...type of pain experienced by the woman described in the scenario? Phantom limb pain is a condition that is experienced by individuals following the loss of a limb by amputation. The sensations may be present or the individual may also experience pain. According to McCance and Huether (2014), an individual is likely to experience pain post amputation if they had pain prior and between 80 and 100% of these individuals experience chronic pain. There are multiple theories used to explain the occurrence of phantom limb pain with no exact theory being solely correct but a combination of elements from each theory creating the basis for the theory (Chapman, 2011). Phantom limb pain is described by individuals as pain consisting of tingling, numbness, burning, cramping, crushing or throbbing pain (Chapman, 2011). The first theory to explain the manifestation of phantom limb pain is...
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...is phantom limb syndrome? The phantom limb syndrome is the perception of sensations in a limb or limbs that no longer exist. Phantom limb syndrome occurs commonly in amputees; about 60 to 80 percent of individuals who have undergone amputations have reported this sensation. There are evidences showing that patients have higher likelihood of experiencing the syndrome when undergoes traumatic loss, or there has been pre-existing painful conditions in the limb. Phantom sensation can be observed in those who are born without limbs and in those who are paralyzed as well. In some cases, patient will suffer in severe, debilitating chronic pain. Normally, the pain attack will ameliorated with time. What are the symptoms of phantom limb syndrome?...
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...Phantom Limb and the Brain Fatima Gutierrez Edward Rodriguez Santa Monica Community school Abstract Phantom limb is an effect in the brain that translates to the body after am amputation of a limb with interior or exterior, this phenomenon has been shown to present long term or temporary. When phantom limb occurs the part of the brain that play. Vital role is the parietal lobe and the central nervous system, sensory neurons sending messages to the central nervous system which gives sensations to the missing limb. There are three characteristics in phantom limb and there are currently three different types of treatments to reduce pain. Phantom limb is reaction to the rewiring of the brain due to an adulation of limb and reaction of the central nervous system. There are currently three types of treatment; immerse virtual reality, prosthetic usage and mirror box to help reduce or remove phantom limb. Introduction Phantom limb is a temporary or long term effect on the brain and body that occurs only post amputation of a limb for an intermittent period of time. Phantom brain can be categorized as a mental disorder, and is assumed to originate from the stem of the region of amputation. There are three types of characteristic in the phantom complex. The first is phantom limb pain (PLP) which emphasis on a painful sensation in the spatial area of the missing limb. Phantom limb sensation(PLS) which is anytype of sensation in relation to the absent limb without any pain. Lastly is...
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...http://aim.bmj.com/content/22/2/93.full.pdf+html Phantom limb pain (PLP) is when a person who has had a limb amputated experiences a painful sensation and pain where the limb used to be and this can affect the person’s quality of life as it may prevent them to focus on anything other than the sensation that is occurring. There are various forms of treatment that can be used to help the individual with the pain that they are feeling. For example: acupuncture, hypnosis, various medication and mirror box therapy. Acupuncture David Bradbrook- a physiotherapist- reviewed 3 cases where acupuncture was used to treat PLP and in 2 out of 3 of these cases this form of treatment was successful. Acupuncture works by placing needles in specific areas of the body and the needles stimulate nerves under the skin that will release pain-relieving substances- endorphins . In the first case study the...
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...1a) The term phantom limb refers to the sensation that an arm or a leg is present when, in reality, it isn’t. Patients may experience intense pain, paralysis, or other odd phenomena in their phantom limb that are extremely difficult to treat due to the limbs actual absence. Ramachandran suggests that phantom limbs occur due to two processes. Firstly, remapping of the brain describes how nerves that correspond to body areas near the amputated limb in the somatosensory cortex will ‘invade’ the area and produce sensation in the limb when stimulated. The nerves that supplied the missing limb will then cluster into neuromas that, when irritated, will produce the sensation of pain in the phantom limb. Secondly, we all have “an internally hard-wired image of the body and limbs at birth”...
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...Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain, the functions and structure of the human brain. And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails. Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly you can hold in the palm of your hand, and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space. It can contemplate the meaning of infinity and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity. And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens. 0:51OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ? I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells, little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other, and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilitiesthat we call human nature and human consciousness. How does this happen? Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain. One approach, the one we use mainly, is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain, where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain. What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction in all your mental capacities, a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability. What you get is a highly selective loss of one function, with other functions being preserved intact, and this gives you some confidence in assertingthat that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating...
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...Stroke is a common, serious and global health care problem; it’s the third most common cause of health and first cause of adult disability (12). The rehabilitation is the major part of his care (13). Stroke is a neurological deficit caused by an acute focal injury f the central nervous system (CNS) by a vascular cause: a cerebral infraction appears with overt symptoms or intracerebral hemorrhage with no symptoms (10%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (5%) (14). The most impairment that can be regarded as a loss or limitation of function in movement or limitation in mobility and muscle contraction, is the most common and widely recognized impairment caused by stroke. The movement of face, arm, and leg of one side of the body are the structures affected...
