...Three major types of ADHD include the following: * ADHD, combined type This, the most common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility. * ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type This, the least common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors without inattention and distractibility. * ADHD, inattentive and distractible type This type of ADHD is characterized predominately by inattention and distractibility without hyperactivity. The possible causes (you must include information regarding each possible cause: biology, genetics and environment) * Multiple factors have been implicated in the development of ADHD. It can run in families, and studies indicate that genes may play a role. Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, as can problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development. Brain chemistry ADHD is thought to be caused by an imbalance of two chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, in the brain. Researchers think that these chemicals might play an important role in ADHD. * Genetics Research suggests that ADHD tends to run in families. However, this does not mean that all children in a family will have the disorder. * Environment Certain external factors, such as smoking during pregnancy or complications during pregnancy, delivery, or infancy, may contribute to ADHD. The importance of a medical diagnosis and...
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...common behavioral disorder that affects an estimated eight percent to ten percent of school age children. Boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it, though it is not yet understood why. Children with ADHD act without thinking are hyperactive and have trouble focusing. They may understand what’s expected of them but have trouble following the rules because they can’t sit still, pay attention or attend to details. Children with ADHD experience major difficulties in social relationships (Hinshaw, 2002; Landau & Moore, 1991). Studies of social impairments associated with ADHD have used a variety of measures, including positive and negative peer ratings, parent and teacher...
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...“The Effects of Nature and Nurture in Middle Childhood” Middle Childhood is the name given for the age division from 6 to 11 years of a child’s life. They are also known as the “school years.” During this time a child’s health, education, and emotional well being are all undergoing changes. Though not as drastic as the changes they will soon face in adolescence, they are steady, and the impact that nature and nurture will have on these aspects reach far and wide across the many developments they face in their lives. Heath is of the utmost importance in raising a child, and is the biggest factor of a child’s physical development in middle childhood. When a child is receiving the proper nutrition he or she needs, they grow at the expected, normal rate during middle childhood. In families where the SES is lower, the children are more inclined to be fed snacks with high caloric content, than food with fresh ingredients. These eating habits can lead to obesity. The food they eat isn’t the only way in which a child may become obese. At an age where most normal children love engaging in physical activity, and expending energy in exercise, children who sit in front of the TV, are at greater risk of becoming overweight and obese. This has everything to do with the family’s SES and therefore, has to do with nurture, the environment in which they’re raised. One illness that can be linked to obesity is asthma. It is common amongst children raised in poverty-stricken environments...
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...Although people say that medicine for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) doesn’t work, studies show that the medication such as Adderall, Adderall XR, Ritalin, and Concerta help stimulate the brain. These medications shoe increases in patience as well as focusing on everyday tasks. Even though these stimulants work, there is also an argument that there are other ways to help with the disorder besides medication. Patients should still stick with the medication because it does show major progress, changes in behavior, and helps in the work and school place. Furthermore, ADHD had been researched for over 35 years. From that research, scientists have concluded that ADHD is acquired due to a chemical and structural mishap of the brain...
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...movements. Also discussed are the effects ADHD and ODD can have on teachers who are observing children involved in a scripted act, unknown to the teachers, and how the halo effect might cloud their review of the child being observed and graded on their behavior. Introduction The effects of what is called the “halo effect” and how it relates to grading of student projects and ratings of their disruptive disorders can have dramatic effects on the finding of research project and diagnosis’ of patients. Halo effect is properly defined as: The halo effect is the systematic bias that the rater introduces by carrying over a generalized impression of the subject from one rating to another. An instructor expects the student who does well on the first question of an examination to do well on the second. You conclude a report is good because you like its form, or you believe someone is intelligent because you agree with him or her. Halo is especially difficult to avoid when the property being studied is not clearly defined, is not easily observed, is not frequently discussed, involves reactions with others, or is a trait of high moral importance. (Cooper & Schindler, 2010, p. 298) This literary review discusses the halo effect in the education environment. Twelve articles have been reviewed and discussed on the subjects of 1) teachers rating students, 2) students rating teachers, 3) the perception of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD),...
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...ADHD: Kiddie Watch Affecting our Daily Lives Benefits of early intervention for special children stressed Article by: | | IVY LISA F. MENDOZA Manila Bulletin Website If there is one thing that has been proven beneficial to children with special needs, it is early intervention (EI). Experts say that intervention services given early to children with special needs starting from ages 0 to eight years old result to long-term benefits thus minimizing the need for special education and other related services. Among these EI services are therapies (speech, physical, occupational), special education and others. "There are also the humanistic and pragmatic rationales for EI, and the biological fact that the human brain?s plasticity allows it to develop when stimulations are provided,?? revealed Dr. Mark Reysio Cruz III, a developmental and behavioral pediatrician whose work involves children with special needs. Dr. Reysio-Cruz along with Mrs. Susana Gosalvez-Pe, a parent of three children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) recently shared their expertise and experience with early intervention, detection and assessment in special education at a symposium. Titled ??Phases to Face: Detection, Assessment and Intervention," the symposium was organized by the master?s in special education class of Dr. Lilia S. Bautista in De La Salle University (DLSU) which aimed to present varying viewpoints in dealing with children with special needs, particularly...
