...The Trend of U.S. Tax System The art of taxation was in the “plucking the goose so as to obtain the largest amount of the feathers with the least possible amount of hissing”, said by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the seventeenth-century French finance minister. (Miller) From the historic perspective, current government of United States has developed a very efficient tax system of plucking its private–sector goose. While it seems this tax system indeed obtain the largest amount of the feathers, but the amount of hissing is growing. Due to a drop in individual income taxes, corporate income taxes, and estate taxes combining with the substantially change in the composition of top incomes, the U.S. tax system has became less progressive. According to the relationship between tax base and tax rate. There are three branches of tax system in the United States: proportional taxation, progressive taxation, and regressive taxation. Progressive taxation and regressive taxation are based on the proportional taxation, in which tax rate is fixed weather the taxable base amount increases or decreases. Based on the proportional taxation system, the progressive taxation is the one in which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases, and the regressive taxation is opposite. Under those three taxation systems, there are kinds of taxes, primary including individual income tax, corporate income tax, estate and gift tax, and payroll tax. From the historic perspective, the overall U.S....
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...Taxation Determination FOI Status: may be released TD 95/10 Page 1 of 2 This Determination, to the extent that it is capable of being a 'public ruling' in terms of Part IVAAA of the Taxation Administration Act 1953, is a public ruling for the purposes of that Part . Taxation Ruling TR 92/1 explains when a Determination is a public ruling and how it is binding on the Commissioner. Unless otherwise stated, this Determination applies to years commencing both before and after its date of issue. However, this Determination does not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of a settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Determination (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20). Taxation Determination Income tax: what is the significance of the Archer Brothers principle in the context of liquidation distributions? 1. In a joint judgment, the Full High Court of Australia in Archer Bros Pty Ltd (In Vol Liq) v. FCT (1952-53) 90 CLR 140 at 155; 10 ATD 192 at 201 observed by way of obiter dicta: 'By a proper system of bookkeeping the liquidator, in the same way as the accountant of a private company which is a going concern, could so keep his accounts that...distributions could be made wholly and exclusively out of...particular profits...or income...' 2. These observations have given rise to what is known as the Archer Brothers principle. The principle is that if a liquidator appropriates (or 'sources')...
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... By Carlo Johnson Double taxation occurs when a taxpayer is taxed twice for the same asset or income. This happens when taxing jurisdictions overlap and a transaction, asset, or income amount is subject to taxation in both jurisdictions. When an individual must deal with double taxation, he or she may lose a significant portion of income. In some cases, this may cause the double-taxed individual to experience a lowered standard of living. Corporations deal with double taxation too, as a corporation pays taxes on its earnings only to have its shareholders taxed once more. Double tax treaties comprise of agreements between two countries, which, by eliminating international double taxation, promote exchange of goods, persons, services and investment of capital. These are bilateral economic agreements where the countries concerned evaluate the sacrifices and advantages which the treaty brings for each contracting state, including tax forgone and compensating economic advantages. Double taxation arises when an individual or business acquiring income in a foreign country is required to pay taxes on that income in both the foreign country as well as the country of origin. For example, an American company operating in a developing country, in the absence of a tax treaty between the two countries may have to pay a withholding tax to the government of the developing country, as well as corporation tax to the United States government. Double taxation is always considered to be one...
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...influence on labor economics and labor market for that matter. Consumption directly affects the supply of labor. If the workers experience an increase in their desire for consumption in relation to leisure, the labor supply curve will shift outwards. The workers will supply more labor at every given wage. The effect of public finance on labor economics may be through government taxation on the workers. If income taxes increase, workers will likely substitute leisure for consumption and supply less labor. Any effects on the supply and demand for labor will ultimately affect the labor market thus are essential in labor economics. Distribution of income may also affect the labor market especially if the distribution is unequal. Inequality in the distribution of income will affect workers and thus affect labor supply. Production of goods and services on the other hand determine the supply and demand for labor. Such effects directly influence the labor market. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Effect of consumption on the labor market 4 Effect of income distribution on the labor market 5 Effect of exchange on the labor market 6 Effect of production of goods and services on the labor market 7 Effect of public finance on the labor market 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction Study of labor economics involves the study of labor force as an element of production. Labor force mainly comprises all those who work for gain. These...
