...Tuberculosis The Purpose of this report is to understand Epidemiology of Tuberculosis, a communicable infection disease, discuss insight and contribution of Community Public Health Nurses and deliberate role of NCHHSTP play in prevention, treatment and controlling of TB on national basis. TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious multisystem infectious disease. Ancient Greece consultants classified such sickness as “phthisis or phthisis pulmonails” referring as a wasting away disease. First sign of tuberculosis was found in 8000BC cadavers that’s indicates a long relationship of TB with humans. This infectious bacterium only found in human beings not yet discovered in soil, insects or animals. CAUSES Tuberculosis (TB) generally occurred in a body by a result of rod shaped, slow growing, aerobic bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, discovered by Dr. Robert Koch in 1882 which was also known as “Koch’s bacillus” while other TB causing bacteria are: Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium microti or Mycobacterium canetti, and it mainly hit the function of lungs. Mycobacterium avium complex doesn’t cause Tuberculosis in humans. This disease may circulate in different human tissues/organs by blood or lymphatic alleyways or enters into the person’s lungs through inhaling process in polluted air. SYMPTOMS There are two broad types of tuberculosis: * Latent TB Infection hit the body but bacteria remain inactive mode so usually no prompt...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology Paper This will paper discuss one of the deadly disease in the world call Tuberculosis (TB). The goal is to prevent the disease and prevent the spread of the disease from the teaching that the community health nurse will provide. An individual can die if TB is left untreated. Active Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This respiratory disease that in most common in the lungs. (World Health Organization, 2014). Other parts of the body are affected by TB is the brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, Uterus ovarian TB and Osteo articular skeletal bone and joint TB(articles base, 2008). It is curable and preventable. TB is contagious and is transmitted through the air from a person with the active respiratory disease and then another person inhale this infectious droplet. Active TB symptom from the lung are coughing, and with bloody sputum present sometimes, weakness, chest pain, fever, weight loss and night sweats. Once the germs enter the air it takes only a few of them to infect another person (World Health Organization, 2014). People with active TB usually have positive TB skin test and blood test. The chest x-ray is usually positive and positive sputum culture (Centered for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Latent Tuberculosis Another form of TB is called...
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...Benchmark Assignment: Tuberculosis Epidemiology Melinda A. Graham Grand Canyon University: NRS 427 November 15, 2015 Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has been present in history for many years. Even with modern medicine and the advances that have been made to treat TB it is still claiming lives. This disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is transferred from person to person ultimately affecting the lungs, but can cause harm to other parts of the body (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Although this disease is not as common as it once was in the United States it is still present in our world and causing mortalities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB “ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infections disease” (2015, para 1). Therefore, it is necessary and important for healthcare individuals to be familiar with TB and understand the epidemiology behind the disease. Being aware of the role of the community health nurse plays in regards to this disease and being aware of resources that can help the community is fundamental in providing for the wellbeing of all. To become familiar as to how the community health nurse can provide for community members with TB it is important to understand the typical signs and symptoms a patient may display. Some of the symptoms a patient may report in association to TB is generalized weakness, recent weight loss, and reports of a fever, night sweats...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Sara Abayneh NRS – 427V Grand Canyon University 12/22/2014 Tuberculosis is a multi-systematic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped bacterium, which most commonly affects the lungs, as well as any part of the body such as kidney, spine, lymph nodes, bones and, brain. According to CDC (2014), the universal symptoms of TB disease includes sickness, weight loss, weakness, fever and night sweat. The signs of lung (pulmonary) TB also includes coughing, with or without blood, and chest pain. This silent killer disease is primarily airborne, spreading from person to person when tiny microscopic droplets of germs are released into the air when an individual with vigorous tuberculosis infection of the lungs or esophagus coughs, sneezes, communicates, or laughs. These microorganisms can remain alive in the air for some hours, depending on the conditions of the environment (WHO, 2014). Severity of TB ranges from minor to severe complication, which may lead to death. Some severe impediments include damaged lung functions, bone pain, meningitis, kidney and/or liver malfunction or unusual disturbances. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), medications are vital for TB treatments, however if taken much longer time than other bacterial infections for TB treatment antibiotics must be taken for six - nine months where the exact drugs of lengths treatment depend on age, general condition, medicine conflict, the system of TB and...
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...Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V 10-26-2014 Concepts of Epidemiology: Tuberculosis “In 2013, 9 million people fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died from the disease” (WHO, 2014). Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable. TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected. About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria, but is not (yet) ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease. (WHO, 2014). “Tuberculosis mostly affects young adults, in their most productive years. However, all age groups are at risk. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries. People who are infected with HIV are 26 to 31 times more likely to become sick with TB” (WHO, 2014). Risk of active TB is also greater in persons suffering from other conditions that impair the immune system. Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. “TB is a treatable and curable disease. Active, drug-sensitive TB disease is treated with a standard six-month course of four antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information, supervision and support to the...