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...Axia College Material Appendix E Pain Matrix Sarafino (2006) noted that “people are more likely to seek medical treatment without delay if they feel pain” (p. 292). Pain is not pleasant, but it is a necessary response for us to know when something is wrong, allowing us to limit damage to our bodies. There are many types and sources of pain. It is a sense that we experience in varying degrees of intensity, depending upon the individual. Some individuals have a rare condition called congenital analgesia, where they are unable to feel any type of pain. Most of these people die young because, without pain, the seriousness of their life-threatening injuries or illnesses go undetected, eventually leading to death (Kalb et al, 2003). Directions: Refer to Ch. 11 of the text as you fill in the chart, using your own words to describe different kinds of pain and their causes. |Pain event |Description of pain event |Origin of pain event (physiological, | | |(Answer in 1 to 2 sentences) |psychological, or both) | |Referred pain |Pain that is felt at a place in the body different |Psychological | | |from the injured or diseased part where the pain | | | |would be expected. ...
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...resin) bandages molded to the body part that it encases. Indications * To apply uniform compression of soft tissues * To permit early mobilization * To correct and prevent deformities * To support and stabilize weak joints Types of Casts 1 Short and long -arm cast for the upper limbs. : Extends from below the elbow to the proximal palmar crease. 2 Gauntlet Cast (thumb spica): from below the elbow to the proximal palmar crease. 3 Short and Long-leg Cast for the lower limbs. 4 Body Cast: Encircles the trunk stabilizing the spine. 5 Spica Cast: Incorporates the trunk and extremity. 6 Shoulder spica: encloses trunk, shoulder, and elbow. 7 Hip spica: encloses trunk and a lower extremity and can be single or double. Single extends from nipple line to include pelvis and one thigh while double includes both thighs and lower legs. 8 Cast-brace: External support about a fracture that is constructed with hinges to permit early motion of joints, early mobilization, and independence. 9 Cylinder Cast: Can be used for upper or lower extremity e.g. fracture or dislocation of knee or elbow dislocation. Complications of Casts * Pressure of cast may cause necrosis, pressure sores, and nerve palsies. * Compartment syndrome * Cast syndrome associated especially of body cast, resulting to nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distention; superior mesenteric artery syndrome, resulting in diminished blood flow to the bowel and intestinal obstruction; Acute...
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...which includes sleep; imagery, which includes voluntary control and does not resemble real perception;1 illusion, which includes misapprehended or distorted perception; pseudohallucination, which includes no voluntary control and does not resemble real perception;2 and delusional perceptions, which include a external stimulus, but have an added abnormal significance.1 Hallucinations can theoretically happen in all 21 senses.7 The most common and noticeable hallucinations occur in visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioception, nociceptive, thermoreceptive, and chronoceptive senses.1 Visual Hallucinations A visual hallucination is the “perception of a visual external stimulus where none exists.”2 Causes of visual hallucinations include psychophysiologic, disruption of brain structure; psychobiochemical, perturbation of neurotransmitters; and psychodynamic, appearance of the unconscious into consciousness. Visual hallucinations can also be categorized by SVH and CVH. SVH, or simple visual hallucinations, includes lights, colors, shapes, or unclear objects. CVH, or complex visual hallucinations, includes clear and lifelike images such as, objects, animals, or people.3 A study that blindfolded 13 healthy subjects for 5 days suggested that the loss of an external visual stimuli caused hallucinations because 10 out of the 13 subjects experienced visual hallucinations.4 Auditory Hallucinations A auditory hallucination is a “false perceptions...
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...Chapter 13 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) & Reflex Activity Objectives 1. Define peripheral nervous system and list its components. 2. Define sensation and perception 3. Classify general sensory receptors by structure, stimulus detected, and body location. 4. Distinguish between receptor and generator potentials and sensory adaptation. 5. Compare and contrast the three main levels of neural integration. 6. Describe the four properties of a stimulus. 7. Distinguish between tonic and phasic receptors and the idea of adaptation. 8. Discuss pain (types, neurotransmitters, fast vs. slow pain, phantom & referred pain). 9. Define ganglion and indicate the general body location of ganglia. 10. Describe the general structure of a nerve. 11. Name the 12 pairs of cranial nerves; indicate the body region and structures innervated by each. 12. Describe the formation of a spinal nerve and the general distribution of its rami. 13. Define plexus. Name the major plexuses and describe the distribution and function of the peripheral nerves arising from each plexus. 14. Outline the three levels of the motor hierarchy. 16. Name the components of a reflex arc and distinguish between visceral and somatic reflexes. Chapter 12 (CNS) 19. Describe the gross and microscopic structure of the spinal cord. 20. List the major spinal cord tracts, and classify each as a motor or sensory tract. I Overview (Fig. 13.1) A...
