...Communication of Emotions PSYC 380 Abstract Many people and particularly animals communicate their emotions toward others in some form of postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds. Emotions may be seen as subjective, conscious experiences characterized primarily by psycho-physiological expressions, biological reactions, and also mental states. Charles Darwin was said to be one of the first scientists to ever write in reference to the existence and nature of emotions within non-human animals. From this study, various aspects of the communication of emotions will be observed and considered. Is it possible that animals have a type of intelligence whereas they can communicate how their feeling? This question will be answered and what scientists and studies have to say about such a question. In addition to this research, the neural basis of the communication of emotions will also be examined. Various parts of the brain will provide insight as to what causes and gives animals the potential ability to communicate their emotions, not only toward their own species, but also toward humans. Many people and particularly animals communicate their emotions toward others in some form of postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds. Emotions may be seen as subjective, conscious experiences characterized primarily by psycho-physiological expressions, biological reactions, and also mental states. According to general hypotheses, there are correlations...
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...PSY240 College Material Appendix G Emotions This activity will increase your understanding of the different biopsychological theories of emotion. All of these methods can be found in the readings from this week. Directions: Complete the matching exercise by matching the theory to its attributes. Type the letter in the blank provided (do not worry about underlining). Then, Write a brief summary of each theory (1-2 sentences each) Darwin James-Lange Cannon-Bard Limbic System 1. __a___ Was first published in the book The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. 2. __c___ Emotional stimuli have two independent excitatory effects. 3. __b___ Reversed the usual common-sense way of thinking about the causal relation between the experience of emotion and its expression. 4. __a___ Emotion is a product of Evolution. 5. ___c__ Views emotional experience and emotional expression as parallel processes that have no direct causal relation. 6. ___c__ There is a linear relationship between seeing a fear stimuli and feeling fear. 7. __c___ All emotional stimuli produce the same general pattern of sympathetic activation 8. ___a__ Expressions of emotions evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. 9. __c___ Different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and that these different patterns produce different emotional experiences 10. __d___ Key structures include: the amygdala, mammillary body...
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...Are Emotions Universal? It all starts with Darwin In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) Darwin stated that “the same state of mind is expressed throughout the world with remarkable uniformity . . .” His evidence for universality was the answers to 16 questions he sent to Englishmen living or travelling in eight parts of the world: Africa, America, Australia, Borneo, China, India, Malaysia and New Zealand. The questions asked whether they saw the same expressions of emotion in these foreign lands as they had known in England … and they said they did. Darwin concluded from this that emotions are the same everywhere. Modern Evidence from Literate Cultures In modern ‘judgment studies’ native subjects from many countries were studied. They were shown photographs of facial expression and asked to identify what emotion was shown from a list of six to ten possible choices. If emotions are universal then people from different countries should ascribe the same emotion to the same photographs. The figure below shows six of the photographs used by Silvan Tomkins in 1962: Data was collected on 21 literate countries: Africa, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, England, Estonia, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kirghizistan, Malaysia, Scotland, Sweden, Indonesia (Sumatra), Switzerland, Turkey and the USA and the results suggest that, across all cultures, people are very good at recognizing happiness, anger, fear, sadness, disgust and...
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...Emotions have been studied for centuries. The theories on emotions have developed with the passing years. Four of the main theories, however, on emotions that I will be discussing are Darwin’s theory, the James-Lang theory, the Cannon-Bard theory, and the Limbic System. Emotions are carried out by every person. They are real, and we all feel them. Darwin’s theory was the theory of the evolution of emotion. This was also the first major event to happen with the biopsychology of emotion is 1872. Darwin believed that the expression of one’s emotions were simply the product of evolution itself. He tested and tracked this with not only man, but species as well. His theory on the evolution of expressing emotions had developed into emotions that are clearly expressed in body language, hand gestures, and facial expressions was a clear indicator of what was to come. This was for humans and animal species. The James-Lang theory is the first physiological theory. This theory was brought to light independently by William James and Carl Lang in 1884. This is the theory that an event would spark an arousal before an emotion is displayed. It is said that the autonomic and somatic responses cause the experience of emotion in the brain. This means that a person would not display an emotion until after some kind of physical happening. The Cannon-Bard theory came about in 1915 by Walter Cannon, and Philip Bard. It is the theory that arousal and emotion go off simultaneously. It just built...