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...Tuberculosis also known as TB, is a serious disease that affects millions of people world-wide each year. This respiratory illness usually infects the lungs, although it can affect any part of body or both at the same time. The agent that causes TB is mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria can be found easily in the environment such as soil and water but M. tuberculosis can only survive in its human hosts. About one-third of the human population has tuberculosis. This highly contagious disease is spread through droplets in the air when an actively infected person coughs, spits, talks, sings, or sneezes and an uninfected person is close and catches the bacteria by inhaling it. A large majority of those infected do not have symptoms, which is known as latent tuberculosis. Ten percent of those with latent TB developed an active infection in their lifetime and about half of those with active TB will die from the disease. Symptoms may be mild the first few weeks or months of the disease, easily spreading to others due to how highly contagious it is. The farthest back scientists have discovered TB is 2400BC through the spinal fragments of ancient Egyptian mummies. It was also found in bone fragments in South American from 750BC. Records prior to the 19th century have described this disease which then was also called consumption, white plague, dread disease, or the king’s evil. The spread of TB reached a peak during the 19th century Industrial Revolution in...
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...October 17, 2014 How Tuberculosis Affects the World Tuberculosis (TB) was misconstrued as a disease of the past. However, it remains to be a significant threat to public health. In 2012, one-third of the population worldwide is affected by TB. About 9-million were diagnosed with TB and with nearly 1.5-million mortality each year (American Lung Association [ALA], 2013). 95-percent of fatality occurs on low- and mid-income countries. It affects young adults, although all ages are at risk. It is the third leading fatality to women 15- to 44-years-old.TB follows human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) as leading cause of death for a single infectious bacteria. It is the cause of death to 20-percent of people with HIV/AIDS. More than 20-percent of TB disease is connected to smoking (World Health Organization, 2014). TB is caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis bacteria which usually attacks the lungs. Although, it can strike any parts of the body such as the brain, kidney, and spine. TB disease can be fatal if not treated. M. tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacteria that proliferates in the body organs with enough supply of blood and oxygen, this explains why it is predominant in the lungs. TB is categorized to being latent or inactive disease if a person is inflicted with the bacteria but is asymptomatic, and at this time is not contagious. A person with active TB (ATB) is contagious and can spread the disease by air droplets through coughing...
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...Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Jennifer Shanley Grand Canyon NRS 427 March 15, 2014 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis One of the world’s deadliest diseases, tuberculosis (TB), affects over one third of the world’s population. According to the CDC, in 2012 there were nearly 9 million people that were affected with this disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is a disease that affects not only the lungs but may also affect other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. This disease is preventable as well as curable by can also be deadly if not treated. When a patient presents with TB they may have complaints of having a bad. cough that lasts for three or more weeks, pain in the chest, or may cough up blood or sputum (CDC, 2014). They may also present with symptoms such as weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, or chills (CDC, 2014). The transmission of TB occurs from person to person and is spread by airborne droplet nuclei (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). An example of how this is spread would be through the air by coughing, sneezing, singing, laughing, or talking. These droplets remain suspended in the air for many hours and are inhaled and trapped in the airway or alveoli of the person that was exposed (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). After being exposed to the bacteria that causes TB the person may have mild symptoms and may not seek treatment right away...
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...also known as TB is a communicable disease that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Which most commonly affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is spread via droplets from person to person from The throat and lungs of people who have the active disease. When person with active disease coughs, Sneezes or speaks TB bacteria travels through air and enter the other person. In healthy people Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection does not cause any symptoms, due to the person's high Immunity, that works as a wall off the bacteria. TB bacteria can live in the body without a person Making sick, and the person cannot spread TB infection, it called as Latent TB infection. TB bacteria becomes present in the after entering the body and increases in number. The individual gets sick with Tuberculosis after having latent TB infection. TB bacteria usually stays in the lungs. Symptoms of tuberculosis includes: 1. Night sweats, fever. 2. Coughing or coughing up sputum/blood. 3. Chest pain, weakness, weight loss. 4. Chills, 5. Loss of appetite. Risk Factors of Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis spread easily, and anyone can get infected with TB. High risk people are the people who Were infected with TB bacteria before, and people with low immunity due to medical conditions. Some Other risks are: 1. Contact with a person infected with TB. 2. Visited a country where TB is very common or living in those countries. 3. Working or living where TB is more common, such as nursing home, prison/jail...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Kyle J. Patzner Grand Canyon University: Concepts in Community and Public Health January 12, 2014 Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public health concern and poses major implications for current and future treatment of the disease (Chan, B., Khadem, T., & Brown, J. 2013). With the help of the community and the leadership of strong, resourceful organizations, we can come together to overcoming such a hideous disease which affects the lives of millions annually. In this paper, the writer will discuss the incidence of Tuberculosis, treatment, social determinants, organizations involved, and the role public health nursing has on overcoming the presence of this disease. Tuberculosis is an airborne communicable disease which is rapidly spreading. Tuberculosis infection is the result of the exposure to the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the agent as it applies to...
