... Tabatha Romero Autonomy Intro to Radiography Spring 2016 Autonomy Intro to Radiography Spring 2016 In the article “Autonomy vs. Beneficence” by Steve Pantilat, MD, “Autonomy is the ‘personal rule of the self that is free from both controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice.’ Autonomous individuals act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences” (Pantilat, Steve). In a different article “Supporting Patient Autonomy: The Importance of Clinician-patient Relationships” by Vikki A. Entwistle, it is stated “a principle of respect for autonomy is also invoked in discussions about confidentiality, fidelity, privacy and truth-telling, but is most strongly associated with the idea that patients should be allowed or enabled to make autonomous decisions about their health care.” In Health Care Autonomy can be a blessing and also a hardship, depending on the situation in which one is acting on their autonomy right. When a patient is using autonomy the physician must make sure that the patient knows the effects of their choice, they have to be choosing from themselves personally and not an outside source pressuring them or influencing them, the physician themselves have to respect the patient in the decision they make, and lastly the physician has to stay with in the code of ethics. The importance of autonomy in health care is that...
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...Tuskegee Syphilis Study Dr. Joseph Costa, D.H.Sc, PA-C Health Policy and Management MPH 525 Jessie McCarty April 2013 Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Tuskegee Syphilis Study 2 2. Tuskegee Basics 3 3. What Went Wrong? 4 Informed Consent 4 Vulnerable Populations 4 Medical Profession Pursued 5 4. Personal Opinion 7 5. Basics of Research 8 Informed Consent 8 Individual Autonomy 9 Beneficence 9 6. Current Policies 11 Policies 11 Exceptions 11 7. Problems with Waving Consent 13 Flexibility 13 Vulnerable Populations 13 Ethical Dilemmas 14 8. Conclusion 16 Chapter 1 Tuskegee Syphilis Study Throughout the years, numerous research studies have taken place. In the United States, on a daily basis thousands of research studies are being conducted. Some of these studies will greatly influence science, while others will make little impact. Historically, some studies have been remembered not for the results, but for ethical dilemmas surrounding the study. The Tuskegee syphilis study is a prime example of a study which made many people aware of the ethical problems surrounding research. The Tuskegee syphilis study made the government begin to analyze how research was performed in the country, and the study opened many eyes to what changes needed to be made. Analyzing the Tuskegee syphilis study allows for one to understand what went wrong with the study and how this study lead to great changes in the world...
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...Society - Dorothy Lee "Individual Autonomy and Social Structure" Essay 1 October 2015 Many societies have adopted the notion of following a social structure where there is a type of hierarchy in an organisation based on the relationship between individuals. In the Western culture, a social structure is defined as a system that is based on the establishment of social interactions between diverse relationships such as those between parents and children. In contrast, non-western societies have been living a lifestyle where individual autonomy prevails within different families. Hence, in those societies, the concept of child-rearing is a process of self-governance. This idea is well depicted in Dorothy Lee’s article titled Individual Autonomy and Social Structure in which she illustrates the key social problem as the conflict between individual autonomy and social structure. In this paper, I will be exploring how the concept of child-rearing within the Navaho Indians, the Wintu Indians and Sikh cultures is used to resolve the key social problem by analysing how individual autonomy is shaped by cultural framework and by examining the idea of individual integrity as well as self-governance. To begin with, through the use of different societies and cultures such as Aboriginal societies, Upper Burma and the Burmese society, Lee presents the reader with materials from each society in order to show how the idea of individual autonomy is reinforced by the cultural framework...
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...person-centred approaches for care and support Person-centred values individuality; rights; choice; privacy; independence; dignity; respect; partnership; autocracy Person-centred approaches person-centred planning (PCP), particularly in relation to vulnerable individuals, e.g. individuals with learning disabilities, physical disabilities, mental health issues; person-centred thinking skills; total communication; essential lifestyle planning and person-centred reviews; Carl Rogers’ theoretical background to person-centred therapy; the four key principles of rights, independence, choice and inclusion; reflecting the unique circumstances of individuals; embedding person-centred values; the importance of individuality; appreciation of individual rights; enabling individuals to make decisions and choices; the importance of privacy; empowering individuals to maintain independence and dignity; treating individuals with respect; respecting persons’ diversity, culture and values; awareness of risk-taking in person centred approaches, enabling individuals to make informed decisions and understand the consequences e.g. the harmful effects of smoking, the benefits of taking prescribed medication, the advantages of immunisation Care and support documenting where day-to-day requirements and preferences for care and...
