...forth in Asia with such vehemence because the region held a lot of investment opportunities for American Banks, Brokerages, and other financial sector businesses. Unfortunately, Asia�s economies were not structurally ready to deal with the influx of capital that was headed their way. They had weak banking and legal systems that were unable, or unwilling, to regulate the flow of foreign capital in the country. The Americans eventually persuaded Koreato relax its capital flow regulations by giving it the option of joining the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Even then, Korea was concerned that its financial institutions may not be able to deal with an influx of foreign capital. One fatal mistake that Korea, as well as other Southeast Asian countries made, was that they opened their capital markets in the wrong way. They did not allow long term investments in Korean companies, but rather, only short-term investments that could be removed easily. One example of the sort of quick investments that were being made in Asia can be seen in the Japanese. In Japan the interest rates were very low, so investors would borrow at 2 percent and then convert their currency into Thai baht. Due to the interest rate differential, they were able to make a lot of money off simple currency conversion. Other Asian economies were quick to follow suit, and soon there...
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... III | Year | 2012 | | No of pages | 1-270 | 1 | Vision or Mission:reflects (if any) If not available then just state “NOT AVAILABLE”Shareholder Theory Stakeholder Theory | Vision : To be the leading Asean CompanyMission : The company want to provide Universal Banking Services as a high-performance, institutionalized and integrated company located in Asean and key market beyong, and to champion the acceleration of Asean integration and the region’s links to the rest of the world. | 2 | Read chairman’s statement:Identify any strategies and when you read the statement just try to figure out whether the strategies or activities mentioned relates to either a shareholder or a stakeholder perspective & write your findings in the column provided. | RECORD PROFITIn 2012 is CIMB Group’s most profitability year yet, as creating value for our shareholder is a foundation of everything we do. I. We added or expanded operations in Sydney, Melbourne, Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul, London and New York through the acquisition of some Asia Pasific units of the Royal Bank of Scotland II. We remain in discussion to purchase a majority stake in the Bank of Commerce in the Philiphines and we finalized the acquisition of the Thai broker SICCO Securities. III. We intensified our internal restricting with ‘CIMB 2.0’ which is organizational step change to recalibrate and accelerate business.COMMITMENT TO ASEAN We have also spelled out our mission and vision statements so that these are readily...
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...Table of content Page Introduction 1 Asian Contagion 1 Emerging Market Crises 3 Meltdown in Thailand 7 The International Monetary Fund 9 Implication for Business 11 Malaysia 13 Preventing and Managing Future Crises 14 Conclusion 16 References 18 Introduction Asian Contagion In March 1997 Asia faced a serious crisis in financial sector. This concern was started from Thailand and has spread to a lot of countries in Asia. Obviously it affected to those countries in economy situation such as currency value. Also called the "Asian Contagion", this was a series of currency...
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...FINS5522 - Emerging Financial Markets Essay Assignment| Week 4 (11th August 2010) Essay Question: Why did the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) take many by surprise? Explain the major contributing factors that caused the crisis (and their effects), and discuss the lessons that can be learned in relation to preventing and/or responding to future crises. The Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) of 1997 was a period of financial turmoil and volatility that spread across Asia. Prior to July 1997, most of the South East Asian currencies were tied to the US dollar. The crisis began primarily in Thailand when the Thai baht came under pressure that its value would not hold. The pressure on the Thai baht caused a widening of the Thailand’s Current Account Balance (CAD) and the using up of Thailand’s foreign reserves. This forced the Thai government to float its currency and lead to its devaluation. Real estate and real asset value began to fall and foreign investors began pulling out of South East Asia, triggering the financial crisis that would spread across Asia. The next section of this paper will attempt to answer questions of why the AFC was unanticipated by so many economists and experts. It will also attempt to address the major contributing factors that lead to the AFC and in turn its effects. Lastly this paper will conclude with the lessons that could be learnt from one of the most shocking currency crises of recent times. Upon careful reflection, many experts (Krugman 1998; Radelet...
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...Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies Performance management effectiveness in Thai banking industry: a look from performers and a role of interactional justice Pachsiry Chompukum Chulalongkorn University Abstract Businesses are facing up to high competitive pressure, especially banking industry. After 1997 crisis, banking industry meet more challenges from new financial landscape. Aiming to improve organizational performance, they have been adopting management tools, namely performance management. To enhance impacts of performance management, it is important to understand employees’ perceived performance management effective since the process requires high involvement and commitment from employees. Data were collected from 476 employees in the four largest banks in Thailand. Results from structural equations analyses support hypothesized model that attitudes towards performance evaluation directly relate to perceived performance management effectiveness and interactional justice mediates the coaching- perceived performance management effectiveness. Discussion, limitation and future research are included. Keywords: Banking industry in Thailand, Banking industry and performance management, Effectiveness and performance management, Interactional justice, Performance Management. . This research was supported by Chulalongkorn University Centenary Academic Development Project. Performance management, Page 1 Journal of International Business and Cultural...