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...Epidemiology Paper Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that predominantly affects the respiratory system but has capability of affecting and damaging all organs. In the past this disease has been referred to as Pott's disease, Consumption, scrofula, phthisis, and the White Plague ("History of," 2014). There are many theories regarding the origins of this disease. Popular theory states this disease originated under 6000 years ago and the first human acquired case was in Africa less than 5000 years ago ("History of," 2014). From Africa it spread over trade routes and also spread to animals such as cows and dogs ("History of," 2014). Sea lions and seals breeding on African beaches are believed to be the carriers of TB across the Atlantic ocean to South America where it then was spread to hunters thus introducing the first cases of TB to the western world ("History of," 2014). TB is caused by a mycobacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Symptoms of TB are chest pain, hemoptysis, cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, weakness, fatigue, appetite and weight loss, chills, fever and night sweats ("Tuberculosis (TB)," 2014). TB’s mode of transmission is airborne through small microscopic droplets that travel through the air after a person with the disease in their lungs coughs, speaks or sings or sneezes ("Tuberculosis (TB)," 2014). Latent and active TB are the two different types of TB conditions one may experience after exposure. Latent TB infection occurs in an individual who has...
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...Tuberculosis Mabel Soto Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-437V Kelly Davis May 10, 2015 Tuberculosis A communicable disease is any disease or infection that is transmitted from one person to another. The spread could happen via different types of transmission depending the disease it could be airborne or contact with bodily fluids. As health care providers it is our duty to teach and educate the population about communicable diseases to inform them on how they are spread and prevented. The following essay will briefly discuss tuberculosis and the role of a community health nurse. “Tuberculosis is a highly communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection” (Winkelman, Workman, & Hausman, 2010). It is transmitted via airborne route for example if an infected person laughs, whistles, coughs or sneezes. The population at risk for developing tuberculosis are people who have direct contact with a person infected with tuberculosis. People who have a low immune system are also at risk for developing tuberculosis. As well as people that live in crowded areas like long term facilities or prisons and homeless people. Signs and symptoms include persistent cough, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, fever or chills and dyspnea. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed with the tuberculin skin test a small amount of fluid is injected to the patient’s forearm the test needs to be read within 48 to 72 hours. A raised red induration means...
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...Epidemiology Paper Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS 427V Colleen Darrow RN June 28, 2014 Epidemiology Paper “World wide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B Virus” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 112) Hepatitis B virus cause liver tissue infections which is life threatening potentially. And both acute and chronic hepatitis B has a profound impact on global health. “More than 240 million people have chronic liver infections, and more than 780,000 people die every year due to the acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B.”("WHO Media Center," 2014) The HBV is transmitted from an infected carrier to the others via contact with blood and other body fluid. Hepatitis B is also a major occupational hazard for health workers. Fortunately the infection can be effectively prevented by safe vaccine. Since 1982, safe Hepatitis B vaccine has been available; the effectiveness of preventing the infection and its long-term consequences has been established. Hepatitis B vaccine is the first vaccine which against a major human cancer. “HBV infection may result in subclinical or asymptomatic infection, acute self-limited hepatitis, or fulminant hepatitis requiring liver transplant.” (Shepard & Simard, 2006, p. 113) The average incubation period is 90 days for a newly infected person who may develop acute hepatitis. The common signs and symptoms for acute hepatitis...
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...Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Chain of Infection Communicable diseases occurring throughout worldwide communities raise public health challenges and demand the attention of health agencies on a global scale. Disease control is a complex issue which requires intervention on the environmental and behavioral level by health agencies and caregivers including public health nurses. Providing primary, secondary, and tertiary methods of prevention are necessary in the interruption of the chain of infection and protection of populations from communicable diseases. Tuberculosis is a deadly disease occurring in one third of the world’s population, infecting nine million people in 2013 and leading to over one million deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Community health nurses play an integral role in the fight against tuberculosis by providing immediate and follow up care to affected individuals, assisting in research and investigations to combat the disease, and educating communities about early detection, treatment, and prevention. Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially fatal infection commonly caused by a strain of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Maurer & Smith, 2013). In the most familiar presentation, the lungs are affected, but the bacteria can also infect the kidneys, lymphatic system, brain, and spine (Maurer & Smith, 2013). The disease can manifest in latent form in which an individual is not infectious and cannot...
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...Hepatitis B: A Global Health Crisis Approximately one-third of the world’s population have been infected with the hepatitis b virus (HBV) and 240 million people are infected with chronic hepatitis b infection worldwide. This communicable disease is a potentially life threatening liver infection. It has become a global health problem that affects all areas of the world. Many organizations, health care providers, and governments around the world are working together to address the health concerns that affect different parts of the world. By understanding the health determinants that affect hepatitis b and researching the epidemiologic triangle of hepatitis b, policies and plans can be developed to guide the community health nurse in her role in reducing the morbidity and mortality of this communicable disease. What is Hepatitis B? Hepatitis b is a viral infection that can manifest as acute or chronic. Approximately ninety percent of adults with a normal immune status can recover completely from a newly acquired hepatitis b infection. Infants, young children, immunocompromised persons infected with hepatitis b are more at risk for developing the chronic form of disease which can lead to life threatening liver disease and liver cancer. Symptoms of HBV include jaundice of skin and sclera, abdominal pain, fever, joint pain, weakness and nausea and vomiting. This communicable disease is diagnosed by laboratory testing of blood. It affects different populations more so than...
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