...and Gibbs 1990. 7. See McKeown 1984; and Baldwin 1985. 8. Nelson 1988, 800-808. 9. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989. 10. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989, 101-10. 11. Sectoral conflict arguments are often used to explain foreign economic policy. Since James Kurth's seminal article on the topic, many other scholars have made related arguments about sectoral conflict; see Kurth 1979. Ferguson and Frieden link interwar U.S. foreign economic policy to competing blocs of capital-intensive, internationally oriented firms, and labor-intensive, domestically oriented industries; see Ferguson 1984; and Frieden 1988. Gourevitch relates the policy responses to economic crises in the United States and Western Europe to the coalitions among various industrial sectors; see Gourevitch 1986. Many others, including Baldwin; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs; and Milner have addressed the influence of differently situated industries in the development of trade policy; see Baldwin 1985; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs 1986; and Milner 1988. Whereas most recent work on sectoral conflict has focused primarily on foreign economic policy, some classic accounts of foreign policy link sectoral conflict to states' broader international orientation; see Hobson [1902] 1965, 46-63; and Kehr 1977. A few recent authors have also applied the sectoral conflict approach more broadly; see Gibbs 1990; Snyder 1991; Nowell 1994; and Cox 1994. 12. Concerning the significance of this debate and how it was resolved, see Fordham 1998...
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...Civil Rights Movement. The songs were sung for multiple purposes and played a critical role in inspiring, activating, and giving voice to the people involved. The evolution of music during the early 1950’s and 1960’s in the Black freedom struggle reflects the evolution of the Civil Rights Movement itself. The progressive thought of the 1950s nurtured new ideas and cultures including the Civil Rights Movement and the fast spread of rock and roll. One such cultural revival occurred after the end of World War II during a time of change, prosperity and restoration. The “Puritan dicta” outlined by Baldwin represents the American ideology before the Second World War. As the first settlers of this nation, the Puritans set the mold for many common American ideologies. In the Puritan view white represented good and black represented evil, including Africans and their culture. After the war, Baldwin states that the former puritanical views of whites will be challenged. Musicians such as Elvis Presley were the first to issue this challenge to white society. Early rockers like Elvis would pave the way for social commentary in music that would add much fire to the Civil Rights Movement. To fully understand the explosion of popularity of Black music in the years following World War II, one must understand the social conditions in which Blacks and Whites lived in the South. An article entitled “Not Just the Same Old Show on my Radio” delves into the very issues behind racism. The article...
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...several recent publications on the history of developmental psychology. The views of the past held by active researchers are reflected in chapters of the edited volume, A Century of Developmental Psychology (Parke, Ornstein, Rieser, & Zahn-Waxler, 1994). The contributors are, with few exceptions, currently involved in contemporary research. Secondary commentaries can provide useful guides and interpretations, but there is no substitute for consulting original sources. To that end, a reprint series containing historically significant original articles and volumes has been prepared by Wozniak (e.g., 1993, 1997). Other recent volumes include the contributions of professional historians and others who are not enmeshed in current empirical debates of the discipline (e.g., Broughton & Freeman-Moir, 1982; Elder, Modell, & Parke, 1993). In addition, the social relevance and the making of the discipline in American society have been told expertly by Sears (1975) and White (1995). Any single overview—including this one—can tell only part of the story.1 Adopting the convention used in the previous Handbook of Child Psychology, 20 years must lapse before a contribution or event qualifies as historical. Two decades constitute approximately one generation in the life of our science; therefore, 1976 is the endpoint for material in this revised chapter. This rule makes the task manageable and sharpens the focus on the events of the past. DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY It is mildly ironic that an...
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...Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill Biography The English statesman and author Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965) led Britain during World War II and is often described as the "savior of his country." Sir Winston Churchill's exact place in the political history of the 20th century is, and will continue to be, a subject of debate and polemical writing. Where he succeeded, and how much he personally had to do with that success, and where he failed, and why, remain to be established. That he was a political figure of enormous influence and importance, belonging in many ways to an age earlier than the 20th century, and that he fitted uneasily into the constraints of British party politics until his moment came in 1940 are not in doubt. Until recently his reputation during the years from 1940 onward was scarcely questioned. But now historians are beginning to reassess his career in just the same way as Churchill himself tried to revise T. B. Macaulay's account of the Duke of Marlborough by writing a multivolumed Life of his distinguished ancestor (completed in 1938). Churchill's record both before 1939 and after 1945 was for the most part undistinguished. But as Anthony Storr writes: "In 1940 Churchill became the hero that he had always dreamed of being. … In that dark time, what England needed was not a shrewd, equable, balanced leader. She needed a prophet, a heroic visionary, a man who could dream dreams of victory when all seemed lost. Winston Churchill...
