taxing authority must balance strategies of deterrence with those of responsive regulation. Tax compliance has many facets. The wealthy tax payers refrain from declaring their income physically earned in foreign countries mostly earned through non declaration or less declaration of commission on foreign trade and the wealth legally in foreign countries in the name of “second home” which is far from providing a comprehensive picture of their income and wealth as well. Tax non-compliance may also be generated through under reporting of income by relatively less wealthy tax payers when they work in shadow economy i.e. when they work in...
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...Tax Return Position Paper When it comes to taxes and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), it can be difficult to take any particular position on a tax return. There are so many different things that must be weighed out before making such a difficult decision. In order to take a firm position on a tax return one would first need to know the primary sources of tax law as well as the secondary sources of tax law. Secondly, there is also the need to know what substantial authority is and to have a clear and decisive understanding of the true meaning of it. Lastly, one needs to understand the role of the Internal Revenue Service and the courts in the aspect of applying tax law. Primary Sources There are multiple sources of tax law that are used. The largest primary source currently being used is the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Code is actually part of the United States Code. Other primary sources of tax law consist of treasury regulations and federal regulations. Previous decisions made by the different courts systems (United States Tax Court, federal circuit courts, district courts, supreme court and court of federal claims) are widely used as primary sources of tax law. The previous rulings from the different court systems is a good sources because the information is more detailed and serves as a guideline for different taxpayer situations. The courts and Internal Revenue Code generally have the highest authority. However, there are also other sources...
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...TAXATION – TUTORIAL QUESTIONS QUESTION 7 Tax can only be collected when it is due. Where the tax is due, there are two principal modes of collection. These are judicial and non-judicial. The question is better with in three parts. The first part will deal with conditions under which a tax becomes due. The second part will deal with the judicial mode of tax collection. The third which is the main thrust of this question will outline the four non-judicial modes of tax collection. Under the law, the commissioner can collect tax only when the tax is due. And tax becomes due under different circumstances. For a tax payer subject to self-assessment under s. 78, the due date is when he files his assessment with the commissioner. Under s 72(7) the commissioner may demand tax earlier than the basis period where the tax payer dies during the basis period or becomes bankrupt or is wound-up or goes into liquidation, or is about to leave Ghana indefinitely or is about to cease activity in Ghana, under those circumstances, the due date is the date the commissioner shall specify in the notice demanding the tax. For those who pay tax by installment, their due date is the date each installment is due as provided under division III of part X of chapter 1. For everybody else, the due date is within 30 days of the date of service of the notice of assessment. Where the tax is due as explained above, the amount due is treated in law as a debt due to the commissioner. The...
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...business behaviors impacted by tax changes in Malaysia Justification There are many factors influence the changes of accounting importance where the role of accounting evolves along with the business changes affected by these factors. One of the factors that affect role of accounting in business field is tax. In Malaysia, Tax is generally divided into 2 types which are direct and indirect tax. Direct tax can be defined as tax which is imposed straight to the taxpayer. In short, the payment of tax is between taxpayer towards government. Examples of direct tax are income tax from employee salary, corporation tax, property tax, and etc. Meanwhile, indirect tax is a type of charge that can be transferred to the other person. A good example of indirect tax is restaurant that collect tax charge of the food’s sold from the customer (sales tax). Other examples of indirect tax are custom duty, central excise duty, and service tax). In brief, the history of Malaysia tax was started with more dependency towards indirect tax where establishment of direct tax has only started to take effect from 1 January 1948. This establishment has changed the trend of Malaysia tax which depends more and more on direct tax until today. In 2009 itself, government revenue has grown to 48.6% from direct tax. The urgency of understanding changes in accounting role due to tax, become important because of several reasons. Firstly, as the globalization of the economy develops further, tax becomes an option that can...
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...Tax Research and Bibliography University Instructor: Introduction This paper addresses three aspects of corporate tax research and its associated bibliographies to clarify the subject matter, thus providing credence to the work and its authors. Three subject have been explored; first examined was ‘equal opportunity and disabled workers’, next was the deductibility of tuition, and finally, the matters of ‘tax court and TEFRA’ were looked at and provided a nice grouping of responses over ten years. Research Results Subject 1: Equal opportunity and disabled workers, returned one result in ten years. Lytes v. DC water & sewer auth. No. 08-7002 936 (UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT 2005) A (Appellant) former employee sought judicial review of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia's entry of summary judgment in favor of appellee, his former employer, on his claim that the employer refused to accommodate his disability and then terminated his employment, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and while the appeal was pending the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 became law. Only the district court's holding that the employee was not actually disabled was challenged and in applying the ADA prior to its amendment, the employee failed to discuss his functional capacity at the time of the alleged discrimination. In fact, the employee never discussed or provided any proof...