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...Early cave paintings around the world depict animals such as bison, wild cattle, horses and deer. These paintings were made using charcoal and other organic materials over thirty thousand years ago. While the reason is still unclear, these paintings most likely signify daily chases early man took part in (historyworld.net). Since then, artists have used paintings to represent and respond to many ideas throughout history. Passionate, dramatic and complex paintings, such as “The Colossus” by Francisco Goya of the Romanticism movement characterized the early nineteenth century. A struggling political and social time in the Romanticism movement sparked a need in artists to document the ordinary world instead of grandiose and dramatic scenes, and the Realism movement began. This movement developed and popularized these depictions of scenes from the ordinary world without any flourish, as seen by Honoré Daumier with “The Third-Class Carriage”. Realism originated as a reaction to the social and political characteristics of the Romanticism movement, as seen in various literary works, impacted the art world greatly. The late eighteenth century began the Romanticism movement, which prevailed as the dominate artistic movement through the nineteenth century. It directly revolted against the Enlightenment period, by “challenging the excessive rationalism” and “stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience” and came about as a result of the effects of the French Revolution...
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...Does Granting Animals Human Rights Make Sense? University Does Granting Animals Human Rights Make Sense? Throughout history, there has been any number of people belonging to various groups that for one reason or another were persecuted, oppressed, or otherwise denied equality with the rest of society. Over time, these groups have either formed their own activism or received sponsorship from another group with the goal of achieving equality in the eyes of society, if not in the eyes of the law. Workers, women, minorities, and homosexuals are examples of such groups where the pursuit of what we have come to call human rights has both made history and changed society. This document will explore the question: “does granting animals human rights make sense?” While it is understood that human beings, the species Homo sapiens sapiens, are members of the animal kingdom, for the sake of this discussion use of the term “animals” will refer to those that are non-human. Much of the rhetoric emanating from the animal rights debate is highly emotionally charged. By approaching the issue from the perspective of a reasonable person, it is possible to strike a balance by ensuring the humane treatment of animals where human culture and purposes intersect with the animal kingdom. Often, the animal rights debate is referred to as though there were only two sides to the argument. One side would grant rights to animals that are equivalent to the rights humans strive to afford one another...
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...culture and relate to the dominant culture * Assimilation – people give up their ethnic culture and wholeheartedly embrace the dominant culture * Separation – people maintain their ethnic culture and isolate themselves from the dominant culture * Marginalism – people give up their ethnic culture and fail to related proper to the dominant culture How does non-verbal communication help to inform us about another person? * Non-verbal communication: The process of communication by means other than verbal language. Gaze, facial expression, posture etc. * Our facial expressions can be traced to our evolutionary history. (Charles Darwin, 1872 The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals) * We can understand the feelings and intentions of others, regulate interactions or express intimacy. (Patterson 1983) * The behaviors have acquired communicative values How accurate are people in recognising basic emotions?...
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...e1974 The opiate receptor, the cellular bonding sites inside the brain for endorphins, is discovered by Dr. Candace Pert. The discovery supported why certain drugs such as morphine affect our emotions and mind. 1808 Franz Gall finds Phrenology. It is believed that a person’s character and personality can be determined by reading the unique series of bumps on the skull. This odd theory is widely accepted around this time and is used to determine many outcomes such as detecting signs of latent delinquency in young children. 1977 The MRI produces very clear and detailed pictures of brain structures through the use of “gradient magnets” to alter the magnetic field and force. Unlike PET, it does not require the subject to be injected with a tracer substance 1929 Hans Berger develops the first electroencephalograph, known as EEG or brainwave test. The EEG is used as a neurologic diagnostic test that records electrical activity in the brain. History of Brain Research and Technology Timeline 1st Century BC | 1700 | 1750 | 1800 | 1850 | 1900 | 1950 | 2000 | s 1872 Charles Darwin’s book, “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals” explains his study in tracing emotional responses and facial expressions in humans and animals. He develops a theory that blushing is a clear indication of consciousness. Further investigation leads him to believe that only humans are capable of blushing, the reason being is that they are the only ones having capability of self- consciously...