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...When it comes to the prison system, the majority of Americans only know what they've seen in the movies and on TV. They believe that in prisons only the most dangerous and violent offenders end up locked behind bars for decades. For the most part whatever happens to these individuals in prison is off no concern to them. It’s a society of out of sight, out of mind. What people don't realize is that in reality it is a smaller percentage of inmates that are incarcerated that are violent and dangerous. Twenty-five percent are non-violent illegal immigrants, fifty-five percent are non-violent drug offenders, and about five percent are mental patients, and other types of non-violent crime. (Webb 164) It’s those non-violent inmates are the ones that have rehabilitative opportunities and a chance to re-enter society with a fresh start. But when you lump them all together society see’s them all the same, as violent criminals. So there’s no big push to try to get the system to change. We need prison reform to change these views. It’s necessary so that the nonviolent inmates can receive lighter sentences and also be separated from violent inmates so they can be reformed. A majority of these non-violent criminals end up serving equal or longer sentences than those in prison for violent crimes such as rape. That is because the sentencing guidelines, used by the criminal justice system, are very draconic when it comes to drug convictions. It was made this way in hopes of reducing the illegal...
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...no. 1-0023 Starbucks Coffee Company* On an overcast February afternoon in 2000, Starbucks CEO Orin Smith gazed out of his office window in Seattle and contemplated what had just occurred at his company’s annual shareholder meeting. In prior years, the meeting had always been a fun, all-day affair where shareholders from around the country gathered to celebrate the company’s success. This year, however, Smith and other senior Starbucks executives heard an earful from the activist group Global Exchange. A human rights organization dedicated to promoting environmental, political, and social justice around the world, Global Exchange criticized Starbucks for profiting at the farmer’s expense by paying low prices and not buying “fair trade” beans. Not only did the activists disrupt the company’s annual meeting to the point that the convention hall security police asked the activists to leave, but they also threatened a national boycott if the company refused to sell and promote fair trade coffee. Although Smith strongly disagreed with using the shareholders meeting as a public forum, he knew there was a strong likelihood his company could face serious reprisals if it did not address the issues raised by Global Exchange. Fair trade began after World War II as religiously–affiliated, non-profit organizations purchased handmade products for resale from European producers. During the 1970s and 1980s, the concept evolved further into buying crafts from low-income, third-world producers...
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...National University of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy PP5145 Political Economy of Reform Special Term 2014 – 2015 (as at 8 April 2015) (Tentative) Instructor: Office: Phone: Email: Website: YEE, (Henry) Wai-Hang, Ph.D. Li Ka Shing Building 02-03 6516 5832 sppywh@nus.edu.sg http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/Faculty_Yee_Wai_Hang.aspx Class Hours: Office Hours: Monday 14:00 – 17:00; Thursday 14:00 – 17:00 By appointment Course Description Public managers need to master the skills of not only managing organizations but also managing projects, programs, and particularly larger-scale policy reforms. Good understanding of the political economy embedded in policy and administrative reforms are thus essential. This course examines the political-economic dynamics embedded in the reform process from an institutional perspective. It is a master–level course designed for practitioners in the field of public administration and public policy. It discusses strategies for achieving and enhancing reform outcomes. Theories and practices proposed by academics and practitioners will be drawn on as learning resources for the class. Class Format To achieve a high level of synergy and make the most out of our classroom meetings, I expect students to learn from both the instructor and one another in the class. Each of our class will be divided into 2 parts. In the first part, I will begin by giving a general introduction of the assigned readings. Then...
