...follows the life of Richard Wright and his experiences as a young African American teenager facing racism in the South. Throughout the novel, Wright focuses on the oppression society inflicts upon him. He finds difficulty in remaining employed because he does not act “black” or submissive enough. He is physically and emotionally attacked for being African American as the majority of the South contains an extremely racist culture. Wright does not even have his family to rely on for support because they criticize and beat him as well. Differences within his family along with incidences of violent attacks and disrespectful language plague Wright and try to deplete his confidence and identity. However, Wright simultaneously finds measures within these aspects to gain back his individuality and happiness. He fights back through violence to uphold his right of walking safely in Memphis; he uses all of his ability to avoid beatings from his family, and he finds joy and sense of worth when he writes stories. Ultimately, Wright struggles to keep his sense of identity in a society that degrades his persona, but manages to obtain his individuality in the end. Through violence, Wright begins to understand that society is laying out a persona for him to accept that is not initially his. In the South, he learns he must accept the role as the meek and respectful “nigger.” Wright experiences violence one day that teaches him how whites expect him to act in the South. Wright recounts, “The car...
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...it did in the 19th century. For example, Richard Wright is an author and was a slave, therefore he has lived the horrors of racism. This monstrosity cost many people their lives. Racism is a controlling violence of words and over all power of one. Today, it is illegal to practice racism anywhere around the world. Racism has many effects on a person but believe it or not the actions of one’s control, one’s educational levels, as well as how a person is to see another person is the most significant. Back in the early 1900s the white men of the South wanted to control the black men, women, and children;...
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...Born on September 4th, 1908, Richard Wright was born in Roxie, Mississippi (outside of Natchez) on a plantation where his illiterate father was a sharecropper. Wright was raised by his relatives at by the age of 17, he was ready to get out into the world. He headed into Memphis, Tennessee (his relatives lived right outside the city) where he worked odd jobs and educated himself. He read array of novels as he grew up and his education helped him realize the unjust ways of segregation. In 1927, Wright moved to Chicago after the peak of the Harlem Renaissance (a pivotal time for African Americans to express themselves through music, writings, and art). In Chicago, he worked as a postal worker, but was laid off with the depression. Wright then joined the Federal Writers Project, a state sponsored guild for authors, in which Wright composed his first novel, Uncle Tom’s Children. During this time, Wright joined the Communist party, which was often carried out into his writings. By 1939, Wright had moved to New York City and kept ties with the party for only a few more years. He married in 1941, and had left the communist party by 1944. During World War II, Wright lectured around New York. With the end of the War, Wright moved to France in 1947 where he continued to write his novels, which often contained themes of racism, poverty, and political matters. His books were often partly based on his life and what he had observed in his lifetime. Wright was the first African American...
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...INTRODUCTION Afro centricity is a concept propounded by Molefi Asante which according to him is a paradigm based on the idea that African people should reassert a sense of agency in order to achieve sanity. This concept is concerned more about the African values and cultures. One can say it is a pan African ideology in culture, philosophy, and history. It is a call for social change. This concept had its origins from an African American society or world where the blacks were marginalized in a white hegemony. It was a fight for change. This birth gave birth to the American civil right. This concept can be seen in the texts and writings of Alice Walker and Richard Wright who were American writers of the late 19th century and early 20th century. In A father’s law , we see this aspect also being portrayed. Ruddy becomes the chief of police in a white community. We see him being the only black to live in a white a neighborhood of Brentwood Park. In society where the whites occupy all the big and important jobs and the blacks do the mean and odd jobs like house help and gardener. During that era we realize that majority of those who were educated and went to school were the whites and the blacks uneducated. But in the novel , we discover Tommy to be a very intelligent black university student who studies in a white university. This brings out the African value and potential in a white dominated society. In Alice Walker’s The color purple, we see the aspect of solidarity among the...