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...that you may be asked to explain the tax treatment of distributions of cash or property from TuffPeach to its stockholders (or in the case of an LLC, its members). We know that one of the disadvantages of a regular corporation is that the earnings are subject to taxation when the corporation earns the profit, and there is another level of taxation when the stockholders receive dividends from the Corporation. This is called double taxation. The attached document has some key code sections summarized. Those code sections are pretty technical but we will explain them. Is important to note that you do not have double taxation of corporate earnings, if the corporation does not earn a profit. Therefore, a stockholder does not report dividend income - when receiving money or other property from a corporation that has a deficit in its retained earnings. A shareholder does report income when receiving cash or other property from a corporation that has “earnings and profits” – which is the tax term for retained earnings. Section 301 (a) indicates that a distribution of property to a shareholder’s is taxed according to procedure in subsection (c). Subsection (c) indicates that the amount of a distribution that is a “dividend” is included in income. Section 316 indicates that a dividend means a distribution to shareholders from earnings and profits. Therefore, the shareholder will report dividend income when receiving a distribution from a company that has earnings and profits. Subsection...
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...(1976) 55-75. 0 North-Holland Publishing Company THE DESIGN OF TAX STRUCTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT TAXATION* A.B. ATKINSON University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England J.E. STIGLITZ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. Revised version received February 1976 1. Introduction The recent literature on optimal taxation may be seen as attempting to clarify the structure of the arguments advanced to support changes in the tax system, tracing the implications of taxes and quantifying (analytically) the trade-offs between the various objectives of tax policy. This literature has examined the optimal structure for particular types of taxation taken in isolation, such as the optimal rates of excise tax and the optimal income tax schedule. Our purpose, on the other hand, is to provide a broader framework and to consider the interaction between different kinds of taxation. To illustrate this, we reexamine the age-old question of direct versus indirect taxation and the relationship of these taxes to the goals of efficiency, vertical equity and horizontal equity. After describing in section 2 the general framework of the analysis, and arguing that any treatment of the choice of tax structures must be centrally concerned with distributional considerations, we begin in section 3 with the extension of the classic Ramsey formula for optimal excise taxation to include vertical equity objectives. This was considered by Diamond and Mirrlees (1971), but the results ...
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...Country Risk Analysis: John D. Young MGT 448 January 16, 2010 Stephen Thomas Country Risk Analysis When entering any market, analyzing the business risks is an important process. Many sources of risk exist and responsible organization will examine every possible source in preparation for managing a variety of issues. These risk types include political, legal, and regulatory risk, exchange and repatriation of funds risk, competitive risk, taxation and double taxation risk, market risk, distribution and supply chain risk, physical and environmental risk, social and cultural risk, and cyber-risk or technological risk. Political, Legal, and Regulatory Risks Politically, China faces some stability issues. China has a Communist government. In many cases, this regime has led to stability that has helped the country reach the more recent levels of economic improvement, despite some notable discontent among its people (Cai & Li, 2009). However, since reaching a more prosperous economy China has been at odds with itself. Balancing its communistic central government with capitalistic economic centers has been unsuccessful. Additionally, the development of the nation has led to a large disparity between the classes with some rural regions looking as they did decades ago whereas urban centers rival New York and Tokyo in excess (AMBest Co Inc., 2011). This generates a lack of trust in smaller regional centers and towns that threatens to create instability in China (Ke...
