...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • • • • • Acknowledgement Introduction Laser action Einstein theory of laser Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • • • • Applications Recent discoveries Recent applications References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in radius. As it is so parallel it can also be focused to very small...
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...African American's Journey Essay Below is a free essay on "African American's Journey" from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. “African American’s Journey to Freedom” Charity Johnson HIS204: American History since 1865 Instructor: Leslie Ruff February 11, 2013 “African American’s Journey to Freedom” To some African Americans it may seem ironic that The United States of America is known as “the land of the free” considering that majority of their ancestors entered the US as slaves. African Americans were brought to North America via the middle passage which originated during the fifteenth century. They were enslaved for approximately 400 hundred years until the end of the Civil War in 1865. Although African Americans were enslaved in America, they were determine to survive and one day be freed in this great country. During The African American’s journey to freedom several significant events took place which was inclusive of but not limited to: The Civil Rights Movement of 1865-1877, Separate but Equal Legislation (Plessy vs. Ferguson court case) in 1896, The Harlem Renaissance of 1920, Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, The March on Washington Movement of 1963, and The Black Power Movement of the late 1960s and 1970. I will discuss the significance of these events in relation to the African American journey to freedom and how they have help shape American society today. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT OF 1865-1877 Frequently when...
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...TERM PAPER LASER, ACTION, EINSTEIN THEORY OF LASER, TYPES, APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY & MEDICAL FIELD SUBJECT: CURRENT, ELECTRICITY & MODERN PHYSICS SUBJECT CODE: PHY-113 SUBMITTED TO: Dr. AMRITA SAXENA SUBMITTED BY: JAGDEEP SINGH SECTION: C7802 ROLL No.:RC7802A21 REG. No.: 10804440 CONTENTS • Acknowledgement • Introduction • Laser action • Einstein theory of laser • Types of lasers 1. Based on energy level 2. Based on the material used • Applications • Recent discoveries • Recent applications • References ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this term paper I would like to acknowledge my respected teacher Dr .AMRITA SAXENA who was always worthily helpful to help me in my queries in different aspects. I would also like acknowledge my friends who helped me a lot in the completion f this and were always there at one call. JAGDEEP SINGH INTRODUCTION The name LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Light is really an electromagnetic wave. Each wave has brightness and color, and vibrates at a certain angle, so-called polarization. This is also true for laser light but it is more parallel than any other light source. Every part of the beam has (almost) the exact same direction and the beam will therefore diverge very little. With a good laser an object at a distance of 1 km (0.6 mile) can be illuminated with a dot about 60 mm (2.3 inches) in...
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...St. Paul University Quezon City Aurora Blvd. Corner Gilmore Avenue A Research Study on how does skin color affects child’s perception towards a person Submitted to: Ms. Amy Corado Submitted by: Bilano, Clareze Bonina, Mary Isabelle Bustamante,Clarenz CHAPTER I Introduction Most people assume that they see the same thing as other people, taking into account corrections for refractive errors with eyeglasses. However, there is now substantial evidence to suggest that this is not the case. Namely, we do not see exactly what others see. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Even though race and color clearly overlap, they are not synonymous. Thus, color discrimination can occur between persons of different races or ethnicities, or between persons of the same race or ethnicity. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. Racism is also a very touchy subject for some people, as issues concerning free speech and Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights come into play. It may be a factor contributing to poor health and health care disparities in minority children through multiple mechanisms, including effects on psychological and physical well-being. Little is known about the experiences of racism that...
