...In the United Sates there are barriers to health services that include high cost of care, lacking or no insurance coverage at all, lack of services and lack of competent care in cultural and ethnic aspects. Barriers lead to hindrance gaining proper healthcare such as unresolved health treatment, hold ups in receiving adequate care, reduced preventive medicine services, financial inabilities, and avoidable hospitalizations. Access to care variates based on socioeconomic status, age, sex, disability status, sexual orientation, gender identity, and residential location and, somehow, even race and ethnicity. In America, access to health services surrounds 3 components in regards to coverage, services, and timeliness. Coverage helps patients into the health care system. Lack of coverage or none at all, those in this category are most likely to have poor health status, not likely to receive medical care, delay in diagnoses, and predominant to die early. Optimizing levels of access to health care services ensures a usual and ongoing source of care which leads to having better health outcomes, fewer discrepancies, and lower costs. Primary care managers, PCM, serves as an important source of care. PCMs...
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...Access Economics Essay Health is a human right and intellectual property must not become overemphasized at the expense of human life. There is a delicate balance between the human rights of HIV/AIDS sufferers and the economic, political, and human rights of corporate citizens to protect intellectual property within the pharmaceutical industry. This essay intends to answer the six questions related to the In-Depth Integrative Case 1.2 and highlight the global rights conflict of between a developing country’s fight to confront the AIDS epidemic and intellectual property protection. Delicate Balance Of Intellectual Property And Access To Medication Introduction When the South African Medicines Act was introduced it quickly resulted in battle lines being drawn between patent rights and public health. While all parties acknowledged the scope of the AIDS crisis, how to go about solving the problem became the subject of significant moral and legal debate (Halbert, 2012). Case Study Review In the case study Pharmaceutical companies, intellectual property, and the global AIDS epidemic, there are a number of questions to review. First, do pharmaceutical companies have responsibility to distribute drugs for free or at low cost in developing countries? What are the arguments for and against such an approach? There are socio-economic responsibilities of businesses and pharmaceutical companies have responsibility to distribute drugs for free or at low cost to developing countries. The products...
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...| Research Paper | | Daren Smith | 5/21/2012 | | Abstract There is a lot of discussion about pharmaceutical companies, intellectual property, and the global AIDS epidemic. Do pharmaceutical companies have a responsibility to distribute drugs for free or low cost in developing countries? Why is intellectual property such a big deal? What impact would South Africa’s decision to levy duties on drugs in the country have on the international distribution of drugs? Was the change that provided patent protection for pharmaceutical companies an appropriate change or a dangerous precedent? Was it necessary to relax intellectual property rules in order to ensure that adequate supplies of AIDs medications would be available for distribution in the developing world? What role to multi-national corporations have in providing funding or other assistance to international organizations such as the Global Fund? All these questions have many arguments for and against but the right answers probably lie somewhere in between. Having and providing access to affordable medication is one of the greatest challenges we face in today’s world. Many people see that pharmaceutical companies are irresponsible. The evidence is in the high prices individuals have to pay for medications. Although I don’t care for higher priced medications I do believe in the right for a business, or individual, to make money. To come up with medications it takes years of research and licensing...
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...of ebola in West Africa put fear in many Americans. Craig Spencer is a doctor who came home from Guinea after treating patients with ebola was called, selfish. This shocked me. I was raised to have a global outlook on the world and saw this doctor as a hero. Although the ebola virus did not hit Americans, the virus of fear did....
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...World Bank: Roles and Responsibilities in Developing Countries Mathew Vettukallel Liberty University Business 606-B01 LUO Professor Dr. Joan Koonce October 11, 2013 Abstract This research paper will focus on how the World Bank has helped many third world counties to transition into developing nations. The mission of the World Bank is total elimination of poverty from the face of the earth by the year 2030 (www.worldbank.org). The World Bank has been helping many developing countries to fight against diseases such as AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria in many parts of the world (Clark, 2011). The World Bank is offering financial help for several programs to help with agriculture, transportation, infrastructure, and irrigation in many South Asian countries to reduce poverty. There has been so much controversy about the activities of the World Bank. Even though the main mission of the World Bank is to alleviate poverty from the face of the earth, there has been severe criticism that the World Bank is changing its focus to financial policy reforms and structural adjustments. The World Bank as an international financial institution has done so much to help numerous developing countries when they are in financial crisis or needed help to undertake a major development project. Regardless of the criticism and corruption accusations, this author believes that the World Bank is in the right direction by providing basic reforms and structural adjustments in order to alleviate...