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...UNIVERSITY Syllabus Department of Management Detailed Syllabus Second Year Four-Year B.B.A. (Honours) Course Effective from the Session : 2009–2010 National University Syllabus for 4 years B. B. A. Honours Course Subject : Management Second Year (Honours) |Subject Code |Subject Title |Marks |Credit | | |Business Communication and Report Writing (In English) |100 |4 | | |Computer and Information Technology |100 |4 | | |Taxation in Bangladesh |100 |4 | | |Business Statistics (In English) |100 |4 | | |Macro Economics |100 |4 | | |Human Resource Management |100 |4 | | |Viva-Voce |100 |4 | | |Total = ...
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...INDIRECT TAXATION, IS IT GOOD OR BAD? Imposing Taxation is not bad after all because this is one way how government raises income or revenues to be used for the expenses of the government. Thus; a good taxation process is a foundation of the country’s economic status. Indirect taxation, levied on articles of consumption, has this great advantage,—that the consumer has the power of taxing himself or avoiding taxation as he pleases, and government has the satisfaction of knowing that he generally pleases to tax himself to the full extent of his means. Any man may regulate his expenditure as he thinks proper, and he has only to pay indirect taxes in proportion to his expenditure. This privilege of self-taxation is so highly prized, that the proposal to do it away by the imposition of an income tax, constitutes to many minds a valid and insurmountable objection to a tax which would press in an equal ratio on all, without regard to those just and rational motives by which men regulate their expenditure, and, as a consequence, the amount of their indirect taxation. We have seen that the advantages of indirect taxation are, that it is voluntarily imposed by each individual on himself; that he can increase or diminish it as his private circumstances require; that government rather gains, than loses, by allowing this liberty of self-taxation, as, in general, men tax themselves to the full extent of their means. Indirect tax collected by manufacturer from distributor and distributor...
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...CHAPTER 20 INCOME TAXATION OF TRUSTS AND ESTATES SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM MATERIALS Question/ Problem 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 *21 22 *23 24 *25 *26 27 28 29 *30 31 32 Learning Objective LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 3 LO 3 LO 2, 3, 5 LO 4 LO 4 LO 1, 4 LO 5 LO 5 LO 1 LO 1 LO 1 LO 2 LO 2 LO 1, 2, 3 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2 LO 2, 3 LO 2, 3 LO 3 Topic Creating a trust Parties to a fiduciary entity Fiduciary tax terminology Fiduciary tax terminology Pass-through entities: incidence of tax Fiduciaries and the AMT Simple versus complex trust; personal exemptions Determining taxable income: five-step approach Distributions of appreciated property Disallowance of § 212 deductions Cost recovery deductions of a fiduciary Charitable contributions of a fiduciary Functions of DNI Computing DNI Terminating a fiduciary entity Fiduciaries and education planning Grantor trust rules Fiduciary tax compliance Fiduciary tax planning Fiduciary tax planning Attributes of simple and complex trusts Fiduciary tax formula Fiduciary AMT computations Entity accounting income Computing entity accounting income Attributes of trusts and estates Income in respect of a decedent Charitable contributions Entity cost recovery Computing DNI, taxable income Computing DNI, taxable income Separate share rule 20-1 Status: Present Edition Unchanged Modified Unchanged Modified Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Unchanged Modified Unchanged...
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...Economically and culturally smoking is considered to be a “norm” within society. The government has policies on cigarettes that try to help reduce smoking, but in an effort to make more revenue the taxes that are placed on cigarettes are not so high that consumer usage will drastically decline and affect government revenue. The government has imposed quotas and tariffs on cigarettes to help regulate the importation of them. A country like the United States has a high border tariff, which the government likes, because its economic level of exporting is high. Countries that are considered to be third-world or developing nations tend to have low or no border tariffs on tobacco. By placing a tariff on tobacco, consumers lose, but the government earns income from it in the form of taxes. Quotas on the other hand, take some of what the consumers lose and give it to the suppliers who are fortunate enough to have their product shipped as part of the quota. For example, the few tobacco farmers in the United States who are granted quotas by the government earn a lot of money mainly because they have no shipping cost – government pays for their shipping cost. The government knows that cigarettes are a bad commodity but since the government makes money off of it, taxes are put in place. The taxes are not only put in place for the government to make money but an effort to reduce smoking, particularly amongst young people (MBN, 9). Young people are targeted the most because studies have...
