...Labor strikes in the 1800s and 1900s began when employees went on strikes for various reasons such as, wage cuts, new machinery, and longer work hours with less pay. A strike is a group of employees who organize a work stoppage to put pressure on their boss or company until their demands are met. Countless smaller strikes were all due to the same reasons listed above or a few other reasons. The first nationwide strikes were the railroad strikes. Many workers were upset due to their wages being cut, they were already struggling with money and now they are getting even less than before. The strikes began to spread and it became known as a General Strike. In some of the labor strikes military and militia were sent in to help stop the...
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...out worker's guilds battled for better wages, sensible hours and more secure working conditions. The work development drove endeavors to stop tyke work, give medical advantages and give help to laborers who were harmed or resigned. The origins of the labor movement lay in the formative years of the American nation, when a free wage-labor market emerged in the artisan trades late in the colonial period. The earliest recorded strike occurred in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors protested a wage reduction. The formation of the Federal Society of Journeymen Cordwainers (shoemakers)...
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...He wanted to build a town for his workers using paternalism, showing his stance on community. The Pullman Company hired many African American and immigrant workers, but they were given menial service work and were segregated from the town and factories. Conflicting views are shown here because Pullman believed he was giving the workers freedom and community by giving them jobs and a place to live, but to some of the workers, they still felt segregated. In addition, the white workers also faced limitations because they were denied the opportunity to own a house and faced increasing expenses on the house they rented. As Pullman kept raising the rent and creating bigger class differences, he became richer while his workers became poorer. This eventually led to the Pullman Strike, which occurred in the 1890s by the American Railway Union, and was founded by Eugene V. Debs. The workers in the town wanted pay raises and better working conditions in order to increase their autonomy and individuality. After the strike, the Supreme Court decision In Re Debs sided with the industry over the laborers. This shows the conflicting viewpoints of Pullman’s idea of community versus his laborers, and how the laborers refused to follow Pullman’s paternalistic views of community any...
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...Pros and Cons of Unions Today GB 541: Employment Law Unit 6: Research Paper Assignment (Final) June 12, 2014 Prof. K. Rauch Unions in America Currently, there is are over 60 unions representing over 14 million workers throughout the country. A labor union is defined as an organization intended to represent the collective interests of workers in negotiations with employers over wages, hours and working conditions. Labor unions are often industry-specific and tend to be more common in manufacturing, mining, construction, transportation and the public sector (Labor Unions, 2014). Congress enacted the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA") in 1935 to protect the rights of employees and employers, to encourage collective bargaining, and to curtail certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses and the U.S. economy (National Labor Relations Act, 2014). Labor union s are mostly associated with Democratic Party and supports them during election. When unions are powerful, they boost the incomes of not only their members but also of nonunion workers in their sector or region. Labor unions strive to improve the lives of all working families by bringing economic justice to the workplace and social justice to our nation. Also, it is important because most corporations focus on creating profits at the expense of employees. History Unions are very prevalent in the United States presently and has a long history...
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...1. Define subsidies and land grant colleges and explain their influence of the migration of settlers out West. Subsidies are grants given by a government to individuals or groups in form of tax reduction or cash. Land grant colleges were colleges established as a result of Morril Act. The act awarded federal land to states to fund the cost of building mechanical and agricultural colleges. Land grant colleges such as Iowa State University and Kansas State University, were set up to teach certain branches of learning that include mechanical arts and agriculture. 2. Two examples of where the federal government violated treaties as a result of continued settlement into the west and give the results of these conflicts During the nineteenth century the Native Americans were deprived much of their land and were forcefully removed from the west. The white authority failed to honor the treaties they had signed and made the natives vacate their own land. This resulted to relocation of a mass of people from the west. After the war the white authorities started treating the natives in a hostile manner. They claimed ownership of the Indian lands in the west by the terms of 1783 peace treaty. This resulted to relocation of the India from the west. 3. (a)Explain the use of the Dawes Severalty Act in trying to force natives to assimilate to the American culture. What were the unintended consequences? The Dawes Severalty Act provided for elimination of tribal ownership of land...
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...fourteenth amendment states “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” The case escalated to the Supreme Court, where it was decided in a seven to one vote. The Court decided to uphold the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine. They state that it is not a violation of the fourteenth amendment unless the public utilities are not deemed “equal” in quality. Their decision also states “the full and equal enjoyment of any of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color.” The law also made it illegal to speak against the doctrine, even for questioning the constitutionality. This decision by the government laid the foundation for supporting a future of segregation and presented legal groundwork for the implementation of the Jim Crow Laws. These laws fueled even more racial discrimination and racial segregation in the South. The unjust ramifications of Plessy V Ferguson started the concept of Institutionalized racism and influenced the further practice of segregating...