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...financial crisis:1997-1998, Global financial crisis and flood of 2011and political instability of Thailand. These crises were recovered successfully. On 11 August 1997, the IMF unveiled a rescue package for Thailand with more than $17 billion, subject to conditions such as passing laws relating to bankruptcy (reorganizing and restructuring) procedures and establishing strong regulation frameworks for banks and other financial institutions. The IMF approved on 20 August 1997, another bailout package of $3.9 billion. At first the exchange rate policy was strict. But after the Asian crisis policy was changed to managed float which is flexible. At the time of global financial crisis the government adopted some policies to recover this crisis. The Thai government has imposed three types of policy to rebuild confidence, gain economic recovery, and stimulate new economic growth. First, two phases...
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...The Asian financial crisis (sometimes referred to as the "Tom Yum Gung crisis" after the Thai hot-and-sour soup) started with the devaluation of Thailand’s Bath, which took place on July 2, 1997. This first devaluation of the Thai Baht was soon followed by that of the Philippine Peso, the Malaysian Ringgit, the Indonesian Rupiah and, to a lesser extent, the Singaporean Dollar. What began as a currency crisis soon affected the wider economy and led to economic downturns in other countries in the region. The Asian-Pacific economies known as Asian “tigers” were the most affected. Three of the countries: Thailand, South Korea, and Indonesia, had to seek bailout assistance from the International Monetary Fund because of the desperate balance of payments associated with the crisis. This paper was aimed to focus on the financial crisis in THAILAND and provide an insight thought on some of the related issues. Pre-Crisis (1980s-1996) Prior to 1997, Thailand had been one of the Southeast Asia’s outstanding performers. Prudent macroeconomic management, including cautious fiscal policies, a non-inflationary monetary policy and a closely monitored fixed exchange rate system, was key to Thailand‘s economic success in the 1980s and early 1990s. Thailand’s real economic growth increased from about 6 percent per year in 1976-1985 to above 8 percent in 1986-1995. At its peak in 1988-1990, growth averaged 12 percent per year (Coxhead and Plangpraphan, n.d.). World trade...
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...whether or not its responses were the best possible responses to this crisis. Through my research, I talked about the causes of the East Asian financial crisis, the role of the IMF in the international monetary system, and if the IMF responses to Thailand, South Korea and Indonesia were the best responses or not. After analyzing the IMF responses in this crisis, I found that the IMF policies need to be reformed in order to monitor and prevent future financial crises spill-over effects at the global and regional levels. I will analyzed 5 scholarly journals on the financial crisis in East Asia, 3 scholarly articles on the role of IMF in the East Asia financial crisis, and 1 novel called POLITICS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DEMOCRACY OR LESS by William Case. INTRODUCTION Several financial crises have occurred in the world economy through the last decades. Some examples include the East Asian financial Crisis of 1997, the Latin American debt crisis of 1994-95, the Russian crisis of 1998, and the Brazilian crisis of 1998-99 which spread out to other areas also known as the “contagion effect”. During these crises, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) has been involved and known as a crisis manager. The IMF was created in 1945 after World War 2. The IMF is charged with overseeing the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries of the...
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...1. What were RBC’s ultimate goals in opening a representative office in Thailand? The RBC’s ultimate goal was to attain a full branch license to operate in Thailand. They also wanted to effectively compete in the Thai sector they needed to enter using the BIBF format. This would give them the ability to increase presence and to demonstrate commitment to both regional and multinational clients. 2. How large is the initial staff for the office and what is the estimated pretax Profit? The banks intent was to commence with a staff of five people. The general manager was the most experienced banker of the five and he was chosen from the RBC network. The other four were employees that were hired locally. They encompassed of people with account management, credit, and analysis skills, whose experience and knowledge with the market place would be essential in developing a client base. The estimated pre-tax profit for the first year of operation was $595,000. 3. What are RBC’s four major business lines in its Asia Pacific network? The RBC’s four major business lines in its Asia Pacific network were: financial institutions and trade, multinational lending, treasury services, and global private banking. Their Asia Pacific network consisted of ten offices spanning seven jurisdictions. 4. What are the limitations of BIBF licenses? The RBC had to deal with certain adversities because of the limitations of the BIBF license. These limitations included being restricted...
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...Federal Reserve Paper Money to the global market and governments around the world consider it to be an object that has value. There is a common understanding that money is used to exchange or trade services and goods throughout the world. In the early 1900’s the Central banking system and Federal Reserve were founded by the United States Congress resulting from the aftermath of an economic crisis that shook the United States financial stability (Thai Press Reports, 2009). The Federal Reserve was mandated with providing regulatory and monetary obligations. The Federal Reserve has an extensive knowledge and experience managing a fast majority of financial markets for both domestic and foreign circumstances. The Federal Reserve plays a critical role during an economic crisis according to the Treasury Department to manage and prevent financial emergencies. The Federal Open Market Committee is the authority head over of the Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve can manage interest rates on loans to banks and higher interest discourages banks from lending as freely; lower interest rates have the opposite effect. Reserve requirements are mandated by the Federal Reserve and what banks are required to keep in their loan portfolio. Unemployment numbers rose although there was an increase in output during the second half of 2009. Unemployment hit a peak that we have not seen since the late 1980’s although reported job losses have slowed employers do not seem...
