...Neuropsychologia 51 (2013) 2026–2042 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuropsychologia journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropsychologia The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research Paul J. Reber n Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, United States art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t Article history: Received 6 November 2012 Received in revised form 14 June 2013 Accepted 15 June 2013 Available online 24 June 2013 Memory systems research has typically described the different types of long-term memory in the brain as either declarative versus non-declarative or implicit versus explicit. These descriptions reflect the difference between declarative, conscious, and explicit memory that is dependent on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) memory system, and all other expressions of learning and memory. The other type of memory is generally defined by an absence: either the lack of dependence on the MTL memory system (nondeclarative) or the lack of conscious awareness of the information acquired (implicit). However, definition by absence is inherently underspecified and leaves open questions of how this type of memory operates, its neural basis, and how it differs from explicit, declarative memory. Drawing on a variety of studies of implicit learning that have attempted to identify the neural correlates of implicit learning...
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...Symptoms vary depending on age, size of injury, and the location of the brain injury. There are only two types of traumatic brain injuries: open or closed head injuries resulting in one or more of the thirteen areas of impairment including: “(a) Cognition; (b) Language; (c) Memory; (d) Attention; (e) Reasoning; (f) Abstract thinking; (g) Judgment; (h) Problem-solving; (i) Sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities; (j) Psychosocial behavior; (k) Physical functions; (l) Information processing; and (m) Speech.” (Vaughn 2014). Symptoms are not limited to, but could also include: dizziness, vomiting, headache, confusion, difficult speaking, slurred speech, body numbness, slow pulse, vision changes. These impairments have the ability to be temporary or permanent, resulting in a full or partial...
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...Psychopathology Specific Learning Disorders Table of contents Index Pages Introduction 3 Diagnostic criteria 4 Aetiology 11 Differential diagnosis 14 Comorbodity 16 Prevalence 16 Prevention and Treatment 17 Prognosis 18 Multicultural factors 19 Social factors 19 Conclusion 20 References 21 Stupid Slow Stubborn A tiny fragment of words used, labels for children and people with specific learning disorders. If only they understood Introduction The most basic definition of a specific learning disorder/disability according to Gould (2005) cited in Rörich (2008) is when a learner has an average to above average intelligence, with normal vision and hearing, and receives the same teaching experiences as other learners his age. He, however, underachieves. He is unable to keep up with his peers and generally cannot cope with the demands of the school (pp16). Margari (2013) defines SLD’s as that which are characterizations of academic functioning that are below the level that would be expected given their age, Intelligent Quotient and grade level in school, and interfere significantly with academic performances or daily life activities that require reading, writing or calculation skills. The gist of it, is that specific learning disorders are neurodevelopmental/cognitive disorders that Hulme and Snowling (2009,pp22) define as “typically characterized...
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...THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights...
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...Anxiety, Mood/Affextive, Dissociative/Somatoform University of Phoenix Online PSY/410 Anxiety, Mood, Dissociative, Somatoform Disorders The DSM-IV-TR offers diagnostic categories and classifications for the use of identifying and diagnosing mental disorders (Hansell & Damour, 2008). In this paper are the sections of anxiety disorders, mood and affective disorders, dissociative disorders, and somatoform disorders. The likely categorizations and signs beneath these groupings will be covered. As well as, one disorder out of all categories—general anxiety disorder, cyclothymic disorder, depersonalization disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder will be analyzed. Anxiety Disorders The primary distinction between fear and anxiety is that fear is directed at a specific stimuli; whereas, anxiety is more a general feeling of apprehension about the future (Hansell & Damour, 2008). The precise disorders that can shoot from too much anxiety are: acute stress disorder, agoraphobia, anxiety disorders due to a medical condition, general anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), specific phobia, social phobia, and substance-induced anxiety disorder (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Panic and anxiety are regular reactions but when these feelings are sensed in the nonexistence of a underlying agent psychological dysfunction can be the ended outcome, for instance...
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...ARELLANO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING AN ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG THE ELDERLY AT BARANGAY PARANG, MARIKINA CITY Researchers Leader: Licopit Nicholle U. Members: Adriano, Gaylord Dabac, Aira Camille Enverga, Rika Giana Gabay, Niña Grace Lestor, Vincent Khalid Licopit. Nicholle Group IV/ BSN 4-C Nursing Research 2 CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Growing old is inevitable. It is part of life and it happens to everyone. Nobody can prevent himself/herself from getting old. The aging process entails new challenges such as failing health, loss of memory, graying hair, and life transitions like retirement, family relationships, lost career, cessation of social activities and maintaining ones standard of living. Nowadays, our elder relatives are still supporting their sons and daughter in caring for their grandchildren. This kind of situation is commonly seen in our country. Our elderly supports not only in caring but also financially. They tend to divide their budget from their pension to help their relatives. Presently, globalization and modernization have tremendous impact on the family system. The exodus of working age adults to jobs abroad has established a pattern of the older persons assuming surrogate parental ones. To them is entrusted the responsibility of providing parental care over their grandchildren whose parents have left for more lucrative jobs overseas. This poses undue strain on the psychological...
