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The Dirty War

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5 أكتوبر 1988: الجيش وجنرالاته هم المسيطر الحقيقي على البلاد، وما الرئيس الشاذلي بن جديد إلا واجهة، مظاهرات حاشدة اجتاحت البلاد، مئات الآلاف من الجزائريين يتظاهرون احتجاجا على البطالة ومستوى المعيشة والفقر، سقط 500 شاب برصاص الجيش واعتقال مئات آخرين، تصاعدت المواجهة بين الشعب والجيش إلى درجة لم تحدث من قبل، رضخ الرئيس الشاذلي بين جديد، أقر قانون التعددية الحزبية، أصبح كل شيء مسموحا بما فيها سب الرئيس الجزائري الشاذلي بن جديد علنا، كان هذا هو أوان الانفتاح الديموقراطي، ولدت عشرات الأحزاب، وأُنشت صحفا ومجلات خاصة، كان هناك ابتهاجا عاما في الجزائر ببدء عصر جديد من الحرية والتعددية.
مارس 1989: تأسست الجبهة الإسلامية للانقاذ كحركة مستقلة تسعى لخوض الانتخابات التشريعية المقبلة، كأي بلد اسلامي التف الشباب حول الحزب الوليد، بدأ بصمته واضحة في كل أنحاء الجزائر.
مايو 1990: كان الشارع الجزائري يغلي من كثرة الجدل السياسي، دخلت الجزائر المرحلة الانتخابية، راجت بضاعات الإهانات والتشهير بين الأحزاب والحركات السياسية، فالانتخابات بعد شهر واحد فقط، الإسلاميون يعدون الناس بجنات النعيم، والديموقراطيون يُقسمون أن الجزائر ستكون أكثر بلدان الوطن العربية مدنية وحداثة، وكانت الجبهة الإسلامية تسبق منافسيها بعدة أميال في السباق، وكان الواضح أن الانتخابات تسير إلى نهاية واحدة محتومة، هي سيطرة جبهة الإنقاذ الإسلامية على حكم الجزائر.
وقد حدثت الخطوة الأولى، فازت جبهة الإنقاذ الإسلامية في الانتخابات المحلية، وباكتساح.
اصطبغت الجزائر بصبغة إسلامية (متشددة غير محببة)، صار هناك شرطة اسلامية شعبية تنهر الفتيات غير المُحجبات، انتشر زي مميز مُعين بين الشباب المُهمش المسحوق طيلة عقود، سروال القوات المظلية، عمامة سوداء، كحل في العيون، لحي كثيفة مُحناة، انشترت كتابات الإسلاميين على الجدران في العاصمة، صار صوت الإسلاميين مرتفعا بشدة ضد السلطة مطالبة بانتخابات رئاسية عاجلة، كان الجيش – الحاكم الفعلي- للبلاد يغض الطرف عن عمد عن جميع الممارسات التي تتم من قِبل جبهة الإنقاذ الإسلامية، ويكأن هذا هو المطلوب.
في الانتخابات التشريعية فازت جبهة الإنقاذ بـ 80% من مقاعد البرلمان، الإسلاميون قادمون لا محالة
إذا نجح الأصوليون في حكم الجزائر فسوف أتدخل عسكرياً كما تدخل بوش في بنما (فرانسوا ماتيران، الرئيس الأسبق لفرنسا)
كان هناك حركة غير عادية تحت السطح الراكد، حُكم الجنرالات ومصالحهم أصبحت مهددة، لا بد من إجراء ما، تم وضع الرئيس الشاذلي بن جديد أمام اختياريين لا ثالث لهما، إما إلغاء الإنتخابات أو التنحي فورا، انقلب العسكريون على الرئيس الضعيف الشاذلي بن جديد، والذي كان أكثر شخصية ممقوتة من الشعب الجزائري آنذاك، ووضعوا على رأس السلطة الرئيس بو ضياف رغبة منهم في البقاء خلف الستار.
بدأت حركة تغييرات وترقيات مُوسعة في صفوف المؤسسة العسكرية، الأكاديميات العسكرية الجزائرية أرسلت ضباطها إلى مواقعهم قبل انتهاء تأهيلهم، بدأت عمليات تجنيد واسعة النطاق لشباب الجزائريين، انتشرت المتاريس والضباط وجنود الجيش في الشوارع والطرق بحجة حفظ الأمن.
وبدا في الأفق نُذر محنة رهيبة ستطول الشعب الجزائري كله، محنة لن يناله فيها أي رحمة أو شفقة.