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... free to consult to whomever he/she likes. • Unlimited Liability -‐ The liability of the sole proprietor is unlimited. This implies that, in case of loss the business assets along with the personal properties of the proprietor shall be used to pay the business liabilities • Direct Motivation – Since the profits earned goes directly to the owner there is a greater motive to perform. • Ease to form and dissolve – Since the business is not a corporation it is fairly easy to startup and dissolve. • Taxation – The owners conduct a pass through taxation in which the income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return. • Longevity – A sole proprietorship exists as long as the owner is living or until the owner decides to close the business. • Location – The owner has...
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...analysis for the OECD economies: 2.6 Tax and subsidy incidence equivalence theories: experimental evidence from competitive markets 2.7 Tax incidence under oligopoly: a comparison of policy approaches 2.8 The incidence of income tax on wages and labour supply 2.9 The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986: 2.10 Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise tax 3. Conclusion References 1. Introduction: Government generally collect taxes to generate revenue and question arise here is that after imposition of taxation, which group will bear the tax burden. After implementation of tax, there would be the division of tax burden between byres and sellers which is known as tax incidence. Tax incidence is linked to the price elasticity of demand and supply. If supply is more elastic than demand then the tax burden falls upon the buyers and when the demand is more elastic than supply then the producers will bear the cost of the tax. Tax incidence is basically the analysis of the effect of taxation on the distribution of economic welfare. Tax incidence expose that which group either consumer or producer is going to pay the price of new tax and it falls mostly on the group that has the inelastic price quantity or respond least to the price. Tax incidence or the tax burden does not depend on that where the revenue is collected but it depends...
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...Taxation and Distribution, Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools (CMS) Mark W. Alston Grand Canyon University: EDU 535 September 24, 2014 Taxation and Distribution The second largest school district in the state of North Carolina is Charlotte Mecklenburg Schools (CMS), the eighteenth largest in the United States. Regardless of its size CMS’s funding is derived just as all of the other smaller school districts throughout the state of North Carolina. There are multiple contributing sources of taxation to fund school districts; coupled with state financing and federal financing, CMS depends upon county and local municipality tax revenue to fund its schools. States possess the constitutional right of taxation, upon their residence, to fund government entities and school districts. There are multiple sources of taxation imposed by local, state and federal governments. The greatest source of funding is derived from real property taxes, levied by the local, city, and county governments. CMS enjoys a small amount of discretionary funding; in 2010-2011, 26% of CMS’s entire annual budget was provided by Mecklenburg County; 55 % was allocated from the state; 16 % came from the federal government; and 3% from miscellaneous and special revenue sources. Local county funding is derived from multiple resources, including real property tax and businesses, county sales taxes and fees. This paper will discuss the various sources of tax and funding received by CMS; how those monies are allotted;...
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...maintain high levels of employment. The fundamental purpose of the fiscal policy is to minimize fluctuations in the economy by reducing inflation and recession. In order to achieve its objectives, the Fiscal Policy relies mainly on two tools: government spending and taxation (Weil, 2008). The Federal Government spends money on a large volume of staff and services for society. For example, make available military equipment for its armed forces, support the police, provide healthcare and education, assist with welfare benefits, implement public transport infrastructures, and invest on the public sector. The main source of government’s revenue is through tax collection. Changing tax rates increases government revenues so that it can provide public goods which can not be provided by the market alone. Taxes apply to both personal and businesses income. Moreover, the government applies taxes to specific sets of goods, known as sales taxes. Taxation has been one of the most debatable and polemic topics in economic policy (Minarik, 2008). Fiscal policy seems appealing in that changes made by government at the spending and taxation composition level, may directly affect variables such as resource allocations, distribution of income and aggregate demand (“Fiscal Policy,” n.d.). Out of these three variables, aggregate demand for goods and services is the most affected. The latter can be raised with...
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