...Balding Tuberculosis was very detrimental the leading cause of death in the early 20th century. The active agent of tuberculosis is mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease is very prevalent in areas of high populations because of the proximity of people. Evidence of tuberculosis dates to 8000 BCE in Europe. Less and less cases of tuberculosis are being documented in the United States, but it can reemerge due to the miss use of antibiotics creating drug-resistant tuberculosis. Underdeveloped countries are more likely to experience TB epidemic this is because of poor and unprepared healthcare clinics. Tuberculosis has been a very detrimental disease worldwide, and has accounted...
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...Tuberculosis Tuberculosis or TB as the disease is abbreviated is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a large, has no motility and is rod shape in appearance. The rods are between 2 to 4 microns in length and between 0.2 to 0.5 microns in width. M.TB. is classified as weakly gram positive bacterium as it has a cell wall but no phospholipid outer membrane. However when a Gram stain is performed M.TB does not retain the dyes and does not stain completely due to the high lipid and chemical content of its cell wall (Todar, 2008). Tuberculosis is a disease of the lungs. This type is called pulmonary tuberculosis. It can affect other parts of the body via the circulatory system and infect all organs of the body; this is known as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In children tuberculosis meningitis is sometimes diagnosed. This form of the disease is a life threatening and fatal condition. M.TB is transmitted via droplet transmission. The bacteria are inhaled in droplet form when an infected person coughs sneezes or speaks as the small droplets are expelled into the air. The bacteria can remain airborne for hours however UV light such as sunlight can destroy them. Once an uninfected person inhales the droplets the bacteria travel to the lungs and within a time period of six weeks the bacteria could have affected a small part of the lungs without any obvious symptoms being shown. This is known as the primary infection. After the primary...
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...Tuberculosis MELINDA COSTA FERNANDES, LPN Jerse y College Teterboro Campus Dr. Hemant Sabharwal November 2013 April 2015 ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB is spread from person to person by the airborne route (MMWR, 2013). Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide and the global scourge of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is reaching epidemic proportions. It is endemic in most developing countries and resurgent in developed and developing countries with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Renewed efforts in tuberculosis (TB) research have led to important new insights into the biology and epidemiology of this devastating disease. The disease, risk factors, treatment and prevention of TB is discussed in this paper. Tuberculosis can be controlled if appropriate policies are followed, effective clinical and public health management is ensured, and there are committed and co-ordinated efforts from within and outside the health sector. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, is spread from person to person by the airborne route. When a person with TB in their lungs or throat coughs, laughs, sneezes, sings, or even talks, the germs...
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...TUBERCULOSIS Author: Jomyn Go Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V: Concept of Public Health August 23, 2015 Introduction Tuberculosis is a infectious communicable disease that is known all over the world. 2 billion people each year are infected with the disease with over 3 billion deaths recorded as a result of tuberculosis across the world. Abbreviated as TB, the disease is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In Canada for instance, 1600 new infections are recorded each year. One of the most deadly parts of the disease is that it is passed easily to other non-infected people as it is airborne. There is need for countries to invest in eradicating the problem since many people are infected by just one person. Discussion Someone can have TB with no visible symptoms hence the categorization into active and inactive TB. Someone who has a healthy immune system has a lifetime chance of 10% for the bacteria to reactivate and cause the symptoms of active TB. People who have weaker immune systems for instance those living with HIV/AIDS or other diseases have a higher risk of getting the infections. The chance of moving from an inactive to active stage with symptoms increases each year by 10% for the weak immunity people. Babies and children at pre-school have a weak immune system therefore they are at risk of contacting the same. The people with active TB are the ones who can spread the bacteria to other non-infected people. Coughing, talking and sneezing...