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...The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector in South Africa After the Apartheid era, massive inequalities in income, health status, access to health care and other social services continued to dominate in South Africa. The Apartheid era was a system of racial segregation that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Due to colonization, whites had ruled South Africa for several centuries, which resulted in the creation of a system that was constructed to serve as a legal framework for continued economic and political dominance by people of European descent (WHO 2003: Antiretroviral Therapy). The apartheid era came to an end as a consequence of both inner and global pressure and South Africa’s new democratic government. The new government claims that improving the access to health care is a main priority noting, “emphasis should be placed on reaching … the most vulnerable” (Department of Health 1997:13). Giving access to health care is becoming an even greater challenge. South Africa was, and is still facing an exploding HIV/AIDS epidemic that, if anything, is highly associated with health care demands. Today, there are more than 5.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa, this accounts for more than 21.5% of the entire population (CIA World Fact book: 2006). This paper aims to understand how the health care sector has dealt with the challenges faced in dealing with immense inequalities and a growing epidemic in the context of globalization...
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...[pic] Preparing for the Next Pandemic By Michael T. Osterholm From Foreign Affairs, July/August 2005 [pic] Summary: If an influenza pandemic struck today, borders would close, the global economy would shut down, international vaccine supplies and health-care systems would be overwhelmed, and panic would reign. To limit the fallout, the industrialized world must create a detailed response strategy involving the public and private sectors. Michael T. Osterholm is Director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, Associate Director of the Department of Homeland Security's National Center for Food Protection and Defense, and Professor at the University of Minnesota's School of Public Health. FEAR ITSELF Dating back to antiquity, influenza pandemics have posed the greatest threat of a worldwide calamity caused by infectious disease. Over the past 300 years, ten influenza pandemics have occurred among humans. The most recent came in 1957-58 and 1968-69, and although several tens of thousands of Americans died in each one, these were considered mild compared to others. The 1918-19 pandemic was not. According to recent analysis, it killed 50 to 100 million people globally. Today, with a population of 6.5 billion, more than three times that of 1918, even a "mild" pandemic could kill many millions of people. A number of recent events and factors have significantly heightened concern that a specific near-term pandemic may be imminent. It could be caused by H5N1...
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...The ideas of health care have changed tremendously in the past years. Health services are provided in many ways and the funding is now more accessible. Outstanding changes in public health have changed life over the past century. Health care became an area of concern as early as the 1900’s. It was during The Great Depression in the 1930’s when priorities changed with greater emphasis on unemployment insurance and “old age” benefits. Between 1940 and 1950 President Roosevelt asked Congress for “economic bill of rights,” including right to adequate medical care and later on President Truman would offer a national health program plan involving a single system that would include all of American society. Unfortunately, this agreement would be terminated by the American Medical Association (AMA), and is called a Communist plot by a House subcommittee. It wasn’t until the start of the decade during the 1950’s that national health care expenditures were 4.5 percent of the Gross National Product (PBS, 2010), and then later on in the 1970’s an effort brought forth by the World Health Organization planned to achieve “Health for All” by the year 2000. Declaration of Alma-Ata International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma Ata, USSR, 6-12 September 1978 Governments have a responsibility for the heath of their people, which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures. A main social target of governments, international organizations and the whole...
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...paper explores the impact of pharmaceutical patent laws on Anti-AIDS drug, substantial controversy which has been generated around the globe on ethical grounds. Pharmaceutical patents on Anti-AIDS drug availability in the third world countries, focusing on an ethics of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement. It highlights the value of essential drugs and generic production in developing countries, using India, Cipla as a case study. It also explores global ways to deal with unethical grounds to TRIPs. History of Cipla, Indian Pharmaceutical Company Cipla is one of the world's largest producers of generic medicines.Cipla is one of India's top five pharmaceutical manufacturers. Although Cipla's primary market is India, the company sells its products worldwide. Cipla's lines of more than 400 drugs include anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant and anti-AIDS medications. Over the years, the company has developed strong research and marketing capabilities. In recent times, Cipla has attracted considerable media attention because of its efforts to offer AIDS drugs globally at very low prices. But in its quest to capture this market, Cipla faces the might of global multinational corporations, who are doing all they can to protect and enforce their patent rights. The case deals with all these issues in detail. World Trade Organization’s (WTO) The World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual...
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...politics of HIV/AIDS Disease is all around us and when an epidemic hits, it’s not exactly something that everyone can ignore, however when that epidemic turns into a pandemic, many Americans often times pay less attention to the disease in our own country, and more attention to what we are doing in other countries to stop the infection from migrating further. There are currently thirty five million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS and only 1.1 million of those cases are in the United States.(avert.org) With millions of people becoming newly infected each year, many have hoped that with new technological advances, and advances in treatments in medicine, the disease could be contained and maybe someday, cured. However, these hopes have ceased and the realization that this disease has more of an impact than many originally imagined, has ensued. People who originally put this disease on the back burner and saw it as only a small issue affecting a small amount of people, are now expressing their concerns not only for their wellbeing, but for the wellbeing of the country as a whole. These concerns, as well as the concerns for citizens of other countries, have forced many political decisions to be made including the use of foreign aid, and this disease will only continue to have political and economic impacts on the United States both nationally and internationally. From early on, national governments often denied the existence of HIV/AIDS, disregarded the...