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...ACC 565 WEEK 5 MIDTERM EXAM 1) Tax planning is not an integral part of open-fact situations. 2) The Internal Revenue Code of 1986 contains the current version of the tax law. 3) Regulations issued prior to the latest tax legislation dealing with a specific Code section are still effective to the extent they do not conflict with the provisions in the new legislation. 4) Final regulations have almost the same legislative weight as the IRC. 5) A revenue ruling is issued by the Internal Revenue Service only in response to a verbal inquiry by a taxpayer. 6) Taxpayers must pay the disputed tax prior to filing a case with the Tax Court. 7) Appeals from the U.S. Tax Court are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. 8) Appeals from the Court of Appeals go to the Supreme Court under a writ of certiorari. The Supreme Court decides whether or not they will hear the case. 9) A citator enables tax researchers to locate authorities (e.g., cases and IRS pronouncements) that have cited a particular case. 10) According to the Statements on Standards for Tax Services, CPAs must verify all tax return information submitted by reviewing client documentation. 11) When a taxpayer contacts a tax advisor requesting advice as to the most advantageous way to dispose of a stock, the tax advisor is faced with A) a restricted-fact situation. B) a closed-fact situation. C) an open-fact situation. D) a recognized-fact situation. 12) Investigation of a tax problem that involves a closed-fact...
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...Complete economics dictionary Complete Economics dictionary A B ABNORMAL PROFIT The surplus of revenue over costs enjoyed by a monopoly that is in excess of profit the same firm could expect to earn if it faced competition for its market. BALANCE OF PAYMENTS An accounting record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE The ability of a country or region to produce a good or service at a lower average cost per unit than any other country or region is able to. ABSOLUTE POVERTY An economic condition of lacking both money and basic necessities needed to successfully live, such as food, water, education, health care and shelter. ADULT LITERACY RATE A measure of the number of people of working age as a proportion of the total population in a country who are able to read and write. AGGREGATE DEMAND The total demand for goods and services in an economy. It is determined by consumer spending, investment, public expenditure and spending by overseas residents on exports. AGGREGATE SUPPLY The total output or supply of all goods and services in an economy that all producers are willing and able to supply. ANCILLARY FIRMS Firms which provide goods and business services for other firms; they are often located near to their main business customers. APPRECIATION (in the value of a currency) A rise in the rate at which a national currency can be exchanged for another currency or currencies, i.e....
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...The alternative minimum tax (AMT) won’t be used to lower Hastings Printing’s tax liability. According to the Tax Policy Center, the AMT was put into tax code in 1969 and a part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This type of tax would be in addition to the normal tax requirement. It’s generally used to ensure that no one gets out of paying their taxes with excessive incentives. Hastings would be subject to a 20% corporate rate and that would be applied to the alternative taxable income. Overall, this idea won’t save the Hasting Printing Corporation any money and shouldn’t be considered in the future unless they want to pay more in taxes. REFERENCES Lyon, A. (N.D.). Alternative Minimum Tax, Corporate. Tax Policy Center. Retrieved from: http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxtopics/encyclopedia/Alternative-Minimum-Tax-corporate.cfm. Dennis-Escoffier, S. & Fortin, K. (2014). Taxation for Decision Makers (2015 Ed.). Wiley Custom Learning Solutions. Hoboken, NJ. a.) According to the Tax Foundation, Tax Freedom Day is when the nation has enough money to pay the year’s total tax bill. b.) The Tax Freedom Day in 2013 it was April 13th, in 2014 it was April 21st and in 2015 it was April 24th. c.) Using the above information I would guess that April 30th. I chose this date because every year the date gets a little farther away from the previous years’. d.) The state of Ohio’s Tax Freedom Day was April 17th, 2015 (The Courier, 2015). There could a multitude of reason such...
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