بداية المحنة
بدأت عمليات ارهابية تحدث من وقت لآخر، الهجوم على مراكز للذخيرة وتفجيرها، الاعتداء على عربات وقوات تابعة للجيش، عبوات ناسفة في أماكن تمركز الجيش، في معظم أو كل تلك العمليات، تصاعدت وتيرة تلك العمليات بصورة كبيرة، لم يكن أحد يرى الطرف المُهاجِم، كأنه شبح، لكن الصحف والتلفيزيون دائما ما يذكروا أن الإسلاميين فعلوها، قُتل الرئيس بو ضياف على يد أحد حرسه بـ 10 طلقات في جسده، واعترف قاتله – في صراحة ودون ضغط – بأنه إسلامي، كان بو ضياف كارهٌ للإسلاميين، ولكنه كان كارها أيضا للفاسدين من جنرالات الجيش وتعهد أن يكشف ملفات الفساد، وهكذا كان التخلص منه مطلوبا وبصورة عاجلة مع إلصاقها في الإسلاميين.
بدأ القمع يأخذ مُنحنى علني واضح ومُخيف مع بداية عام 1992، كان القمع ضد المدنيين العاديين أكثر منه ضد الإرهابيين، عُذب آلاف الشباب، أرسلوا إلى معتقلات جنوب الجزائر،أُعدم المئات بالرصاص و أُحرق العشرات أحياء، فهم الناس فيما بعد أن المعتقلات هي أفضل آلة لتفريخ الإرهابيين، وكان الجيش يعرف ذلك وكان يتعمد ذلك، كان الهاربون من القتل والحرق والاعتقال سواء من المدنيين أو العسكريين يتجهون لحمل السلاح نكاية في الجيش، لا عجب أن الجيش نفسه كان يسهل هروب هؤلاء وانضامهم إلى الإرهابيين، كانت المؤسسة العسكرية تُعرف ضمنيا باسم “الشركة الوطنية لتأهيل الإرهابيين”، كانت تكاد تدفع بالشعب كله لحمل السلاح ضدها، كل ذلك كان مطلوبا حتى يعطي قادة الجيش صلاحيات لا محدودة في الفتك بالشعب وتطويقه والمحافظة على السلطات والامتيازات اللا محدودة.
كان هناك ممارسات غاية في القذارة مع النساء كذلك وبنات الجامعات تحديدا، حيث يتم اجبارهن على مواقعة رجال الاستخبارات حتى يتم السيطرة عليهم واستخدامهن لاحقا في جمع المعلومات من داخل الجامعة.
لقد كان الكل يُعامل كالدمي، ضباط الجيش الصغار، الشرطة، الشعب الجزائري، الإسلاميين.
روى حبيب سويدية عشرات الوقائع السوداء التي حدثت في الجزائر على يد جنرالات المؤسسة العسكرية
الجيش كان الإرهابي الأول
يروي حبيب سويدية، في مارس 1993 جائته الأوامر بالاستعداد لإحدى المهام، المهمة باختصار هي حراسة شاحنة تقل ما يقرب من 20 فردا من قوات الصاعقة مدججين بالخناجر والقنابل اليدوية والرشاشات، لحاهم شبه نامية، ويرتدون زيا مدنيا، فبدو مثل الإرهابيين المسلحين، كانت الأوامر تقتضي بأن يحرسوهم حتى نقطة معينة في مفترق الطرق ويتوقفوا عند ذلك، بينما تُكمل الشاحنة طريقها منفردة إلى قرية تُسمى دوار الزعترية، إحدى القرى التي انتخبت الجبهة الإسلامية للانقاذ وقت الانتخابات، وقد حان وقت العقاب، ذُبح العديد من أهل القرية بلا رحمة، واغتُصبت نسائهم ونُهبت أموالهم، وخرجت الصحف في اليوم التالي بالخبر التالي: "هجوم ارهابي علي قرية الزعترية ينجم عنه درزينة من القتلى"، تكررت تلك العملية كثيرا فيما بعد، ترتدي قوات الصاعقة ملابس مشابهة لملابس الإسلاميين ويطرقون الأبواب في بعض القرى المغضوب عليها، قائلين افتحوا نحن الأخوة ! ومن ثم يذبحون جميع أفراد الأسرة كالنعاج، قوات الجيش كانت تقتل باسم الاسلاميين، هكذا كان الوضع في تلك الحقبة المنكودة.