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...school run by Catharine where she participated in classes usually reserved for young men. The article “Harriet Beecher Stowe.” also states that at the age of 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio where she found like-minded friends in a local literary association called the Semi-Colon Club. As described in “Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe.” on Jan. 6, 1836, Harriet married Calvin Ellis Stowe, a professor in the Lane Seminary, and they had seven children during a period of financial hardship. The article also explains that the atmosphere at the Lane Lloyd 2 Seminary was abolitionist to the extreme, but Harriet herself did not at that time espouse this position. In “Harriet (Elizabeth) Beecher Stowe.” it is revealed that Harriet followed the debates about the institution of slavery in the Cincinnati press and was often in contact with friends who participated in the underground railroad. In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prompting distress and distress in abolitionist and free black communities of the North. Stowe decided to express her feelings through a literary representation of slavery. (“Harriet Beecher Stowe.”). Uncle Tom's Cabin was published as a book the following year and quickly became a bestseller. Harriet’s only known award was a $50 prize for her tale "A New England Sketch." for the for the Western Monthly Magazine. ("Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe."). Harriet’s only known education is her attendance at the Hartford Female Academy, founded by her sister...
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...The Sanctions Debate and the Logic of Choice David A. Baldwin debate over whether economic sanctions "work" is mired in a scholarly limbo. One writer contends that recent international relations scholarship has promoted optimism about the utility of such measures and sets out to challenge this trend} while another notes the pessimism that "pervades the sanctions literature" and proceeds to argue that it is unjustified. 2 A third scholar cites the sanctions literature as an example of fruitless academic debate with little policy relevance.3 Such divergent readings of the scholarly literature are often explained by differences in ideology or fundamentally different theoretical orientations. This does not seem to be the case with respect to the sanctions debate. Under appropriate circumstances, it is quite possible for liberals, neoliberals, realists, neorealists, or globalists to argue in favor of using economic sanctions. If the sanctions debate is bogged down, the explanation does not seem to lie in the essentially contested nature of the subject matter. A second potential explanation is that scholars are talking past one another because they ask different questions, use different concepts, and set the discussion in different analytical contexts. In short, they are talking about different things. This article explores the second explanation. The basic paradox at the heart of the sanctions debate is that policymakers continue to use sanctions with increasing...
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...view that has gained considerable popularity and empirical support is that heightened interdependence fosters cooperative political relations. Voiced with increasing regularity in both academic and policy circles, this claim has been used to help justify the formation of the European Economic Community, Richard Nixon’s opening to China, Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik, and Henry Kissinger’s conception of détente with the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, critics of this argument have not been stilled. Some observers maintain that, rather than fostering cooperation, increased interdependence generates political discord. Even more widespread is the argument that economic exchange has no strong bearing on the high politics of national security. This debate is hardly new. For centuries, the nature and strength of the links between interdependence and con›ict have been the subject of heated disagreement. Until lately, however, these links remained the subject of remarkably little systematic scrutiny. In recent years, a growing number of studies have attempted to ‹ll this gap in the literature, but they have yet to resolve various crucial questions. Most important, how and to what extent does interdependence in›uence political antagonism? What are the causal mechanisms driving this relationship? And what is the most appropriate way to test this relationship? The purpose of this book is to shed new light on these key issues. In this introduction, we survey the recent literature on the effects...
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...Twilight suggests a blending or meshing of light and dark. Upon more careful consideration we can interpret this in the context of Anna Deavere Smith’s context as the representation of the blurring of racial lines; in essence people of all colors and races transcending these differences and coming together as one. Anna Deavere Smith’s intention in Twilight is to explore race relations on a grander scale as in her eyes, “Los Angeles shows us that the story of race in America is much bigger and more complex than a story of black and white”(xxi). She further complicates the issue of race in Los Angeles by highlighting that the Latino population was equally involved in the 1992 riots. This only serves to emphasize the intricate nature of the relationships between people of different ethnicities. Smith has enlisted the power of theatre to explore the underlying processes of the problem while simultaneously serving as her “call to community” (xxiv) to join her in this journey. On the other hand, Walter Mosley in the chapter “History” from his novel Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned explores the transformative effect of the knowledge of his cultural history on the character Socrates Fortlow. Mosley suggests that the widespread ignorance of African American history has resulted in people like Socrates not knowing the history of his own roots. Only by knowing where he comes from can Socrates understand himself in a more profound manner. While Anna Deavere Smith attempts to use her artistic...