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...part of health care. It is believed that informed consent helps foster open communication between medical professionals and patients, in addition to contributing to patient autonomy (Cooper, 2000). The field of health care ethics determines the right and wrong of actions based on a systematic analysis of the values and conflicts involved in the health system. Culture influences how people interpret health, illness, and treatment options. The values patients hold with respect to quality of life, death and dying, and the decision-making frameworks are used to discuss treatment options (Cooper, 2000). Informed consent is the authorization of a medical intervention by an individual. Disclosure is defined as the provision of all relevant information by the physician and the patient. In a multicultural society where many disparate values are held in respect to health care decision making, obtaining informed consent, poses some challenges (Cooper, 2000). There are many debates whether ethical principles are universal and that all cultures should be held accountable (Cooper, 2000). It seems that informed consent does not fall into the category of a universal ethic. The principles such as autonomy and respect for persons, do apply across different cultures. The issue is that autonomy itself and respect for individuals ought to be demonstrated are concepts that are influenced by cultural tradition (Cooper, 2000). One set of problems to overcome is associated with disclosure...
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...This essay is based on adult case study two a 70 year old male patient called Mr James. All names have been change in this essay in order to comply with the NMC (2008). Code professional conduct on confidential. The case study highlights a number of principle, legal issues and professional value. These will be identified and some will be discuss in details. Ethics is concerned with the study of social morality and philosophical reflection of norms and practice (Burckhardt and Nathaniel 2003). These ethical issues are those based on basic and essential to social values that include respect for life, liberty and to be cared for. There will be a demonstration of understanding the theory of deontology while recognizing the importance of ethical principles in relation on the delivery of individual patient care. Informed consent will be highlighted in detail to provide validity and factors involved. A reflection will be provided to detail the understanding of how ethical theories contribute to the ethical decision making process in clinical area. Also a brief discussion will be given to show what has been gained from producing this essay. Consent can be defined as an agreement to allow something to happen based on full disclosure of facts needed to make an intelligent decision (Hazel 2002). This includes the knowledge of risks involved, benefits and consequence of refusal. Informed consent not only requires that a person be given all relevant information required...
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...refusal of performing euthanasia is primarily because the act itself is against the principles of Beneficence, Nonmaleficence and Life Preservation. By virtue of the Principle of Beneficence, one should act to further the welfare and benefits of another and to prevent evil or harm to that person. Also, the Principle of Nonmaleficence provides that one should refrain from inflicting harm or unduly risking the infliction of harm on another. Lastly, we have a moral duty to protect and preserve human life whenever possible as within the context of life preservation. It is therefore clear that my client only refused to performing euthanasia in consideration of the following principles. Further, even if the patient invokes the Principle of Autonomy, such principle is overridden by the other three principles consequentially because the duty to preserve life has more weight than a person’s right to die. Not only will killing someone for whatever reason...
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...ENGINEERING ETHICS SENSES OF ‘ENGINEERING ETHICS’ The word ethics has different meanings but they are correspondingly related to each other. In connection with that, Engineering ethics has also various senses which are related to one another. Comparison of the senses of Ethics and Engineering Ethics Ethics 1. Ethics is an activity which concerns with making investigations and knowing about moral values, finding solutions to moral issues and justifying moral issues and justifying moral judgments. 2. Ethics is a means of contrasting moral questions from non-moral problems. 3. Ethics is also used as a means of describing the beliefs, attitudes and habits related to an individual’s or group’s morality. Eg. : Ethics given in the Bhagavat Gita or the Bible or the Quran. 4. As per the definition of dictionaries – ‘moral principles’ is about the actions and principles of conduct of the people. i.e. ethical or unethical. Engineering Ethics 1. Like the ethics, engineering ethics also aims at knowing moral values related to engineering, finding accurate solutions to the moral problems in engineering and justifying moral judgments of engineering. 2. Engineering Ethics gives a total view of the moral problems and how to solve these issues specifically related to engineering field. 3. Engineering ethics is also using some currently accepted codes and standards which are to be followed by group of engineers and engineering societies. 4. Engineering ethics...
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...All four principles of Ethics are of significant importance and neither of the can be simply ignored. I personally feel that autonomy is the most important. This is so, because Autonomy speaks for equal rights and respect for all individuals. In a medical context, autonomy provides the right to individuals to freely determine their own choices and decisions. The best part about Autonomy in medical ethics is the fact that, it provides protection to those individuals or groups, that are not deemed capable of making their own decisions. An example of this would be a person who is deemed mentally unfit and suffers from seizures. In this situation, the patient would be handled in a manner where the best available option of treatment is given to him, despite of what he might say. A person's life and the way he chooses to live it, should be a matter of his choice and should be free of interference of others unless he is clearly detrimental to others. Now, one must consider that autonomy may not always be right and may also clash with the doctor’s duty of beneficence. For example, a person whose religion forbids him from accepting a blood transfusion may require one in the situation of an accident. In a situation as such, the patient must be duly informed. The doctor has a duty to strongly advise the patient the risk of not accepting the transfusion but once the risks have been relayed to the patient, his decision must be respected as a final one...
