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The History of the Geology of the North-East of England

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The History of the Geology of the North-East of England. Geology is known most simply as the study of rocks. On the surface this seems a very dull concept, but by looking deeper into geological principles and processes, fascinating information can be revealed about the world we currently inhabit and how it has developed over time. The north east of England, in particular, is of great interest to to geologists, in this essay it is assumed to encompass, the counties of Northumberland, Tyne and Wear, County Durham and Tess Valley. Studying the processes that have shaped and changed the earthʼs surface and sub-surface, makes it possible to place major geological events on a timescale, dating back approximately 4600 million years (Ma). The development of radioactive dating, along with the study of prehistoric life, stratigraphy and structural geology has had a major impact on the accuracy and detailing of this timescale. The earth consists of four main layers that lie in concentric circles: the innermost layer being a solid inner core, followed a liquid core, the mantle and the upper crust. It is an active planet and changes in its lithosphere: its crust and upper most mantle, are constantly occurring due to a fundamental geological cycle, this is known as the rock cycle. A combination of plate tectonics and the water cycle, drive the rock cycle, both of which, force rocks out of their equilibrium conditions, subjecting them to unfamiliar environments and causing a change in their structure. There are many individual rock types that can be split up into three main groups: Sedimentary The main type of rock found on the earthʼs surface today is sedimentary. It is formed from sediment: material acquired from physical and chemical weathering of rocks. The sediment is transported by water or wind and deposited, normally at the bottom of rivers, lakes and oceans. Here the

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