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...personally have never seen but the he uses the same types of color while staying true with the visual design of van Gough. The difference between the two pieces is that the lines are completely making the flow and the artist original to the other. van Gough's Starry Night uses the curve of the lines to bring the stars to live as balls of light,, like what people thought they were back then. LeWitt's shows us with the lines coming from the sun, how hot that particular day was for that gentleman to work out side in the field. With the lines in either curved or straight people can see the aspects of how differently each artwork can be. I do not believe that the artists can swap in the linage of the other and get the same effect they were going for. * * * * * This piece of artwork shows how people in higher society in Europe lived back then. With the numerous children in fancy clothes, a large hallway with many pieces of artwork on the walls this was living. We can only imagine what the artist is painting in the artwork but I do believe that they are doing a family portrait of the children. Velazquez brought shadows and light into this piece to bring out hoe formal a setting can be with the children back then. Look at the dresses and how they come away from the children like only formal women would be wearing. Also in the back ground there is a presence of the church with the nanny and priest over looking the children. With any nobility presence is the...
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...ホワイトデー White Day (Howaitodē) Dress-code: Probably white dress (for meidos) , Smart casual (For Goshujin and Ojou-sama) Décor: White Cloths, Dimmed lights, Candles (?) , Roses/ Flowers on the tables, Love letter menu, Instrumental music. Services: (1st day) The DERE course. Dandere: (ダンデレ) Might appear very silent and even emotionless at first, until someone “pulls their trigger” and it comes out that they were just shy. Deredere:(デレデレ） Sweet and loving all the way (Steortypical moe type) Kamidere： (カミデレ) It’s in the name. Acting as if she or he is god Himedere:(ヒメデレ） Same as with kamidere, but acting as princess Tsundere:(ツンデレ) character development process that describes a person who is initially cold and even hostile towards another person before gradually showing their warm side over time. Yandere:(ヤンデレ)a Japanese term for a person who is initially very loving and gentle to someone before their devotion becomes destructive in nature, often through violence (2nd day); Kaguya Hime (Meidos will dress up as Moon Princesses and ask for favors from Goshujin/ Ojou-sama. Unless they are able to complete the favors, they would not be able to get what they had ordered (Mot probably food) Food; Teriyaki served with filled onigiri Curry Omurice Dessert; Green Tea custard/ Pudding, Mochi Ice-cream, Parfait (Awesome fruits and cereal and yogurtballs, and pearls and ice-cream mixed together) Drinks; Macha Milkshake, Caramel milkshake, Honey green tea....
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...Dark skinned and light skinned blacks have battled each other since the American slavery era; this division has fueled African-American cultural movements, societal achievements, and economic systems. Light skinned blacks have undoubtedly maintained the hypothetical lead, receiving the upper hand in American slavery and the post Reconstruction era. However, dark skinned blacks made slight gains from the 1920’s to the 1960’s. In order to further assert white dominance, slaveholders annihilated African ethnic identities. Slaves were instead classified them as tools to be used by whites in any way whites saw fit. Consequently, racial miscegenation between Caucasians and African slaves became a common component of slave culture. In order to obstruct...
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...delicious as their showier layered cousins. In this primer, we'll explain the differences between the various types, as well as the basic steps that are common to nearly all cake recipes. If you're a novice baker, you can start with the simple pound and angel food cakes in the list below and move on to more complicated recipes as you gain confidence. And if you're already experienced, understanding the different categories of cakes and the various options for finishing them will give you a basis for experimenting and creating recipes of your own. 1 AIMS The general aim of this article is to bake a fruit cake that is within an acceptable range of edibility and social acceptability, within an acceptable range of resource expenditure in terms of cost and time. OBJECTIVES In order to achieve the general aim, you will need to achieve the following objectives: 1. To mix and blend ingredients to an adequate standard 2. To prepare a cake tin, insert the cake mixture and remove the cooked cake with minimum structural damage to both cake and hands 4. To acquire sufficient transferrable skills to be able to repeat the baking process at least 5 times unsupervised, with a success rate of 80% 5. To have acquired sufficient confidence to attempt another cake recipe within a period of ONE calendar month of achieving...