الجيش لا ينقذ أحدا
يروي حبيب سويدية أنه في إحدى الأيام جائته استغاثه على اللاسلكي من إحدى الدوريات أنها تتعرض لهجوم إرهابي عنيف، طلب حبيب سويدية من القيادة التدخل يقواته لنجدة الدورية، جائت الإجابة من القيادة له ولجميع الدوريات أن تبقى في مكانها وألا تتحرك لأي سبب!، وما زالت الاستغاثة تستمر أن "أغيثونا، الضرب يتواصل علينا من كل مكان"، في اليوم التالي ذهبوا للمكان فوجدوا الدورية بأكلمها قتلى. تلك الحادثة تكررت كثيرا بنفس الأسلوب.
كان حبيب سويدية يرى أن جنرالات الجيش بإمكانهم القضاء تماما على أي قوات أو ميليشيات ارهابية في غضون عدة أشهر لو أرادوا، لكنهم فضلوا أن يظل التوتر في البلاد معلقا، وأن تظل الجزائر في تلك الحالة االمزرية وأن يبقى قانون الطوارئ ممتدا عبر الأعوام بلا انقطاع، حتى تكون الكلمة العليا في البلاد لهم.
التعذيب والقتل
كان التعذيب ممنهجا خاصة في تلك القرى والبلدان التي صوتت لصالح جبهة الإنقاذ، الضرب بالهراوات، الصعق بالكهرباء، الجلد بالسياط، في الغالب لم يكن أحدا يخرج حيا من المعتقلين، لم يكن جنرالات الجيش يرغبون في أي ازعاج اعلامي من أي نوع.
كان محمد متاجر رجلا في الستين، وكان اثنان من أولاده مطلوبين بشدة، بعد تعذيبه جره قائد الكتيبة في ساحة الثكنة العسكرية وأمام الجميع تبول عليه هاتفا “ناد ولديك الكلبين لينقذاك الآن !” بعد هذا المشهد الهمجي أطلقوا عليه النار مع مجموعة أخرى من المعتقلين، تم قتل ولديه فيما بعد، ووزعت جثثهم في عدة مناطق بالمدينة، وبضمير مستريح جدا تم نسب كل ذلك إلى الإسلاميين.
أحرقوهم أحياء
في احدى الأيام كان من جملة الأسرى أسير عمره 15 عاما وأسير عمره 35 عاما، سكب نقيب الجيش سائل سريع الاشتعال عليهما، راح الصبي الصغير يبكي ويتوسل أما نظرات الاحتقار والكراهية من العسكريين، أشعل النقيب قطعة قماش ثم ألقاها على الصبي التعس، فتحول في ثواني إلى شعلة بشرية، وأطلق صرخات توقظ الموتى من سُباتهم، قطعت صرخاته رشقة من الرصاصات اخترقت جسدته وأردته في الحال، بعد لحظات لقى رفيقه الأسير ذي الـ 35 عاما نفس المصير.
السجن والهروب
لم يتحمل حبيب سويدية كاتب هذا الكتاب تلك الجرائم، ومثله كثيرون من ضباط الجيش الشرفاء، وحين أظهر اعتراضه سُجن 4 سنوات، وطُرد من الجيش، ثم فعل المستحيل للهروب من الملاحقة الأمنية، ودفع رشوة للحصول على فيزا والهروب إلى فرنسا، حيث عاش كلاجئ سياسي وألف كتابه.
حبيب سويدية سجل في كتابه العشرات من تلك الوقائع بالأسماء والأماكن والأرقام مما أعطى الكتاب مصداقية شديدة لدى الباحثين، بالإضافة إلى أنه توافق مع معظم الكتب والروايات للضباط الهاربين من هذا الجحيم.
أحدث الكتاب منذ صدوره ضجة في في فرنسا والجزائر، ووجّهت المحكمة الجزائرية اتهامات للملازم حبيب سويدية بأنه “سعى لإضعاف معنويات الجيش الوطني، وبث البلبلة في صفوف القوات المسلحة، من خلال توجيه اتهامات مختلقة ضده”. وأصدرت محكمة جزائرية حكمًا غيابيًا بمعاقبته 20 عاما.
ظلت هذه حالة الجزائر أعواما طويلة، أكثر من 200 ألف جزائري راح ضحية هذه الحقبة السوداء، خفت حدة العنف حاليا بعدما أصدر الرئيس الحالي بوتفليقة مبادرة المصالحة، ولكن حتى يومنا هذا، ما زالت الاعتقالات مستمرة، والقمع يبسط نفوذه، وما زال الجنرالات يحكمون.

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