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...benefits and burdens of therapy and the medical uncertainty that exists are necessary to provide patients and families with the best opportunity to make informed decisions. We know that honest direct communication is most important for patients and families faced to make life determining decisions. These health care workers must communicate within the medical ethics of their profession. Medical ethics is based on a four prima facie moral principles and attention to these principles' scope of application. The four prima facie principles are respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. “Prima facie,” a term introduced by the English philosopher W D Ross, means that the principle is binding unless it conflicts with another moral principle - if it does we have to choose between them.2 Respect for autonomy is the moral obligation to respect the autonomy of others in so far as such respect is compatible with equal respect for the autonomy of all potentially affected....
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...joining. Nevertheless who will make the decisions, ethical considerations in NICU affect greatly the IDT, families and the society. Thus, contexts for ethical decision making is based on four ethical principles, autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice (2013). Autonomy Sundean and McGrath noted that the ethical principle of autonomy includes the right to self-determination, truth telling, informed consent, privacy and commitment. The application of this principle can be difficult In the NICU for parents are the ones who act on behalf of their babies. Also, the different point of views on how to present medical aspects to the families. Sundean and McGrath emphasized that professionals came to an understanding that communicating evidence-based facts and considering family values are the reasonable approach reflecting on the autonomy principle. Furthermore, the authors stated the importance on clinicians providing parents the best evidence-based practice for their child clinical situations supposing that parents will act in the best interest of their child (2013)....
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...Pluralism George Crowder Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia Political Theory Volume 35 Number 2 April 2007 121-146 © 2007 Sage Publications 10.1177/0090591706297642 http://ptx.sagepub.com hosted at http://online.sagepub.com Is the liberal state entitled to intervene in the internal affairs of its nonliberal minorities to promote individual autonomy as a public ideal, or should it tolerate the nonliberal practices of such groups in the name of legitimate diversity? This problem can be fruitfully approached from the perspective of Isaiah Berlin’s notion of “value pluralism.” According to William Galston, value pluralism privileges a form of liberalism that is maximally accommodating of nonliberal groups and their practices. I agree that pluralism fits best with a liberal political framework, but I depart from Galston’s interpretation of what liberal pluralism involves. Taking value pluralism seriously, I argue, implies a form of liberalism in which personal autonomy is a central public ideal. Keywords: liberalism; autonomy; toleration; value pluralism; William Galston; exit; diversity Introduction: Diversity, Autonomy, and Value...
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...RUP1 Project M. Ryan Western Governors University RUP1 Project Nursing as a profession is an incredibly varied field, with as many opinions on how and why as there are nurses. It is therefore incumbent on each nurse to determine what aspects of nursing research and history will influence her practice. This work is presented as a Professional Nursing Mission Statement for the author. In the following pages, the governing bodies, ethical code, professional traits, nursing theorist and theory, and historical figure that guide personal nursing practice are presented with scenarios demonstrating their effects. Providing the building blocks for an individual approach to nursing will result in a deeper understanding of practice. A. Functional Differences In practice a nurse has two important guides for legal, ethical and competent nursing: regulatory agencies, such as the California Board of Registered Nursing, and professional nursing organizations, such as the American Nurses Association, While both entities provide frameworks for nursing practice, their functional differences vary. The California Board of Registered Nursing (2013) is responsible for the licensure and regulation of nursing practice of all registered nurses in the state of California. The agency implements and enforces laws governing nursing practice in its jurisdiction as outlined in the state’s Nursing Practice Act. This includes the definition of nursing in the state, which actions may or may not be performed...
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...non-maleficence have played a fundamental historical role in medical ethics (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). Non-maleficence is often paired with beneficence, but there is a difference between these two principles (Rich, 2008). According to Beauchamp and Childress (2009) conflating beneficence and non-maleficence into a single principle obscures important distinctions. In addition, both of these ethical principles beneficence and non-maleficence are strengthened by state nursing practice acts, which mandate that nurses are legally obligated to safeguard patients and the profession (Bjarnason &ump; LaSala, 2011). Furthermore, it is with great purpose that we discuss the two principles beneficence and non-maleficence and their importance to the nursing profession. The principle of beneficence is concerned with a moral obligation to act for the benefits of others (Kennedy, 2004). Additionally, beneficence is the principle consisting of deeds such as mercy, kindness, and charity (Rich, 2008). There are other forms of beneficence including altruism, love, and humanity (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). We use beneficence in order to cover beneficent actions more broadly, so that it includes all forms of action to benefit other persons (Beauchamp &ump; Childress, 2009). Overall, beneficence implies that an individual takes action to do good by benefiting others and facilitating their well-being. Beneficence also requires that benefits are balanced against risks...
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...The ethical decision making using the MORAL mode in Mrs. Jody Smith will allow the patient, family member, nurses, health care providers resolve the health care dilemma with in the professional and ethical principles. Thus, allowing the autonomy, beneficence and respect of others as a significant role in the ethical decision making. In the case of Mrs. Smith, the Massage of the dilemma by identifying and defining the issues in her health care is the first step in dealing with the situation. Mrs. Smith’s desire of not continuing her physical therapy, occupational therapy, not taking her anticoagulants and relying on the nursing staff on her activity of daily living, including losing hope on her health improvement. However, the healthcare providers,...
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