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...Chapter 1 The Dimensions of Psychology Summary: Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist, and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors. Structuralism was the first school of psychology and focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Researchers tried to understand the basic elements of consciousness using a method known as introspection. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of the first psychology lab, was an advocate of this position and is often considered the founder of structuralism, despite the fact that it was his student, Edward B. Titchener who first coined the term to describe this school of thought. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the structuralism and was heavily influenced by the work of William James and the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Functionalists sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate...
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...Psychophysiology, 43 (2006), 207–215. Blackwell Publishing Inc. Printed in the USA. Copyright r 2006 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00392.x When does size not matter? Effects of stimulus size on affective modulation ANDREA DE CESAREI AND MAURIZIO CODISPOTI Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Abstract Motivationally relevant stimuli have been shown to receive prioritized processing compared to neutral stimuli at distinct processing stages. This effect has been related to the evolutionary importance of rapidly detecting dangers and potential rewards and has been shown to be modulated by the distance between an organism and a faced stimulus. Similarly, recent studies showed degrees of emotional modulation of autonomic responses and subjective arousal ratings depending on stimulus size. In the present study, affective modulation of pictures presented in different sizes was investigated by measuring event-related potentials during a two-choice categorization task. Results showed significant emotional modulation across all sizes at both earlier and later stages of processing. Moreover, affective modulation of earlier processes was reduced in smaller compared to larger sizes, whereas no changes in affective modulation were observed at later stages. Descriptors: Emotion, Attention, Categorization, Stimulus size, ERPs Although objects may appear under very different viewing conditions (e.g., visual angle,...
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...learning new information, an aging person can gain wisdom and minimize clinical brain injury. Wisdom has intellectual, practical, moral, and spiritual facets. It can be defined as extensive pattern recognition of new information or situations as accurately being in some way similar to familiar information or situations, thus leading to successful problem-solving and reasoning abilities. There are many types of wisdom, including genetic, phylum wisdom, species or cultural wisdom, group wisdom, and individual wisdom. The wisdom of the phylum, which is contained in the amygdala, includes genetically-programmed, innate fears and survival mechanisms that have existed in all species for millions of years through evolution. This type of wisdom uses sensory and motor regions of the cortex, as well as subcortical regions of the brain. Cultural wisdom is expressed as language and other symbolic systems passed down through the generations for thousands of years. Language is made up of a self-organizing, complex neural network widely spread throughout various regions of the cortex that are not pre-wired. Group wisdom includes certain remarkable talents or expertise shared by a group of people, which also come from self-organization of the association areas of the cortex. Lastly, individual wisdom is expressed by a person’s unique cognitive templates and pattern recognition devices that also are not hardwired in the brain. This type of wisdom is the main topic of this book. There are three main...
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...psychology Course Description Effective Fall 2013 AP Course Descriptions are updated regularly. Please visit AP Central ® (apcentral.collegeboard.org) to determine whether a more recent Course Description PDF is available. The College Board The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of more than 5,900 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to promoting excellence and equity in education. Each year, the College Board helps more than seven million students prepare for a successful transition to college through programs and services in college readiness and college success — including the SAT® and the Advanced Placement Program®. The organization also serves the education community through research and advocacy on behalf of students, educators, and schools. For further information, visit www.collegeboard.org. AP Equity and Access Policy The College Board strongly encourages educators to make equitable access a guiding principle for their AP programs by giving all willing and academically prepared students the opportunity to participate in AP. We encourage the elimination of barriers that restrict access to AP for students from ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups that have been traditionally underserved. Schools should ...
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...Autism http://aut.sagepub.com/ What can innovative technologies do for Autism Spectrum Disorders? Sven Bölte, Ofer Golan, Matthew S. Goodwin and Lonnie Zwaigenbaum Autism 2010 14: 155 DOI: 10.1177/1362361310365028 The online version of this article can be found at: http://aut.sagepub.com/content/14/3/155 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: The National Autistic Society Additional services and information for Autism can be found at: Email Alerts: http://aut.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://aut.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://aut.sagepub.com/content/14/3/155.refs.html Downloaded from aut.sagepub.com by guest on November 12, 2010 Editorial What can innovative technologies do for Autism Spectrum Disorders? S V E N B Ö LT E , O F E R G O L A N M AT T H E W S . G O O DW I N L O N N I E Z WA I G E N B A U M autism © 2010 SAGE Publications and The National Autistic Society Vol 14(3) 155–159; 365028 1362-3613(2010) Technology deals with human usage and knowledge of instruments and techniques to help people control and adapt to their natural environments. The usage of technology is taking an increasingly prominent role in research and clinical practice related to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). At the International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), where the idea for this Special Issue on Autism...