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...The Laissez- Faire Takeover In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, America is at one of its highest points in history going into the twentieth century; it has so many resources and space still to provide for people. When the word had gotten out about America and what it had to provide, a vast amount of immigrants started pouring in, in search of a better life and better fortune. The industries of Eastern United States keenly employed these immigrants because they were willing to work long hours for low wages, and the rich capitalists took advantage of this situation. Capitalists and the incoming immigrants never saw eye to eye, and strikes would break out often, some ending in violence or death. Most workers had no political freedom nor even have a voice in the company that employed them because of the industrial system that curtailed their rights. The life of a nineteenth century American industrial worker was far from easy, even during what seem to be good times, wages were low, hours long and work conditions dangerous. The general issue that raised between the two, what has for many years before is that, little of the wealth being made is being distributed to the working class. This situation was worse for women and children who took up more of the work force than men, and still made half of what men usually would make. Work conditions were often tedious because workers would do tasks over and over while working an average 10 hour days, six days a week. Since...
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...Chapter 17 Ten percent plan This plan was an attractive deal for Southern people by Abraham Lincoln. It was said that that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union if 10 percent of its voters made a grave promise of reliability to the Union. RADICAL REPUBLICANS These people were members of Republican Party during the Civil War. They did an overwhelming effort to secure rights for liberated slaves during Reconstruction. The Wade–Davis Bill In 1840, two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin from Ohio and Henry Winter Davis of Maryland proposed this bill willing for Reconstruction of the South. It demanded the reliability of 50 percent people of readmitting to the union. Andrew Johnson and his plan for Reconstruction In 1864, Abraham Lincoln nominated Andrew Johnson, who was democratic representative from Tennessee, as his Vice Presidential candidate. He thought that with Johnson he would speak to Southerners who never needed to leave the Union. Black codes After the Civil War, southern states passed these laws. According to these laws, black people were insisted to live slave and do labor work “Waving the bloody shirt” In American history, the expression got acclaim with a developed event in which Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts, when making a talk on the floor of the U.S. Spot of Representatives, professedly held up a shirt with the blood of a carpetbagger whipped by the Ku Klux Klan. Comparison of US emancipation w/ other American societies ...
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...riGild- to cover boring base metal with a nice precious metal “gilded age” credited to mark twain The great leap forward- the prosperous economic times @ end of gilded age. The great leap forward was mainly concentrated in the north. The main cause of the GLF was the industrialization Throughout the gilded age the north accounted for 80precent of the industrial advancements. Until the 1800’s the only 2 components of the American economy was agriculture and overseas commerce. Then during the war of 1812 that began to change. The north started to do more manufacturing. 3 industries at the core of GLF steel industry railroad industry coal industry steel industry- over 400 steel companies. But only produced 200,000 tons of steel In 1900 – fewer than 80 steel companies But they produce 10million tons of steel Railroad industry – customers of steel coal and timber industry Government realized that railroad was so important So they gave it a lot of land. Coal Industry – Saudi Arabia of coal More here than anyone in the world. The Working People of The Gilded Age. Category A workers – white collar people. Had higher status Doctors Lawyers Ministers Journalists Needed higher education. **category A&B =Middle Class Category B workers – Skilled workers Worked with hands Did not dress nicely to work Got paid very well due to their skills Sometimes more than category A’s Carpenters Plumbers ...
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...Society: Through the View of Many People African-Americans, Whites, Asians, Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and etc…They are all classified as ethnicities, that are judged every day in some shape or form. From day one to now I’ve learned more through the class of “Black World Studies” taught by Professor Coates. Coates gave me the intelligent insight on how Africans-Americans were able to succeed through the tough times of learning even when they could die from learning how to read. It was a sacrifice the slaves had to do that the time. When I read more articles and watched more movies, it showed determination, courage, heart, and attitude. When reading, it switched to a period of slavery to a period of the Civil War. After that I came to an author named Jared Diamond that gave his view on the world of slavery. In the article “How Africa Became Black” by Jared Diamond he argues that diversity resulted from the geography of Africa. Africa is home to five major human groups, blacks, whites, African Pygmies, Khoisan, and Asians. Thirty percent of the world’s language is in Africa. But as the years goes on were losing about 2 per week. Soon as the world gets older there wouldn’t be any languages in Africa. As race continues to grow in Africa there will be different types of languages being made and the previous groups (ethnic groups of language) wouldn’t exist anymore. As said in paragraph 8 of “How Africa Became Black” races are stereotyping, from Black to White, to putting the Zulu...