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...Plastics are all around us. There are many different kinds, with a wide range of properties. Some are hard, others are soft. Some are transparent, others are opaque. Most plastics are made in factories, but here’s one you can make at home. For this experiment you will need: * 1 teaspoon (5 cm3) laundry borax * 1 tablespoon (15 mL) white glue (e.g., Elmer's Glue-All) * food coloring (optional) * two cups * spoon * water Here's what to do: 1. In one of the cups, dissolve 1 teaspoon of laundry borax in 5 tablespoons (75 mL) of water. You will need to stir this for a while to get it to dissolve. (If a tiny bit does not dissolve, that is OK.) 2. In the other cup, combine 1 tablespoon of water and 1 tablespoon of white glue. If you wish, you may color the mixture with a couple drops of food coloring. With a clean spoon, stir the mixture thoroughly until it is uniform. 3. Put 2 teaspoons of the borax solution from the first cup into the glue mixture in the second cup. Stir the mixture. 4. As you stir the mixture, it will stiffen into a soft lump. After the lump has formed, take it from the cup and knead it in your hand for a couple minutes. The material you have made is called Gluep, and it is ready for you to examine. * Roll the Gluep into a ball and then let it rest. Does the ball maintain its shape? * Drop a Gluep ball onto a table top. What does the ball do? * Flatten the Gluep into a thin strip. Hold up the strip by one end. What...
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...Modeling and Designing of a New Indoor Free Space Visible Light Communication System∗ Z. Wu, J. Chau, and T.D.C. Little Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts tdcl@bu.edu August 1, 2011 MCL Technical Report No. 08-01-2011 Abstract–Recent developments in solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) materials and devices is driving a resurgence into the use of free-space optics (FSO) for wireless broadband communication. This technology uses the visible spectrum provided by “white” LEDs that are becoming ubiquitous in lighting and has some desirable properties competitive with existing radio frequency (RF) communications. By leveraging the low-cost nature of LEDs and lighting units there are many opportunities to exploit this medium for widespread optical communication deployment. The optical medium, however, has particular characteristics, including directionality and susceptibility to noise sources in the visible spectrum that must be managed. In this paper we present a new indoor FSO system, also known as a visible light communication (VLC) system that addresses achieving satisfactory data rates through diffuse link while supporting mobility under line of sight (LOS) constraints. The system model is presented with theoretical performance analysis indicating a promising rate for indoor scenarios. The new VLC prototype that can deliver in excess of 1 Mbps while providing both illumination and communication at several meters is also...
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...Table of Contents I. II. III. History of the Envelope An Overview of Envelope Beginnings Introduction to the Envelope Envelope Construction and Types Standard Sizes and How They Originated The Beginning of Size Standardization Envelope Construction, Seams and Flaps 1. Seam Construction 2. Glues and Flaps V. Selecting the Right Materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Paper & Other Substrates Window Film Gums/Adhesives Inks Envelope Storage Envelope Materials and the Environment The Paper Industry and the Environment IV. Talking with an Envelope Manufacturer How to Get the Best Finished Product Working with the Postal Service Finding the Information You Need Final Thoughts Glossary of Terms 1 Forward – The EMA Guide to Envelopes & Mailing The envelope is only a folded piece of paper yet it is an important part of our national communications system. The power of the envelope is the power to touch someone else in a very personal way. The envelope has been used to convey important messages of national interest or just to say “hello.” It may contain a greeting card sent to a friend or relative, a bill or other important notice. The envelope never bothers you during the dinner hour nor does it shout at you in the middle of a television program. The envelope is a silent messenger – a very personal way to tell someone you care or get them interested in your product or service. Many people purchase envelopes over the counter and have never stopped to think about...
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...Republic of the Philippines POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Don Fabian St., Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon City Campus _________________________________________ “How Color Psychology affects Consumer Behavior” Term Paper in General Psychology _________________________________________ Submitted to Prof. Artemus Cruz _________________________________________ Submitted by Michelle P. Garcia BSBA MM 3-1 _________________________________________ March 26, 2013 I. Introduction Colors play an important role in our lives. It gives meaning to everything we see. As Human our color vision influences everything from our art and poetry to the colors we paint our homes and the clothing we choose to buy. Colors distinguish a thing from the other. Colors determine our emotions. Pablo Picasso once quoted, “Colors like features follow the changes of the emotions”. Do you feel happy in a yellow room? Does the color blue make you feel calm and relaxed? Artist and interior designers have already proven how color can dramatically affect moods, feelings and emotions. Color is a powerful tool when it comes to communication and can be used to signal action, influence mood and cause physiological reactions. How color affects the effectiveness of the business? Marketing is a science of satisfying human wants and needs. When this filed acquires the principles of color psychology, it would...
