...INMATE INDUSTRIES JOHN HOWARD SOCIETY OF ALBERTA 2002 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The trend toward developing inmate industries which operate as viable businesses that compete fairly in the open market place has gained momentum over the past two decades. The history of inmate employment in Canada plays a significant part in understanding current developments in inmate industries. The earliest recorded effort to employ offenders in Canadian penitentiaries was in 1835. Since then, there has been a steady reorganization and expansion of inmate industries within Canadian federal corrections. The CORCAN Corporation was created in 1980 to serve as the production and marketing arm of the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC). Currently, CORCAN programs operate in over half of the federal correctional facilities across Canada, employing 4000 offenders throughout the year (CSC, 2001). CORCAN currently operates five main business lines: Agribusiness, Construction, Manufacturing, Services and Textiles. Each business line is responsible for providing services or products that range from agriculture commodities to computer data entry and data base creation services. In 1992, CORCAN was granted the title of Special Operating Agency (SOA), which provides certain organizations with the opportunity to become more productive, efficient and competitive. The move to SOA status does not represent the privatization of CORCAN, but does allow CORCAN greater control over the creation of various work programs...
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...Constitutional Law: Feminist Critiques of Public/Private Distinction By Frances Olsen INTRODUCTION Frances Olsen (born on February 4, 1945) is a professor of law at UCLA. She teaches Feminist Legal Theory, Dissidence & Law, Family Law, and Torts. Feminist Legal Theory is just over a decade old in the United States and is even younger in most other countries. Here, Frances Olsen presents one of her articles from within this burgeoning field. The topic of “private/public” has been actively debated in various scholarly discourses for many years. The factors such as the protection of individual decisional autonomy (private) from state regulation (public), and the preservation of communal interests (public) vis-à-vis personal pursuits (private) creates a conceptual tension. The present article particularly deals with the attempts of the female critiques/ advocates to challenge and even eliminate the distinction between private and public spheres. Frances Olsen presents the arguments of the feminists’ critiques of the public private divide that in many situations, this divide disadvantages women and the institutions with which women are traditionally associated such as the family. The author further says that by classifying family as ‘private’ the public private distinction often serve to shield abuse such as domestic violence. Domestic violence is illegal in every state. However, confusion about whether this is a public or private problem has not disappeared. I take this...
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...Lay People Magistrates & Juries o You need to know: o Qualification; Appointment and Selection and Training; / Role (what they do) o Need to be able to comment upon: o Whether we have cross-representation of society as magistrates and juries o To what extent juries are randomly selected / how to improve selection o Advantages and disadvantages of using lay people in decision-making process. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ∑ “lay” meaning not legally qualified. ∑ Tradition of using non-legally qualified people in the decision-making process in our courts. This is cornerstone of our English legal system: o Fundamental right to trial "by one's peers" o Therefore, we need a cross-representation of society to be magistrates and juries. o [then justice is not only done, but seen to be done.] Selection (picked): Randomly selected from electoral register Selection(picked): Selected for their qualities Requirements: a) Formal requirements: Age: 18 — 65 years (retire at 70 years old) Residence: Within 15 miles of commission area of the court. Minimum Time per year: 26 half days b) Character requirements: [1988 Lord Chancellor guidelines] 6 key qualities good: character / understanding & communication / social awareness / maturity & sound temperament / sound judgement / commitment & reliability. INELIGIBLE: ∑ Those with serious criminal record ...
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...FORENSIC AUDITING As stated by Gordon Brown, the former Prime Mister of the United Kingdom, “what the use of fingerprints was to the 19th century and DNA analysis was to the 20th century, forensic accounting will be to the 21st century”. When people first see the word “forensic”, they naturally categorize it into a science-related field. According to Webster’s Dictionary, the term “forensic” is defined as “belonging to, used in, or suitable to courts of judicature or to public discussions and debate”. Therefore, forensic accounting is generally defined as relating and applying financial facts to legal problems (Singleton and Singleton 12). Forensic accounting consists of a combination of the techniques that are used in accounting, auditing, and investigative work. The focus of this paper is on the concept of forensic auditing; however, forensic auditing cannot be fully understood without incorporating all of the facts about forensic accounting. Most situations that involve forensic auditing will deal with proposed fraudulent activities, but there are some cases that may deal with non-fraudulent activities, such as settlements of monetary disputes (“Student Accountant”). Throughout this paper, we will discuss, in detail, the profession of forensic auditing and forensic accounting in relation to fraudulent activities. What is Forensic Auditing? Forensic auditing and financial auditing are not related in any way; rather, they have their own distinct objectives that are set...