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...your physical and mental wellbeing Ekman & Friesen (1969) categorised non verbal communication into five categories Emblems, Illustrators, Affect Displays, Regulators and Adaptors. Ekman (2001) A smiling face does not always signal the experience of enjoyable emotions; people smile for many different reasons, for example to regulate conversation to mask other emotional states (e.g., anger or sadness), or to manipulate and deceive others. Darwin The expressions of emotions in Man and Animals (1872) – The same state of mind is expressed throughout the world with uniformity. Klienburg (1940) While some form of NVC are universal such as crying, laughing, and trembling expressions of anger, fear, disgust and sadness are not. Birdwhistle (1970) there are no universal symbols of emotional state. We can expect emotional expressions to be learned and patterned according to the particular structures of particular societies. Duchenne (1862) distinguished between different types of smile. In the enjoyment smile not only are the lip corners pulled up by the muscles around the eyes are contracted while the non-enjoyment smile involves just smiling lips Rosenberg and Langer (1965) concluded that nonverbal means of expression may be used to support verbal-linguistic communication The Mehrabian Formula 1967 According to Mehrabian,[1] the three elements account differently for our...
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...Demonstrative Communiation Student Name BCOM/275 August 6, 2012 Instructor Name Abstract Written communication is interaction that can be done through emails, letters, cards, ads, articles, etc. Communication where written or verbal exchanges of words are not present is known as Demonstrative communication. Sending and receiving messages without words is often used to strengthen the message of verbal communication. These messages can be carried through posture, eye contact, body language, gestures, clothing, and overall appearance. Demonstrative communication can sometimes present a different message than that of the verbal message. This type of communication can also tell someone how you feel about them, in regards to being liked or not, whether or not you are interested in them or not. Certain objects can tell a lot about a person and can sometimes say what they are unable to say for themself. There are certain items that are considered to be items of affection such as jewelry, flowers, and teddy bears. These items when presented to someone else can be a means of apologizing, saying congratulations, expressing condolences, showing support, or saying I love you. It is easy to have a nonverbal conversation when the parties are face to face, and the environment is comfortable or suitable for all involved. Demonstrative communication is of importance with any type of conversation. Nonverbal/demonstrative communication may take place against our own intentions. For example...
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...functions: a. It clarifies the boundaries of a concept. b. It clarifies the relationships among concepts. c. It clarifies the referents of the concepts. Vagueness and Ambiguity A term is ‘vague’ means it is hazy obscure and imprecise for example the words love, happiness, rich or poor are vague. We can rarely tell whether they apply to a given situation or not. How rich one has to be in order to be called rich? An ‘ambiguous expression’ is one that can be interpreted as having more than one clearly distinct meaning in a given context for example: words such as proper, light, critical, bank can be used ambiguously. If one were to describe an action as proper, does this mean proper in moral sense or proper in the sense of being socially acceptable? The difference between ambiguity and vagueness is that vague terminology allows for a relatively continuous range of interpretations, where as ambiguous terminology allows for multiple discrete interpretations. A vague expression creates a blur of meaning where as ambiguous expression mixes up otherwise clear meanings. Definitions and their purposes Definition is a group of words that assigns a meaning to some word or group of words. A definition consists of two parts: The definiendum and the definiens. Definiendum is the word or group of words that is supposed to be defined and the definiens is the word or group of words that does the defining. For example: ‘The “Tiger” means a large, stripped, ferocious feline...