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...The brain is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds (1.3 kilograms), and contains about 100 billion neurons. Bateman, J. Fremont. "The Brain and Nervous System." The New Book of Popular Science. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug.2013. Cerebrum, one of the major divisions of the brain. "Cerebrum." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2013. Web. 12 Aug. 2013. Cerebrum The cerebrum, which comprises about 85% of the weight of the human brain, is involved in the ability to plan, to exercise creativity, and to store information in memory. On its surface is the cerebral cortex, a sheet of gray matter named for its wrinkled appearance (cortex being the Latin word for tree bark). Cerebral Cortex. Varying in thickness from about 0.06 to 0.2 inch (1.5 to 4.5 mm), the cerebral cortex not only receives and processes information regarding taste, touch, sight, sound, and smell but also governs muscle movement, thus allowing humans to analyze their surroundings and to respond to them as well. The cerebral cortex is divided into three areas, with two less structurally developed areas respectively processing emotion and smell, and the more elaborate neocortex processing all other functions. The three-layered archicortex is the emotional portion of the brain and is the simplest of the three. The three- to five-layered paleocortex is the olfactory portion of the brain. The neocortex is a more complex six-layered structure...
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...ANALGESICS Defining pain: * * PAIN: an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage * NOCICEPTIVE: activation of normal pain fibres in response to a noxious stimulus (e.g. injury, disease, inflammation); may be somatic (e.g. involving superficial structures such as skin and muscle) or visceral (e.g. involving deeper organs such as liver, pancreas) * NEUROPATHIC: injury or disease affecting the peripheral (e.g. diabetic neuropathy, phantom limb) or central (e.g. spinal cord injury, post stroke) nervous system or both (e.g. postherpetic neuralgia) * MIXED NOCICEPTIVE/NEUROPATHIC: e.g. cancer some cancer-related pain * BREAKTHROUGH PAIN: occurs between regular doses of an analgesic and reflects an increase in the pain level beyond the control of the baseline analgesia. This may just be an occasional natural fluctuation in pain or, if frequent, reflect inadequate baseline analgesia or management * INCIDENT PAIN: occurs with, or is exacerbated by, physical activity or an event such as a wound dressing. Inadequate stabilisation of a fracture or cough can also cause incident pain Classification of pain: | Nociceptive - superficial somatic | Nociceptive – deep somatic | Nociceptive – visceral | Neuropathic | Origin of stimulus | Skin, subcutaneous tissue, mucous of mouth, nose, sinuses, urethra, anus | Bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, superficial...
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...HLSC111 Stress and Health Continuing with psychosocial aspects affecting health and particularly the role of stress and its possible mechanisms Week 6 Lecture A PNI, Pain and Health We will examine PNI ‐ Psychoneuroimmunology The immune system – its role in preventing disease Lect B – coping – what works Where are we? This lect draws a number of threads together: So far we have looked at: People and ways to understand them What people share with each other – developmental psychology What makes people unique – individual differences The role of groups people belong to Stress – causes and effects Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) What is it? PNI ‐ examines the relationships between the mind/brain and immune system “The field that studies the interactions between the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system; the impact of behaviour/stress on these interactions; and the implications for health of these interactions” Ronald Glaser Now we will examine in more detail the relationship between behaviour, 1919 ‐ researchers noted increased stress increased the the nervous system, the endocrine system, immunity and coping ‐ ways to stay healthy Back to Physiology progression of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research foundations Psychosocial factors modulating immunity Immune system problems result from Increased Age Genetic disorders Infectious diseases Nutrition...
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...Central Nervous System * Brain and Spinal Cord * Conscious and reflexive Motor and Sensory * Continuous with Peripheral Nervous System Reflex Arc Reminder: Association neuron can modulate Autonomic Nervous System * Part of peripheral but feeds back to the central. * Cranial nerves are peripheral, but have to the do with the autonomic as well. * Parallel subconscious (?) CNS/PNS * Visceral control * Homeostasis Ventricles of the Brain * Interior CSF filled spaces * Interconnected * Continuous with the Subarachnoid Space * Contain Choroid Plexes which produce CSF * Important landmarks for location of structures * Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors * Impanted and help monitor, because if too high pt stop breathing and die. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres * 5 types of lobes and two of each type. Each hemisphere divided into 5. Correspond to the bones of the skull (close enough) * Frontal Lobes * Parietal Lobes * Occipital Lobes * Temporal Lobes * Insula Lobes * This lobe is hiding behind the temporal lobe. In folded inside, about the size of a walnut. * Outer Cortex is the outer 2-3 mm * Gyrate are the raised bumps are and sulcis are the grooves between * Cortex is all wadded up into smaller volume Frontal Lobe Functions * Personality * Asses in traumatic brain injury, or if you see change in behavior – aggressive etc * Analysis ...
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