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...Juvenile Rehabilitation Shelly Stanko CJS/240 February 26, 2012 Farrell Binder Juvenile Rehabilitation In the previous few decades, the United States justice policy has become more punitive. In particular, in the 1990s legislatures all over the county passed laws under which an increasing number of young people can be charged in criminal courts and incarcerated in adult prisons. Certainly, in nearly every state today, youths between 13 and 14 can be prosecuted and penalized as adults for an array of crimes including non-violent offenses (Kristin, 2009). Punishments have become more severe even in the juvenile system. Generally, it is believed that the rising anxiety among citizens concerning the threat of juvenile crime has propelled this tendency and that members of the public favor this legislative tendency toward severe punishment. However, it is unclear whether this opinion about the right solutions to youth crime is precise. On the other hand, different surveys have found the public favors tougher policies regarding youth crime and punishing juveniles as severely as adults. However, a thorough review of sources of information about public views indicates that the perception that the public favors punishment for youths is largely based on either opinion surveys that pose few simplistic questions or publicized crimes like school shootings. It is possible that analysis of public views...
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...ªIdeas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to do this. Use this book together with the website ...
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...Ideas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: - Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. - Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to do this. - Use...
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...organization is the government. The people’s involvement with government becomes inescapable since its establishment. It has assumed not only coordination but also the control function or their society. What is Public Administration? * It is “government in action.” * It is “concerned with action in particular concrete situations, but in accordance with long-range objectives.” * It is “concerned with the institutional framework of government, its socio-economic and political milieu, and the behavior of individuals who man the bureaucratic machine.” * It is “that aspect of administration occurring under the formal aegis of government at every level.” Government is a term embracing the totality of all institution through which the state carries out its will. Administration refers to the aggregate of those persons in whose hands the reins of the government are placed for the time being while Administrative services refers to the aggregate of governmental agencies that are necessary to carry on government routine work. What is Management? * Management is the planning, deciding or exercising of control and supervision on some functions of the organization. * Management which is the organ of society specifically charged with making resources productive that is, with the responsibility for organized economic advance. – Peter F. Drucker The term manager refers to either a person or position. As a person, it refers to “someone who occupies a position or someone who...
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...Ideas for IELTS topics Who is this book for? Many students have no ideas or opinions about IETLS writing topics. Even if your grammar is perfect, you will not get a high IELTS score if you do not know what to write. This book is for students who want to go into the writing exam feeling confident that they have excellent ideas, opinions and vocabulary for as many topics as possible How do you get an IELTS score of 7 or higher? The key to a high score is not grammar, it is not your use of words like “moreover” or “in addition”, and it is not your use of phrases like “this is controversial issue nowadays”. To get a high score you need to use good “topic language” (words and phrases that are related to the question topic). You need good ideas in order to answer the question well. How should you prepare for IELTS writing task 2? There is an enormous amount of advice on my website ielts-simon.com. Here is a summary of what I suggest: - Spend more time preparing than testing When you test yourself, you find out what your level is, but you do not learn anything new. You will not improve if you only write test essays. Before writing an essay, study the topic and prepare your ideas, opinions and vocabulary. - Steal my ideas If you only use the vocabulary that you already know, you will not learn anything new, and you will not improve. Practise linking my topic ideas together to write “perfect essays”. See the website for examples of how to...
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...P RAMCHANDRA RAO VS STATE OF KARNATAKA SUBMITTED BY K.SAI SHARAVAN KUMAR B.L HONS FIRST YEAR LEGAL METHODS INTRODUCTION There are altogether too many prisoners waiting trial in Indian prisons. As per the latest comprehensive statistics2 available on prisons in India, there are 1,93,627 undertrial prisoners as against 63,975 convicts constituting 71.2% of the total prison population in India. The range varies from a low of 12.1% in Tamil Nadu to a maximum of 98.7% in Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The Constitution of India, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Standard Minimum Rules for Treatment of Prisoners clearly specify the standards of treatment with prisoners on trial. But realities in jails transmit an entirely different tune. Let us briefly examine the realities inside any prison. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS FACED BY UNDERTRIAL PRISONERS AND THEIR REASONS – Their Right to Speedy Trial as recognised by the Supreme Court in Hussainara Khatoon [I] vs. Home Secretary, Bihar7 is violated due to protracted delays. This delay is due to all kinds of reasons such as – * Systemic delays. * Grossly inadequate number of judges8 and prosecutors. * Absence or belated service of summons on witnesses. * Presiding judges proceeding on leave. * Remands being extended mechanically due to lack of time and patience with the presiding judge. * Inadequacy of police personnel and vehicles which prevents the production of all ...
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...11/1/07 15:14 Page 1 Introduction: ‘business’ and its ‘environment’ Paul Wetherly and Dorron Otter Contents The approach of this book—themes and issues 2 What is business? 4 Business and the problem of scarcity 5 The private sector—on closer inspection 7 28 Review and discussion questions 29 Assignments 30 Further reading 30 4 The private sector of business Case study: ‘UK plc’ Other sectors of business—the public sector and the third sector 10 Online resources 30 A simple model of business in its environment— transforming inputs into outputs 13 References 30 Conceptualizing the environment of business 15 Interaction between business and the environment—responding, influencing and choosing 17 The nature of the internal environment 20 Types of organization structure 21 Environmental analysis 24 Summary 27 01 9780199203055_001_030_CH01.qxd 2 X 11/1/07 15:14 Page 2 Introduction Learning objectives When you have completed this chapter you will able to: l Recognize different uses of the term business, and understand the different forms of business in terms of, for example, private, public and not-for-profit organizations l Describe the complexity of the external environment in which business operates and explain the idea of environmental uniqueness l Understand the nature of the ‘internal’ environment of business ...