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...Epidemiology Grand Canyon University Concepts In Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 Epidemiology The communicable disease that I have selected is Tuberculosis (TB). The purpose of my paper in to describe, in detail the communicable disease and its impact on the global nations over time. It also addresses the role of a community health nurse in breaking the chain of infection and preventing the spread of the deadly disease. On March 24, 1882, Dr. Robert Koch announced the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB). During this time, TB killed one out of every seven people living in the United States and Europe. Dr. Koch’s discovery was the most important step taken toward the control and elimination of this deadly disease. The world health organization has set this day aside for remembering the great discovery that won a noble prize as well a day of global awareness. There were 1.5 million reported deaths related to TB in 2010, an astounding statistic. The bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is responsible for causing the disease. It is a Highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lung. It’s mode of transmission is Airborne, meaning it is spread through the air when someone coughs, sneezes or even talks. The bacteria can also affect other parts of the body including lymph nodes, kidneys, urinary tract and bones. Latent TB occurs when the bacteria is present but the person does...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Sara Abayneh NRS – 427V Grand Canyon University 12/22/2014 Tuberculosis is a multi-systematic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod-shaped bacterium, which most commonly affects the lungs, as well as any part of the body such as kidney, spine, lymph nodes, bones and, brain. According to CDC (2014), the universal symptoms of TB disease includes sickness, weight loss, weakness, fever and night sweat. The signs of lung (pulmonary) TB also includes coughing, with or without blood, and chest pain. This silent killer disease is primarily airborne, spreading from person to person when tiny microscopic droplets of germs are released into the air when an individual with vigorous tuberculosis infection of the lungs or esophagus coughs, sneezes, communicates, or laughs. These microorganisms can remain alive in the air for some hours, depending on the conditions of the environment (WHO, 2014). Severity of TB ranges from minor to severe complication, which may lead to death. Some severe impediments include damaged lung functions, bone pain, meningitis, kidney and/or liver malfunction or unusual disturbances. According to Mayo Clinic (2014), medications are vital for TB treatments, however if taken much longer time than other bacterial infections for TB treatment antibiotics must be taken for six - nine months where the exact drugs of lengths treatment depend on age, general condition, medicine conflict, the system of TB and...
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...Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Jennifer Shanley Grand Canyon NRS 427 March 15, 2014 Epidemiology of Tuberculosis One of the world’s deadliest diseases, tuberculosis (TB), affects over one third of the world’s population. According to the CDC, in 2012 there were nearly 9 million people that were affected with this disease (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is a disease that affects not only the lungs but may also affect other parts of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. This disease is preventable as well as curable by can also be deadly if not treated. When a patient presents with TB they may have complaints of having a bad. cough that lasts for three or more weeks, pain in the chest, or may cough up blood or sputum (CDC, 2014). They may also present with symptoms such as weakness or fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, fever, or chills (CDC, 2014). The transmission of TB occurs from person to person and is spread by airborne droplet nuclei (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). An example of how this is spread would be through the air by coughing, sneezing, singing, laughing, or talking. These droplets remain suspended in the air for many hours and are inhaled and trapped in the airway or alveoli of the person that was exposed (Cleveland Clinic, 2014). After being exposed to the bacteria that causes TB the person may have mild symptoms and may not seek treatment right away...
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...A Research on the Unusual Forms of Tuberculosis TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Background A. An overview of Tuberculosis B. Definitions of terms III. The common indications of tuberculosis A. Signs and Symptoms B. Causes C. Effects 1. Tuberculosis of the Kidney 2. Tuberculosis of the Bones 3. Tuberculosis of the Stomach 4. Tuberculosis of the Spine IV. Case studies of Tuberculosis A. Philippines B. Other Countries V. Further Study of tuberculosis A. Explaining Tuberculosis B. Treatments VI. Conclusion VII. End Notes VIII. Bibliography I. Introduction Tuberculosis is just one disease out of a million other diseases in the world but it doesn’t only affect the person being infected but also the people around that particular people around it. Thus, it is not just a personal or family problem but a societal problem. After reaching considerable amounts of tuberculosis-related articles, the researcher has deemed tuberculosis as a “highly prevalent” and a “highly infectious” disease that is, once it becomes active. One-third of the world’s population has tuberculosis. To add, there are still other who may just be walking around not knowing whether they have been infected or not. Tuberculosis may be dormant for years and once active, it could lead to pulmonary failure. The agent of contamination is spread through air and since air is invisible to the naked age, the persons involved...
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...``` Tiffany O’Connor Mrs. Willard Biology 2010 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis, also known as TB, has been with us for as long as we can remember. In the first half of the 20th century, it was generally called “consumption,” an often fatal illness. At that time, when infectious diseases were responsible for the majority of deaths, tuberculosis was a leading cause of death. As special hospitals, called sanatoriums, were used to control the spread of TB along with better nutrition, housing, sanitation and the introduction of antibiotics in the middle of the 20th century, TB and other infectious diseases became curable and less rampant. Tuberculosis is an airborne infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs, although other organs and tissues such as the kidney, spine and brain can be affected as well. Fortunately, TB in these parts of the body is usually not infectious. The disease can be spread through the air by coughing, sneezing, or spitting so you have to be careful around people who possibly have it. If you breathe in the bacteria it can settle in your lungs and begin to multiply. The bacteria can be transported through the blood to other parts of the body. There are quite a few symptoms that can let you know if you could possibly have TB, and they can be very scary as well. Prolonged coughing and this can even include coughing up blood, nightly sweats, a tremendous amount of weight loss that is unexplained, the loss...