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...English-123 9 January 2016 ADHD Medications: Evidence of Overprescribing ADHD is a familiar and often used term in today’s society. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Ritalin is the medication most-often mentioned when looking at the treatment of ADHD patients. “First synthesized in 1944, Ritalin is a stimulant drug and was first approved for use in adults during the mid-1950s” (Mayes, et al). According to Dr. Matthew Smith, Ritalin wasn’t even considered for use in children with behavioral issues until many years after its introduction. It was originally marketed as a “pep” pill. Advertisements were aimed towards the elderly, and housewives whom lacked the energy to get all their work done around the house. The pharmaceutical company Ciba, whom created Ritalin, did not receive approval to market the drug to underachieving school children until 1962 (Smith). ADHD later became the diagnosis for both children and adults who were observed as having concentration and behavioral issues. Whether or not too many people are being diagnosed and medicated for ADHD has certainly been a hot topic of debate for many years now. Research does show that medical professionals are overprescribing ADHD medications. Trends have indicated a rise in diagnosis along with drug treatment, the ADHD drug industry is booming, and ADHD prescriptions are easily obtained by those seeking them. Today, ADHD drugs are prescribed to both children and adults who have been diagnosed with the disorder...
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...ADHD stand for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. According to Smith and Tyler (2010) "attention deficit hyperactivity is a condition of hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention; included in other health impairments."(Smith and Tyler, 2010) ADHD is often to referred as attention deficit disorder (ADD). Amongst school-age children attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has been recognized as the most common disorder. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the core symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). A student's academic success is often dependent on his/her ability to maintain a task, pay attention to the teacher and follow classroom expectations with minimal distraction. There are several ways of dealing with ADHD in the classroom that can make learning effective for these students. In order for teachers to understand ADHD they must a have knowledge about what it is and how to deal with children that has this type of disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive. (Berger, 2009) Learning Disability (LD) is a disability of unexpected underachievement typically involving reading that is resistant to treatment. (Smith and Tyler, 2010) Inattention is the inability to pay attention or focus. (Smith and Tyler, 2010) Hyperactivity is an impaired ability to sit or concentrate...
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...Saturday October 29th, 2011 Teacher : Miss Bramwell Analyze an Argument Teachers and other educational facilitators have failed to recognize the importance of interactive methods such as computers and smart phones as a technique for stimulating students with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). According to the BBC news published February 2011, it states that one in 20 students are affected by Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( ADHD ). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor grades, poor reading and math standardized test scores, and increased grade retention.Sometimes it can be hard to analyze whether a child's behavior is normal or the sign of a behavioral disorder. Unless it is recognized teachers may assume that the child does not want to learn rather than being affected by this debilitating disorder. It is important to establish the nature, severity, and persistence of these school difficulties in children with ADHD as one may assume that electronic devices are the cause of diminishing students attention. However, there are a few examples that I would like iterate one being that the IPod touch has transformed the learning experience for fourth-grade students at Central Elementary School in Escondido, California. These students are excited about learning and have seen its potential as a learning tool for students to improve their fluency and comprehension. In a six-week period, students’ reading fluency increased at six times the rate...
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...her desk and start to kicking the legs and pushing the disk around where it disturb the whole class. At home she would run around the house a lot even when she is told to stop; she acts if her mother has not even said anything to her about running in the house. Nancy is constantly told that she is not to do thing but she does them anyway, so by Nancy always misbehaving and being disruptive at school and home now is being question by her teacher. This also cases a problem for Nancy mother being able get her to do daily task at home, like doing chores, or even her homework. In talking to Nancy teacher the therapist learn that Nancy might have a big problem and it sounds like it could be Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or even she could be displaying sighs of...
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...NEW RESEARCH Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD Clancey Bateman, Timothy E. Wilens, B.A., M.D., MaryKate Martelon, M.P.H., Gagan Joshi, M.D., Ronna Fried, Ed.D., Carter Petty, M.A., Joseph Biederman, M.D. Objective: High rates of substance-use disorders (SUD) have been found in samples of adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Predictors of SUD in children with ADHD who are at risk for the development of SUDs remain understudied. The main aims of this study were to identify clinically meaningful characteristics of children that predicted the future development of SUDs and to see whether the role of these characteristics varied by sex. Method: Subjects were children and adolescents with (n 268; mean age standard deviation 10.9 3.2 years) and without (n 229; mean age 11.9 3.3 years) DSM-III-R ADHD followed prospectively and blindly over a 10-year follow-up period onto young adult years. Subjects were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews for psychopathology and SUDs. Results: Over the 10-year follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of any SUD (hazards ratio 1.47; 95% confidence interval 1.07–2.02; p .01) and cigarette smoking (2.38; 1.61–3.53; p .01). Within ADHD, comorbid conduct disorder (2.74; 1.66 – 4.52; p .01) and oppositional defiant disorder (2.21; 1.40 –3.51; p .01) at baseline were also found to be significant predictors of SUDs...