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...From 1985 to 1996, Thailand's economy grew at an average of over 9% per year, the highest economic growth rate of any country at the time. Inflation was kept reasonably low within a range of 3.4–5.7%. The baht was pegged at 25 to the U.S. dollar. On 14 May and 15 May 1997, the Thai baht was hit by massive speculative attacks. Thailand's booming economy came to a halt amid massive layoffs in finance, real estate, and construction that resulted in huge numbers of workers returning to their villages in the countryside and 600,000 foreign workers being sent back to their home countries. The baht devalued swiftly and lost more than half of its value. The baht reached its lowest point of 56 units to the U.S. dollar in January 1998. The Thai stock...
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...to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business In Thailand • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Market Overview • Return to top Thailand is the 27th largest export destination for the United States. Two-way trade in 2011 was about $35.75 billion, with $24.8 billion in Thai exports to the U.S. and $10.9 billion in U.S. exports to Thailand. The figures represent an increase of 12.9 percent in the value of trade between the two countries. U.S. exports to Thailand increased by 21.7 percent, while US imports from Thailand increased by about 9.4 percent for the same period in 2010. In Asia, Thailand ranks as the United States’ 10th largest export destination after China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. The Thai economy grew only one percent in 2011, as the devastation caused by Thailand’s most severe flooding in 70 years curtailed economic expansion. In the third quarter of 2011, hundreds of thousands of homes were inundated with water, seven large industrial parks flooded ,and many business operations ground to a halt, displacing approximately 650,000 Thai workers. However, full recovery is...
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... Hugh THOMAS Researchers: HE Jia, Hugh THOMAS, ZHOU Chunsheng Research Assistants: WAN Yanyan, SU Jun, MAO Tianshi Part One: Background for Asian Banks’ Competitiveness Study I. Asian Banking Reform Reform has surged across the banking industry in Asia over the last decade. In the large, insular, developing economies of China and India, the reform movement originated with internationalizing and introducing market mechanisms to stimulate previously state-owned systems. In Japan and the other traditionally market oriented Asian economies, the reform was born out of crisis. Japan’s slow and painful, a decade-long recession of the 1990s, following the bursting of the bank-financed real estate and stock markets bubbles, finally led to a consensus on the need for reform. But real urgency did not enter banking reform in Asia until the Asian Financial Crisis struck the smaller, developing, market-based economies of Asia in 1997. In the run-up to the crisis, capital inflows helped fuel debt-financed investment, while stable exchange rates and surging economic growth masked the risks of many loans to leveraged and risky companies, often based more on connections than sound credit analysis. Many banks were profitable notwithstanding corruption, poor control and lax banking practices. In mid 1997, investor sentiment turned against the region, precipitating a drop in asset values, an exodus of capital, consequent pressure on local currencies, abandoning of pegged exchange...
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...1997, it liked a big earthquake suddenly hit Southern Asia. In Thailand, the July 2, 1997 when it currency had to devalue, the baht, about 20% against the US dollar, as a result of intense pressure in the foreign exchange market. Not only currency speculators but also many Thai residents were trying to sell the baht and buy the US dollar, causing and worsening capital flight out of the country, as the Thai government was running out of its foreign reserves and losing market confidence in maintaining the currency value and financial stability. The interest rates were shot up, as the outflow of short-term capital intensified. Then, the previously inflated stock and real estate markets collapsed and that has led to Thailand's worst recession in the postwar period with sharply rising unemployment and business failures, and the exports cheaper, pressuring other currencies to follow suit. Once the crisis hit Thailand, it has quickly spread to Indonesia. it's rupiah came under vicious attack and had to be devalued by about 90% over the period of just a few months. Interest rates were rising sharply, as capital flight from Indonesia was accelerating a complete collapse in the financial as well as the political system in that country. The Asian Crisis also has brought down South Korea, just like Indonesia and Thailand, has gone almost bankrupt as a nation and is receiving financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund and other major countries. As of mid-1998, the assistance...
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...INDONESIA: The Causes, Effects and Lessons of the 1997 East Asian Financial Crisis by Zara Ahmed Julia Dreier Frank Ro April 9, 2007 FSPP 556: Macroeconomics Professor Kathryn Dominguez [pic] Introduction Following its independence in 1945, the Indonesia economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young inexperienced government, and ill-disciplined economic nationalism. However, the New Order administration in the 1960s, brought about a new degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, managed foreign debt, but more importantly, attracted foreign investment through financial liberalization. As massive inflows of foreign investment poured into the country, problems soon arose with regulation and oversight. These structural weaknesses created instability and ultimately multiplied the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. With strong encouragement of the IMF, Indonesia adopted a set of policies to protect currency values and penalize insolvent companies, in order to restore investor and creditor confidence in the country. Despite assistance from the International Monetary Fund, the Crisis devastated the Indonesian economy and brought on massive social unrest. This paper consists of six parts. We intend to analyze pre, during, and post-crisis trends utilizing such macroeconomic models as the Mundell-Fleming model, the IS-LM model, and the open economy model for calculating...
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