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...Forecasting: Relying On The Unknown http://www.manufacturing.net/articles/2007/10/forecasting-relying-on-the-unknown September 23, 2007 was the autumnal equinox — the official end of summer. The leaves are beginning to turn colors and the seasons are changing. For some manufacturers, the end of summer could be the end of a busy season, or it could just be the beginning. If you manufacture beach towels or Christmas trees, you’re locked into seasonal demand. How do you adjust your operations to handle your peak time? How much of a peak period will you have? How much capacity will you need? What will be your inventory storage and holding costs? Factors and Consequences There is a lot of variability when it comes to demand — consumer tastes may change, competition could increase, weather patterns could change, etc. “The farther away in time a forecast is from the sales it projects, the less accurate the forecast will be. This stands to reason that the longer the horizon, the more changes will take place between the forecast and the actual sales,” said Jane Lee, Vice President of Supply Chain, Supply Chain Consultants. “Picture a company that makes orange juice,” said Jim LeSage, Executive Vice President with The Facility Group. “They may be producing more at the start of the school year or during cold and flu season, but the oranges are only harvested at a certain time.” That leaves the orange juice company with few options, LeSage explains. The company...
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...of ink and paper. Ms Priyanka Ingale & Ms Aanchal Agrawal ABSTRACT This paper surveys a system that allows tiny, electrically-charged microcapsules to render text and images on a page. To put it literally it’s a display designed to mimic appearance of regular ink on paper. Conventional flat panel displays use a backlight to illuminate its pixels, while electronic paper reflects light like ordinary paper and is capable of holding text and images indefinitely without drawing electricity or using processor power. It can display different colors when exposed to electric field. It is made through a two step process that involves creating two-toned charged particles, the resulting nanoparticle shells are suspended in a solvent encapsulated in a transparent polymeric shell, when required the ink can be applied to a surface. It is lightweight, durable and highly flexible compared to other displays. Electronic paper combines the advantageous viewing characteristics of conventional paper with the ability to electronically manipulate the information displayed on paper. INDEX TERMS: 1. Historical background. 2. Construction. 2.1 Manufacturing Polymer ink. 2.2 Thin film electrode. 3. Advantages. 4. Disadvantages. 5. Application areas. 6. Conclusion. 7. References. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The prototype of e-ink was developed in the late 1970s, at Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA. It used millions of tiny magnets that had oppositely colored sides (black and white) embedded...
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...macro vision of aging newspaper readership, general social factors suggest that aging population and new way of newspaper reading by young people (i.e. reading online newspaper articles, reading free newspapers). In micro term, cohort effect, new reading style of non print news articles and cost of newspaper are three of the reasons why newspaper readership is aging. Aging of newspaper readership has impacts on societies and which aging readership has relationship to voter participation. Long-term Cohort effect and newspaper readership Cohort define people according to their birth of year (i.e. 1980-1989, 1990–1999). Cohorts are affected by age and the period of time that the groups grow. These make different cohorts have their only characteristics, and this is called as cohort effects. Cohort effect is further declining and aging newspaper readership. According to the characteristics of young cohorts, their readership level is lower than other older cohort groups.[8] Newspaper market does not target only the older cohort, young cohorts are also the targeted consumers of newspapers.[8] Comparing older cohorts to the younger, the way how the young cohort groups socialized is different, there is a negative cohort effect that the younger tend to read less.[8] In term of aging population, previous cohort will be die out and replaced by the younger cohorts. As the average newspaper reading of the younger cohorts is low, newspaper readership aging at the same time with the older cohorts...
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