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...(2005) The Yorùbá Animal Metaphors: Analysis and Interpretation ADÉSOLÁ OLÁTÉJÚ University of Ibadan, Nigeria ABSTRACT The paper undertakes a study of animal metaphors in the Yorùbá language with a view to highlighting the stylistic and communicative potentials of these metaphors. To achieve the set objective, the animals – domestic and wild – involved in metaphors and their individual distinctive characteristic features that motivate their metaphorical interpretations are highlighted. The paper also discusses the sources of animal metaphors, which are said to be located in three areas, namely: the Yorùbá naming culture, animal characteristic habits and behaviour, and the Yorùbá poetry. In discussing the metaphorical processes involved in the interpretation of animal-related metaphors, a two-dimensional approach is adopted: stylistic and cultural. In the first, the semantic features of animals involved in metaphors are decomposed into semantic markers that are of two types. The first is the High Priority Semantic Markers (HPSM), which determine the cognitive/conceptual meaning of the metaphors, and the second is the Low Priority Semantic Markers (LPSM), which determine the secondary metaphorical interpretation. Animal metaphors involve transference of meanings, and whatever meanings or interpretations are assigned to a particular animal metaphor, are culture and context dependent. The paper concludes with stylistic and communicative functions of animal metaphors, with the...
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...intended that to mean that the Song was detailed symbolism of the historical relationship between Yahweh (the Divine Presence) and the people of Israel from the Exodus to the coming of the Messiah.(Davidson) During the time, sexual feelings were considered pagan and evil. Some Christian allegorists believe that the author (or authors) of the songs wrote in a way that disguised sexual expressing as a yearning for God. Most scholars believe that the authors purposely wrote about yearning for God in an incredibly sexual way to further imply the strong emotions behind said yearning. These songs are regardless a type of sexual expression. These songs should be read only by those who are mature and no longer troubled by sexual temptation. The writers of these poems are merely using the emotions of sexuality to convey the divine senses of the inner man. (Davidson) In other words, the purpose of these writings to define what it means to be a man in terms of sexuality. It may seem obvious, but men and women were...
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...A debate about animal rights has been an ongoing problem around the world for generations. For the first time, according to Singer (2003), the Australian philosopher Peter Singer proposed the assertion that animals have ‘rights’ in the 1970s. Ever since then, this claim has been the topic of many emotional and ardent discussions. There are many areas in which the issue of animal right’s is an acute topic. For example, there are moral aspects of keeping animals in zoos, eating them, using for testing etc.? I tend to think that animals should not have rights because they are not humans, and they are not able to fight for those rights. I agree with the point of view of Linker (2014) that people should treat animals respectably. However, it should be because they are not like humans rather than because they are similar to human beings. Human dignity is associated with some the moral qualities that are often difficult to explain, and certainly cannot be seen in the behavior of animals. Obviously, people have to take care of animals and not hurt them because they are living beings also experiencing emotions. However, this cannot be the basis for granting them rights equivalent to the human. People are beings endowed with sympathies and emotions, and any normal society cannot be indifferent to the suffering of the animals. A cruel treatment of pets, like dogs and cats, will induce revulsion even from people who had never had pets and are not planning to. However, Schultz (2013)...
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...Communication is the most important thing in everyone’s life, without proper communication we end missing out on a lot of opportunities that come our way. Communication is the key to success. With great communication skills one can almost get out of any problem, almost achieve anything they desire. Communication is the use of messages to produce meaning within and across a variety of contexts, cultures, methods and media. It is a learned activity - you must learn to speak your native language, operate a cell phone or even use gestures that are common in your culture. You must also learn to receive and interpret messages from others. Communication involves the use of writing, talking, gestures- Non verbal communication (e.g. Facial expressions, traffic signals, emotions), Visual communication (e.g. Movies, pictures) to portray a message. 1) What is the role of non verbal communication? What is non verbal communication? Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be...
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