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...children with ASD may face other problems as well. Sensory/perceptual impairments, intellectual differences, cognitive deficits, adaptive behaviors, physical abnormalities and comorbid conditions are all associated with ASD. These associated problems can have developmental, educational and social implications for ASD students. Sensory/Perceptual Impairments Sensory processing allows individuals to experience, evaluate and respond to information that enters through seven basic sensory systems: tactile, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular, proprioceptive (Cotungo, 2016). Individuals with ASD frequently present with sensory issues and the recent addition of these issues in the DSM5 diagnostic criteria for ASD highlight their importance (APA, 2013). Children with ASD suffer with issues of oversensitivity and undersensitivity. Children with oversensitivity are overly reactive to stimuli, such as sound and light. For example, a child may be disturbed by the sound of applause at a sporting event or the bright lights in a restaurant. On the other hand, children with undersensitivity, fail to respond to stimuli such as voices or sound. These individuals do not respond to voices or commands. Sensory input may be avoided or feared. Overselectivity is also very common in autism as well. Overselectivity causes an individual to be focus on certain portions of a stimulus while neglecting other portions (Ploog, 2010). For example, during a play session, a child may focus on an...
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...hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), from public concept, popular media, and personal stories, in order to understand how the disorder is perceived within American culture. The discussion approaches public misgivings and beliefs about ADHD, metaphors surrounding the disorder, and narratives from patients themselves. These topics will assist to analyze the implications of messages surrounding ADHD. Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood disorders, present in 6% to 9% of all children (Cassels, 2013). For several decades, ADHD was mostly considered a childhood disorder. Symptoms of ADHD in children, however, continue into adulthood in approximately half of all cases, and current estimates of adults with ADHD indicate an incidence rate of 4% to 5% among adults (Kessler et al., 2006). Studies show that the number of children being diagnosed with ADHD is increasing, but it is unclear why. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the key behaviors of ADHD. It is normal for all children to be inattentive, hyperactive, or impulsive sometimes, but for children with ADHD, these behaviors are more severe and occur more often. To be diagnosed with the disorder, a child must have symptoms for 6 or more months and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age (Park, 2013). Scientists are not sure what causes ADHD, although many studies suggest that genes play a large role. Like many other illnesses, ADHD probably results...
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...Communication Kathryn toliver-Jackson HCA/230 April 28, 2013 Jennifer Brumm Communication The two main types of communication are verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is the use of sound and language that is used to relay a message. It expresses ideas, desires, and concepts. According to “Non-verbal Communication” (n.d), “non-verbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless cues between people”. Along with non-verbal communication, verbal communication acts as the primary tool for expression. In this paper I will be writing about the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication. The difference in verbal and non-verbal communication is that verbal communication includes thing like volume, rate, and pronunciation. Non-verbal communication includes things like posture, eye contact, and hand movements and hand gestures. Non-verbal communication is one of the biggest parts of communication. Non-verbal communication is a natural form of communication that speaks the truth. Verbal communication is spoken and written words. Verbal communication is a natural way of life. There are many different forms of verbal communication. For example, different people speak different languages and have accents. There are many principles of communication, but the three that I think make communication effective are to successfully give the message, make the other person interested in what you are saying, and give them a...
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...Abstract The issue of classroom management regarding students with ADHD and ODD has been debated in the educational field for many years. Many studies attribute common behaviors such as aggression, noncompliance, and anger as factors leading towards teacher frustration and increased teacher burnout (Bunte, Schoemaker, Hessen, van der Heijden, &Matthys, 2014). Approximately 11% of children 4-17 years of age (6.4 million) have been diagnosed with ADHD as of 2011.The percentage of children with an ADHD diagnosis continues to increase, from 7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011 (ADHD). Additionally, students with ADHD have shown an increase in comorbidity with ODD (ADHD). Due to the fact that many teachers lack preparation in the area of classroom management dealing with students with challenging behavioral issues, such as those in students with ADHD and ODD, they are subjected to increased frustration and increased teacher burnout rates. Further research also points out the adverse effects lack of teacher preparation have on the future outcomes for students with negative conduct behavior, which include the likelihood of students with ADHD and ODD to develop substance abuse and criminal aggression in later years (Darney, Reinke, Herman, Stormont, &Ialongo, 2012). As such, professional development in the form of teacher and intervention training is needed in order to support the needs of both the teachers and the future outcomes for students. This grant proposal will...
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