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...Hepatitis B: A Global Health Crisis Gina Duron Grand Canyon University: NRS 427V November 15, 2015 Hepatitis B: A Global Health Crisis Approximately one-third of the world’s population have been infected with the hepatitis b virus (HBV) and 240 million people are infected with chronic hepatitis b infection worldwide. This communicable disease is a potentially life threatening liver infection. It has become a global health problem that affects all areas of the world. Many organizations, health care providers, and governments around the world are working together to address the health concerns that affect different parts of the world. By understanding the health determinants that affect hepatitis b and researching the epidemiologic triangle of hepatitis b, policies and plans can be developed to guide the community health nurse in her role in reducing the morbidity and mortality of this communicable disease. What is Hepatitis B? Hepatitis b is a viral infection that can manifest as acute or chronic. Approximately ninety percent of adults with a normal immune status can recover completely from a newly acquired hepatitis b infection. Infants, young children, immunocompromised persons infected with hepatitis b are more at risk for developing the chronic form of disease which can lead to life threatening liver disease and liver cancer. Symptoms of HBV include jaundice of skin and sclera, abdominal pain, fever, joint pain, weakness and nausea and vomiting. This communicable...
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...Economic globalisation Globalisation has largely benefited the Australian economy. Australia has an abundance of natural resources that our population of 20 million people cannot use, therefore we sell the surplus to other countries that have a demand for the resources, giving us a world market of over 6.5 billion people. Australia's main exports have come from our primary industry, that is, raw materials such as minerals and produce. Our primary industry accounts for approximately 50 percent of our exports and includes coal, uranium, and iron ore as well as other minerals; cereal, such as wheat and rice; and meat and animal products, such as beef and wool. The other 50 percent of our exports are secondary goods and tertiary services. Secondary goods are those that have been processed or manufactured, such as machinery and food products, while tertiary exports are services, including education and tourism. See image 2 Australia imports a number of primary, secondary and tertiary products and services. Crude petroleum makes up the bulk of the primary imports, while computers and cars make up the majority of the secondary goods we import. Most of our tertiary imports are travel-related, including travel, transportation and insurance. See image 3 Importation has negatively affected some local industries. The hardest hit industries are secondary, such as manufacturing, because the cost of labour in Australia is quite high due to our higher standard of living compared to other...
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...Thematic Paper on MDG 1 ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER 2000 2010 2005 FOREWORD I am extremely pleased to introduce this set of analytical papers on the Millennium Development Goals1. The papers were produced by the member agencies of the UN Development Group Task Force on the MDGs, working in clusters. Each paper had one or more lead agencies and a set of member agencies in support. The Task Force was also able to draw on the ideas, experience and advice of a considerable range of other agencies and experts, including from Non-Governmental, academic and other sectors. A peer review process was held to move towards the final versions, which incorporated detailed and rich discussions on the ideas generated by the papers. In this effort, the central intention of the Task Force was to try to identify promising or successful experiences in country efforts to move towards the various Goals, and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to this progress. The focus of the papers is therefore on the national and local level; on country-led (rather than UN) efforts; and on a range of immediate and underlying factors that appear to be important or essential in enabling progress under differing conditions and country circumstances. The papers do not present or represent formal, official UN policy positions. Rather, they reflect the collective analytical efforts of the MDG Task Force, as endorsed by the UN Development Group, in an effort to bring ideas and suggestions...
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...1 Specific Environment 8 3.1.1 Porters Five Forces 8 Figure 1 9 3.2 Generic External Environment 12 3.2.1 Pestel Analysis 12 3.3 Impacts on the industry: Threats and Opportunities 13 4 TASK B: Internal Environment 16 4.1 J&J SWOT analysis 16 4.2 Summary of Strengths and Weaknesses 17 5 Financial Analysis 19 5.1 Profitability Ratio analysis 19 Liquidity Ratios 21 6 Data Analysis 22 7 Recommendations 23 References 25 Chapter 1 1.1 Executive Summary The strategic management analysis of Johnson and Johnson Company is looking to analyze at the strategic performance of company in its micro and macro environment. J&J is one of the leading providers of healthy products and services in the world with roots in more than 151 countries. What makes this company grow and develop in such kind of speed is what is making the...
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...middle-income countries (LMICs) have become a global crisis. Many cancer patients requiring radiotherapy in low and middle income countries lack access to treatment. Despite the obviousness of...
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