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...was a catastrophe for the approximately over one million (out of 9 million) people dependent on the potato crop had died from hunger and sickness. The disease returned in 1846, and over the next year an estimated 350,000 people died of starvation. Throughout the Famine years, Ireland continued to export grain and cattle to British markets, which could have fed half the population. During the great potato famine two million Irish fled to the United States, motivated b the need for better life and survival. The Irish settled along the east coast of the United States and were the first large group of immigrants to experience the ridicule and discrimination that many others would later endure. Although they spoke English which was a great advantage to their assimilation, their style of dress and accent was still considered “foreign,’ they were poor, unskilled, often uneducated, and many doors were closed to them. They were willing to work buy many “Irish need not apply” signs kept them from better jobs. Nevertheless they were ready to take on most jobs, usually any manual work that was available. Gradually, they were able to improve their working conditions and began to expand their influence and predominant power. Between 1815 and 1920 5.5 million Irish immigrated to the United States. There many circumstances that forced them to leave their homeland. Meanwhile when the Market Revolution, which the United States had to offer, pulled the Irish but the Irish still, were the lowest...
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...defection of the national unions that formed the Change to Win (CTW) coalition (Fossum, 2012, pp. 27-34, 53-54). Paralleling the union development was a series of national labor legislation: Railway Labor Act (1926), Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) legitimizing collective bargaining, National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), ruled unconstitutional in 1935, National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act, 1935) establishing the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), Taft-Hartley Act (1947), and Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) (Fossum, 2012, pp. 63-75). This paper will examine this evolution of the legal status of American unions and what union activities were restricted by laws and courts; the major contributing causes to the failure of uplift unionism; advantages and disadvantages of a business union vs. labor political party approach; leading personalities contributing to the definition of labor relations in the United States; and the most effective union leaders during the 1930s and 1940s and would they be effective now. Legal Status of American Unions: Activities Restricted by Laws and Courts Initially American courts dealt with union organizing and collective bargaining efforts as a conspiracy, in the late 18th century applying this conspiracy doctrine in the Philadelphia cordwainers case (Fossum, 2012, p. 30, citing 3 Commons & Gilmore 228-233). This...
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...Table of Contents Cover page ………………………………………………………………………………………..1 Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………2 Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………..……….3 Background ……………………………………..………………………………………………4-5 Concept Definitions ……………………………………………...…………………….…….…5-6 The creation of Unions……………………………………………………………….…………6-7 Pros and Cons of Union Membership…………………………………………..…………….....7-9 Today’s need for Unions ……………..…………………………………………………..…...9-10 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………....10 References ……………………………………………………………………………………….11 Abstract This paper will examine whether or not there exist a current need for labor unions. ? During the 1700’s to early 1800’s, men, women, and children were treated to unbearable working conditions, low wages, and long hours. Over time the workers became fed up of the abuse and decide to unite and make changes. This change resulted in the creation of labor unions. Through, the creation and use of these unions, workers have enjoyed perks such as 40 hour work days, certain benefits and better working conditions. Over the years, the labor force has undergone multiple changes. Laws were enacted to protect employees and hold employers accountable for their abuse of personnel. With the creation and passing of the multiply employment laws, one must ask, does the need for unions still exist? Do they still serve a function or have they out served their purpose? ...
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...Chapter 17 The Industrial Revolution Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following: 17-1 Describe and discuss the development of the Industrial Revolution in America after the Civil War, concentrating on the major industries and their leaders. 17-2 Describe how America’s regional and local markets merged into one truly national market and how this influenced the consumer demand for products and services, as well as some of the costs associated with the transition. 17-3 Discuss the functioning of national, state, and local politics during the late 1800s. 17-4 Describe the formation of the early labor unions in the United States, including their goals, activities, and situations at the end of the nineteenth century. 290 C h apt e r 15 The Continued Move West “ The world that had consisted of small farms, artisans’ workshops, and small factories transformed into a full-scale industrial society. ” As the process of ensuring political, economic, and social rights of African Americans waned during the 1870s, most Americans turned their attenNo invention had more lasting impact than the incandestion to another transformation cent light bulb. brought on by the Civil War: the Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree Industrial Revolution. During 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 the half-century between 1865 and 1915, the United States evolved from a relative...
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...The (un)Official United States History Cram Packet This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a powerful tool for review. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain 1497: John Cabot lands in North America. 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain. 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast. 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley. 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States. 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida. 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California. 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635:...
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