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...http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_20 Eigenvalue estimation plays an important role in biometrics. However, if the number of samples is limited, estimates are significantly biased. In this article we analyse the influence of this bias on the error rates of PCA/LDA based verification systems, using both synthetic data with realistic parameters and real biometric data. Results of bias correction in the verification systems differ considerable between synthetic data and real data: while the bias is responsible for a large part of classification errors in the synthetic facial data, compensation of the bias in real facial data leads only to marginal improvements. https://www.eff.org/wp/biometrics-whos-watching-you September 14, 2003 September 2003 Introduction Among the many reactions to the September 11 tragedy has been a renewed attention to biometrics. The federal government has led the way with its new concern about border control. Other proposals include the use of biometrics with ID cards and in airports, e.g. video surveillance enhanced by facial-recognition technology. The purpose of this document is to sketch out EFF's concerns about biometrics. In today's public arena, biometric technologies are being marketed as a "silver bullet" for terrorism; however, very little independent, objective scientific testing of biometrics has been done. Deploying biometric systems without sufficient attention to their dangers makes them likely to be used in a...
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...Always discuss coincidence (Thabo Meli, Royall) and BRD (prosecution, differs for offence and defence) Chapter 5 – Homicide: Murder and Involuntary Manslaughter 5.1 Patterns of homicide 423 Study by A.Wallace. 1968-81 * -relationship of victim to offender. * -homicide is a crime that is socially, historically and culturally determined. * -homicide comprises a variety of offenders and victims in different social settings. * -Homicide in NSW is largely interpersonal in nature, rather than instrumental or ideological. * -Majority of interpersonal killings involved intimates. * -Homicide patterns reflect cultural norms. * -homicide is spontaneous rather than premeditated crime. * -Homicide offenders exhibit a wide range of moral culpability. 5.3 Murder S18 Crimes Act (1900) NSW S 18. (1) (a) Murder shall be taken to have been committed where the act of the accused, or thing by him omitted to be done, causing the death charged, was done or omitted with reckless indifference to human life, or with intent to kill or inflict grievous bodily harm upon some person, or done in an attempt to commit, or during or immediately after the commission, by the accused, or some accomplice with him, of a crime punishable by penal servitude for life or for 25 years. (b) Every other punishable homicide shall be taken to be manslaughter. S 18 (2)(a) No act or omission which was not malicious, or for which the accused had lawful cause or excuse, shall...
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...INTRODUCTION Imagine a world where individuals can provide a good or service to consumers, and in return be compensated. They might do a very good job and even make a considerable profit. Other individuals, seeing the success of this industry, would try to enter the market in order to compete. This idea is the very basis of free market and capitalist economies. But sometimes there are situations where an individual will have a product or service that is better, cheaper, or quicker than everyone else; so much so that they are the only ones that can effectively provide it. When this occurs, competing businesses and giant government entities will stop at nothing to shut it down. The Sherman Antitrust Act, the Clayton Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act make up the current US antitrust laws. The antitrust laws are supposed to promote and protect competition. The philosophy behind the laws is that trusts and monopolies will stagnate markets and prevent others from engaging in healthy market competition. A monopoly is defined as a situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. (Investorwords, 2010) Antitrust law legislation started with the Sherman Act that was passed in 1890. The intent of the law was put in place to challenge the unchecked growth of corporations. By 1888, large corporations gained enough market muscle to dominate entire industries. The Sherman Act outlaws all contracts, combinations,...
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...THE “BLOG” EXPERIENCE: WHEN FREEDOM BECOMES INVASION INTRODUCTION Francois Voltaire, one of France’s most famous philosophers became well-known for this often quoted phrase: “I may disagree with what you have to say, but I shall defend, to the death, your right to say it.” The phrase summarizes the spirit of the freedom of speech – one of the inventions of the 18th century Enlightenment, a time when discussions among the upper class were construed as constituting the public sphere. Although they belonged to the sophisticated members of society, their conversations highlighted social equality and everyone was given the chance to speak and be demanded to listen. With free and frank conversations, people became acquainted with points of view that were not familiar; they discovered strengths and weaknesses in their personal arguments, and subsequently became moderate in the expression of their views taking into consideration the arguments of others. With this small light ignited in the intellectual realm, the idealism of free communication of thoughts and opinions spread and became one of the trademarks of democratic societies. During the next century, John Stuart Mill affirmed that societies progress when people freely express themselves because errors and misconceptions are exposed, and alternatives were proposed. These sentiments became the backbone of the United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948...
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