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...Hitler then funneled the Jews living on his land into cramped ghetto quarters barred from the rest of the public. There they perished from disease and poverty with no hope in sight and as time progressed so did the vile ideas of Adolf Hitler. Not only did he put the Jews into ghettos, he also forced millions of them into death camps where they were forced to work until they could no more. In these camps the ones who were too weak to participate in work production were killed in specially built gas chambers and then cremated to destroy the evidence of their deaths. Hitler was so disgusted by the Jewish people that he even created the majority of the death camps in Poland, not in his ruling nation of Germany. In the end of the holocaust followed by the end of World War Two, Hitler had killed approximately six million Jews and...
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...The Evil in Richard Wright’s “Between the World and Me” What is a rope? It’s a thing that established the rank, constraint the soul, and destroyed the lives. In Richard Wright’s enriching poem “Between the World and Me” (1935), a lynching is depicted and greatly astonished and influenced the speaker. Through the use of structure, religious symbolization, and diction, Wright successfully establishes the indignation that danced among the words. Structure is a great component in the poem. The poem’s structure channeled bountiful information regard the complex emotions within the narrator. The poem started with the word “and” and followed the word “suddenly.” A time sequence is suggested here. It is believed that the speaker tells his story from the middle of the memory. Such actions are much often recognized on “people who have survived atrocities. It is difficult for them to remain clearheaded and calm, to see more than a few fragments of the picture at one time, to retain all the pieces, and to fit them together” (Herman 1). In addition, the fragment sentences that display throughout the poem corroborate the point that the teller is traumatized. Furthermore, the poem can simply be chunks into four sections by the appearance of four periods. These groups of four periods not only separate the poem but also show a continuation of thoughts. They represent the broken, incomplete, and deficient memory of the speaker. Therefore, the narrator is absolutely astonishes by the scene...
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...The Search for Self and Space by Indian Dalit Joseph Macwan and African American Richard Wright Vaseemahmed G Qureshi Assistant Professor, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda A B S T R A C T The subjugation of Dalits in India and Blacks in America is the result of slavery imposed on them in the name of castism in India and racism in America. Writers from these marginalized groups express their revolt against slavery through words. This presentation focuses on one black and one Dalit novel as a manifestation of the quest for self and space. Joseph Macwan comes forward as a prophet of Dalits’ welfare in Gujarat with his Angaliyat (1987) which is a representation of the emerging genre of the Dalit novel. It criticizes systems of internal colonization that exist within the Hindu caste system. Today, Dalits are both asserting their identity and challenging a society that had earlier excluded them, by writing about their lives themselves. Through the protagonist Teeha, the novel succeeds in demystifying ‘dalitness’ and redefining the real freedom of his fellow people. Richard Wright is one of the most acclaimed African American authors of the twentieth century. His Outsider (1953) depicts racial discrimination and the quest for identity. He creates a compelling story with his protagonist Cross Damon, a man of superior intellect who craves for peace and searches for his identity. In this quest, Cross Damon attempts to escape his past and start anew in a...
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...Zora Neale Hurston’s use of language in her short story Spunk allows the reader to become part of the community in which this story takes place. The story is told from the point of view of the characters, and Hurston writes the dialogue in their broken English dialect. Although the language is somewhat difficult to understand initially, it adds to the mystique of the story. Spunk is a story about a man that steals another man’s wife, kills the woman’s husband and then he ends up dying from an accident at the saw mill. Spunk believed that it was Lena’s husband, Joe Kanty, who shoved him into the circular saw, and the people in the village agreed that Joe Kanty had come back to get revenge. The language used by the characters helps to establish the setting of the story and gives the reader an understanding of why voodoo is a plausible explanation for the outcome. “Looka theah folkses!” is what Elijah Mosley states to the others in the store. This is the first indication that the characters in this short story are not the most educated, and are probably from some small backwoods town. We quickly get confirmation of this when we learn that he is alerting them that Spunk Banks, a giant, brown-skinned man, “who aint skeered of nothin’ on God’s green footstool”, is sauntering up the one street in the village, with a small pretty woman clinging lovingly to his arm. Clearly, the store is where people hang out, and everyone knows that the woman with Spunk is Lena Kanty, Joe’s wife...