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...Koel has met the charismatic Khan, who was labeled as a ladies man and playboy in his young days, a few days back and then found herself utterly impressed by his personality and intelligence. About the heart-hitting man, she says, “Imran Khan believes that real change is brought about by the idealist and not realist. He has been given various tags; from being a ladies man to a good samaritan, to being a killer on the cricket pitch. But he wears all these labels with ease and élan.” 00441698395067 dg11812 "Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions. Small people always do that, but the really great make you feel that you, too, can become great." -- Mark Twain "Indiscriminate killing and looting could only serve the cause of the enemies of Pakistan. In the harshness, we lost the support of the silent majority of the people of East Pakistan." -- Hamood-ur-Rehman Commission Report on 1971 "Far better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs even though checkered by failure, than to rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy nor suffer much because they live in the grey twilight that knows neither victory nor defeat." -- Theodore Roosevelt "You have asked me to give you a message. What message can I give you? We have got the great message in the Quran for our guidance and enlightenment." -- Jinnah's message to Frontier MSF April 4, 1943 "Justice consists not in being neutral between right and wrong, but in finding out the right and upholding...
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...A fascinating and powerful narrative, “Recitatif” by Toni Morrison, tells the story of two girls, Twyla and Roberta, who share quite a complicated relationship. From the time they meet at St. Bonaventure, an orphanage, at the tender age of eight to when they become adults and start leading lives of their own, they are plagued by their racial, social, and economical differences. One of the most interesting aspects of the short story is the symbolism of Maggie, a disabled woman who works at the orphanage, and the tremendous impact she has on Twyla and Roberta. Numerous critics have analyzed the portrayal of Maggie in the story, and have come to some varied conclusions. In my opinion, as Twyla and Roberta are reunited with one another through the course of their lives, they slowly begin to see and accept that Maggie is a reflection of their mothers, and – to a larger extent – also themselves. The issues explored in “Recitatif” resonate with many readers on many different levels and, in effect, much has been written and discussed about it. This is largely due to the fact that Morrison has left a lot open to the reader for interpretation. “Revised Memories and Colliding Identities: Absence and Presence in Morrison’s ‘Recitatif’ and Viramontes’s ‘Tears on My Pillow’” by Helane Adams Androne is a very focused critical piece that argues that both central characters have suffer from strained relationships. "Transfiguring Aesthetics: Conflation, Identity Denial, and Transference in “Passing...
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...AS LEVEL Specification HISTORY A H105 For first assessment in 2016 ocr.org.uk/alevelhistorya We will inform centres about any changes to the specification. We will also publish changes on our website. The latest version of our specification will always be the one on our website (ocr.org.uk) and this may differ from printed versions. Copyright © 2014 OCR. All rights reserved. Copyright OCR retains the copyright on all its publications, including the specifications. However, registered centres for OCR are permitted to copy material from this specification booklet for their own internal use. Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations is a Company Limited by Guarantee. Registered in England. Registered company number 3484466. Registered office: Hills Road 1 Cambridge CB1 2EU. OCR is an exempt charity. Contents Introducing… AS Level History A (from September 2015) Teaching and learning resources iv Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 1 1a. Why choose an OCR qualification? 1 1b. Why choose an OCR AS Level in History A? 2 1c. What are the key features of this specification? 3 1d. 2 iii Professional Development 1 ii How do I find out more information? 3 4 2a. Overview of AS Level in History A (H105) 4 2b. Content of AS Level in History A (H105) 5 2c. Content of unit group 1: British period study and enquiry (Units Y131 to Y143) 8 2c. ...
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...oday's technology is already producing a marked shift in the way we think and behave, particularly among the young. I mustn't, however, be too censorious, because what I'm talking about is pleasure. For some, pleasure means wine, women and song; for others, more recently, sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll; and for millions today, endless hours at the computer console. But whatever your particular variety of pleasure (and energetic sport needs to be added to the list), it's long been accepted that 'pure' pleasure - that is to say, activity during which you truly "let yourself go" - was part of the diverse portfolio of normal human life. Until now, that is. Now, coinciding with the moment when technology and pharmaceutical companies are finding ever more ways to have a direct influence on the human brain, pleasure is becoming the sole be-all and end-all of many lives, especially among the young. We could be raising a hedonistic generation who live only in the thrill of the computer-generated moment, and are in distinct danger of detaching themselves from what the rest of us would consider the real world. This is a trend that worries me profoundly. For as any alcoholic or drug addict will tell you, nobody can be trapped in the moment of pleasure forever. Sooner or later, you have to come down. I'm certainly not saying all video games are addictive (as yet, there is not enough research to back that up), and I genuinely welcome the new generation of "brain-training" computer...
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