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...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...Application of Community Health & Population-Focused Nursing Western Governors University Introduction This paper is about an epidemic outbreak of tuberculosis in Haiti after January 2010’s 7.0-magnitude earthquake, which killed and injured about 600,000 people and left about 1.5 million displaced. This disease will be described; involved risk factors will be discussed. The following topics will also be discussed: how the outbreak could affect the community, reporting protocol if the outbreak were to occur. A plan on how to report about the outbreak to stakeholders in the community will also be discussed as well as strategies recommendation to prevent the outbreak in the community. A1. Description of disease Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal curable and preventable. The symptoms may include bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, chest pain, coughing up blood or sputum, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, no appetite, chills, fever and sweating at night (Population reference Bureau, 2010). A situation where there are more Tuberculosis cases than expected within a population during a particular period of time and there is evidence of recent cases is called a TB outbreak (CDC, 2012) * A.2 Epidemiological determinants If there is a health...
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...Diabetes, breast cancer, and tuberculosis are three important health concerns issues in the United States and in other parts of the world, but let’s be clear about this, there are several other important health issues affecting our people that have very significant importance. My criterion for selection is the United State, English language, and no specific age group. Diabetes as we know is when the body fails to produce enough insulin, which then causes sugar to build up in your blood. Diabetes affects over 25.8 million people, which is 8.3% of the U.S population, of that 18.8million people are diagnosed and 7.0 million undiagnosed. Among U.S. residents aged 65 years and older 10.9 million, or 26.9%, had diabetes in 2010. About 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes (type 1 or type 2) in the United States in 2010. About 1.9 million people aged 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States. Type I diabetes was previously called insulin dependent mellitus or juvenile-onset diabetes. Type I diabetes develops when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the cells that produce insulin that regulates blood glucose. To survive, people with this type must have insulin delivered by injection or pump. This type normally strikes children and young adults, but may occur at any age according and type I diabetes accounts for 5% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors can be may be autoimmune, genetic, or environmental...
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...Study of the rates of co-infection of HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Urbanized regions within Sub-Saharan Africa Sistla Sumanth Introduction: Airborne communication of mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the evolution of primary tuberculosis (TB) in immunostable and immunocomprimsed patients (Aaron, et al. 2004). In 1993, the center for disease control classification identified that TB was the defining illness in HIV infected patients, as it is typically the first symptom bearing illness to afflict the patient (Aaron, et al. 2004). TB cases have dramatically increased in the global setting in recent, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, illustrating the sensitivity of HIV infected patients to this co-infection. TB results from a pathogenic infection caused primarily by M. tuberculosis, and seldom Mycobacterium bovis; the infiltration of the bacterium into the respiratory tract leads to the infection of the macrophages and cytotoxic cells debilitating intracellular growth (Aaron, et al. 2004). The risk of HIV infected patients to succumb due to the co-infection of tuberculosis and HIV is twice that of patients only infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004). A 1997 estimate suggests that atleast 10.7million people were co-infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis; more than 30% of TB cases in Africa are also infected with HIV (Aaron, et al. 2004) showing the susceptibility of co-infection in immunocompromised patients. Those living in Sub-Saharan Africa...
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...Diseases THEIR TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL This project is designed to inform or further the reader’s knowledge about the different diseases and how they are transmitted and can be controlled. Therefore, it is divided into three (3) major sections. These sections includes: water borne diseases, food borne diseases and air borne diseases. These subtopics will go into further details as to make it simpler for your understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WATER BOURNE DISEASES FOOD BOURNE DISEASES AIR BOURNE DISEASES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank the Lord who is the head of my life who has given me the strength, courage, and inspiration in completing this assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher who has helped me in every step of the way. I would also like to thank my friends and family, specifically my parents who has provided the necessary resources needed to complete this assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer...
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...Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis Kyle J. Patzner Grand Canyon University: Concepts in Community and Public Health January 12, 2014 Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public health concern and poses major implications for current and future treatment of the disease (Chan, B., Khadem, T., & Brown, J. 2013). With the help of the community and the leadership of strong, resourceful organizations, we can come together to overcoming such a hideous disease which affects the lives of millions annually. In this paper, the writer will discuss the incidence of Tuberculosis, treatment, social determinants, organizations involved, and the role public health nursing has on overcoming the presence of this disease. Tuberculosis is an airborne communicable disease which is rapidly spreading. Tuberculosis infection is the result of the exposure to the bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the agent as it applies to...
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