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...7: States of Consciousness CHAPTER PREVIEW Consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Conscious information processing enables us to exercise control and to communicate our mental states to others. Beneath the surface, unconscious processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks. Our daily schedule of waking and sleeping is governed by a biological clock known as circadian rhythm. Our sleep also follows a repeating cycle. Awakening people during REM sleep yields predictable “dreamlike” reports that are mostly of ordinary events. Freud’s view that dreams can be traced back to erotic wishes is giving way to newer theories, for example, that dreams help us process information and fix it in memory or that dreams erupt from neural activity. Studies of hypnosis indicate that, although hypnotic procedures may facilitate recall, the hypnotist’s beliefs frequently work their way into subjects’ recollections. Hypnosis can be at least temporarily therapeutic and has the potential of bringing significant pain relief. Hypnosis may be an extension both of normal principles of social influence and of everyday splits in consciousness. Psychoactive drugs also alter consciousness. Depressants act by depressing neural functioning. Although their effects are pleasurable, they impair memory and self-awareness and may have other physical consequences. Stimulants act at the synapses by influencing the brain’s neurotransmitters. Their effects depend on...
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...PL3236 - Abnormal Unit 3 Notes – Assessment and Diagnosis Term | Info | Intro | * Clinical Assessment - the process of gathering information about a person and his or her environment to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems * Typically begins with a set of Referral Questions developed in response to a request for help * Determine the goals of the assessment and select appropriate psych tests or measures | Goals of Assessment | * What procedures and instruments to use – age, med condition, and symptoms influence tools – psychologist’s theoretical perspective also affects scope. * Integrate findings to develop preliminary answers – shares this – process sometimes has therapeutic effect – feedback | Screening | * Screening - an assessment process that attempts to identify psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems among people who are not referred for clinical assessment * All members of group are given a brief measure for which some identified cutoff score indicates the possibility of significant problems, e.g. Centre for Epidemiological Studies-D (CES-D) – possibility of depression. * General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) – broad-based – indicates if more thorough evaluation is needed. * AUDIT test – 10-item screen to identify substance abuse * To evaluate usefulness of screening, they must have: * Sensitivity – ability of the screener/instrument to identify a problem that actually exists...
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...MEMORY Memory is one of the most important concepts in learning; if things are not remembered, no learning can take place. Futhermore, memory has served as a battleground for opposing theories and paradigms of learning (e.g., Adams, 1967; Ashcraft, 1989; Bartlett, 1932; Klatzky, 1980; Loftus & Loftus, 1976; Tulving & Donaldson, 1972). Some of the major issues include recall versus recognition, the nature of forgetting (i.e., interference versus decay), the structure of memory, and intentional versus incidental learning. According to the early behaviorist theories (e.g., Thorndike, Guthrie, Hull), remembering was a function of S-R pairings which acquired strength due to contiguity or reinforcement. Stimulus sampling theory explained many memory phenomenon on the basis of statistical outcomes. On the other hand, cognitive theories (e.g., Tolman) insisted that meaning (i.e., semantic factors) played an important role in remembering. In particular, Miller suggested that information was organized into "chunks" according to some commonality. The idea that memory is always an active reconstruction of existing knowledge was championed by Bruner and is found in the theories of Ausubel and Schank. Some theories of memory have concerned themselves with the nature of the processing. Paivio suggests a dual coding scheme for verbal and visual information. Craik & Lockhart proposed that information can be processed to different levels of understanding. Rumelhart & Norman describe three...
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...------------------------------------------------- Midterm Review PT-16 Studyguide 1. ABC approach: A= antecedent, B=behavior, C=consequence * Preventative approaches * Attempts to alter antecedents * Seeks to understand the purpose of function of the behavior * Behavior is presumed to have some reinforcing function 2. Acquired disorders: due to an injury. 3. Akathesia: A syndrome characterized by an inability to remain seated, with motor restlessness and a feeling of muscular quivering; may appear as a side effect of antipsychotic and neuroleptic medication. 4. Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR): A primitive reflex, also called fencer’s response, found in infants, usually is no longer evident by 3 months of age. When neck is turned in one direction, the arm shoots out on the same side and flexes on the opposite side; similar changes occur in the legs. 5. Athetoid diplegia: A form of cerebral palsy primarily seen where there is no muscle control in which the legs are more affected than the arms. 6. Athetoid hemiplegia: A form of cerebral palsy which is a form of dyskinetic cerebral palsy associated with athetosis (constant random, writhing involuntary movements of the limbs. One side of the body is more affected than the other; usually, the arm is more affected than the leg. Because the motor neurons that control one side of the body are located in the opposite cerebral cortex, a right-side hemiplegia implies damage to or dysfunction of...
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