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...CHRISTIAN ETHICS IN A POSTMODERN WORLD The Rise of Postmodernity Since Federico de Onis’s use of the term ‘postmodernismo’ to describe the Spanish and Latin-American poetry of 1905-1914 which had reacted against the ‘excess’ of modernism in 1934, (Rose 1991: 171) “Postmodernism” became very popular. It has been used in the fields of art (Christo-Bakargiev 1987), architecture (Pevsner 1967), literature (Hassan 1971), video, economics, films (James 1991), ideology (Larrain 1994: 90-118), theology (Tilley at al 1995), and philosophy (Griffin et al 1993). In trying to understand ‘postmodern’, we have to understand ‘modern’ first. According to Rose (1991: 1), there are many related yet different meanings associated with the term ‘modern’. First of all, Arnold J. Toynbee understands modern as referring to the historical phenomenon of The most significant of the conclusions that suggest themselves is that the word ‘modern’ in the term ‘Modern Western Civilization’, can, without inaccuracy, be given a more precise and concrete connotation by being translated ‘middle class’. Western communities became ‘modern’ in the accepted Modern Western meaning of the word, just as soon as they had succeeded in producing a bourgeoisie that was both numerous enough and competent enough to become the predominant element in society. We think of the new chapter of Western history that opened at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries as being ‘modern’ par excellence because...
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...spread of a global culture, globalization is seen both as a positive and as a negative trend. What are the main features of globalization, what are the future possibilities, and how will globalization have an effect upon your individual life? Outline “Nothing will be done anymore without the whole world meddling in it.” Paul Valéry The History of Globalization Positive Images of Globalization Imbalance, Diversity, and Conflict: The Problems of Globalization Global Tensions, Challenges, and Evolution for the Future Howard Bloom – The Deep History of Globalization – Reciprocity and Conquest Global Communication and Networking of Life Global Expansion of Humanity Emergence of Cities and Trade Routes Reciprocity and Conquest Robert Wright The Evolution of Win-Win Reciprocities in Human History The Expansion of Economic Interdependencies and Exchange The Expansion of Communication Networks Cumulative Evolution of Civilizations John Naisbitt Globalization and Individualism Increasing International Trade and Commerce Free Enterprise International Corporations Overturning National Economies Global Marketplace Global Tele-Communication World Wide Monitoring Global Citizens Global Media Intercultural Mixing Global Empowerment of Individual Peter Schwartz The Long...
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...Here is a list of the top Broadway shows of the season: Gentleman's Guide to Love and Murder, A • Walter Kerr Theatre • Tony Award winner Jefferson Mays (I Am My Own Wife) plays eight roles in this frisky musical romp set in Edwardian England about a line of heirs, family money — and homicide. • When Monty Navarro finds out he is eighth in line to inherit a dukedom, he decides to eliminate the other seven heirs standing in his way — all played by one incredible actor. This witty music-hall comedy explores how low we'll go to make it to the top. BEAUTIFUL: THE CAROLE KING MUSICAL • Theatre: Stephen Sondheim • Here's how the creators bill the musical: "Her voice would define a generation, but first she had to find it. Long before she was Carole King: chart-topping music legend, she was Carol Klein: Brooklyn girl with passion and chutzpah. She fought her way into the record business as a teenager and, by the time she reached her twenties, had the husband of her dreams and a flourishing career writing hits for the biggest acts in rock 'n' roll. But it wasn't until her fairytale life began to crack that she finally managed to find her true voice. Beautiful tells the inspiring true story of King's rise to stardom, alongside husband and co-writer Gerry Goffin and fellow song writers Barry Mann, and Cynthia Weil, set to the music that made her one of the recording industry’s most enduring icon." IT'S ONLY A PLAY • Theatre: Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre • Written by...
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...1-1 Do you like to spend time by yourself? When I was in middle school and high school, I got the impression that being alone meant you were a social outcast. At lunch, for example, only the "losers" or "nerds" ate alone; if you were surrounded by friends, you were popular. As a result, I was always anxious about being alone. Like a lot of young people, I worried about having enough friends and going out on the weekends instead of staying home like a "loner." I have to admit, though, that I spent more weekends at home than I did out on the town with my friends. As I've grown older, though, I think I've come to appreciate more and more having some time to be alone. Maybe it's the constant noise and demands of three children that helps me appreciate some quiet time to myself. In fact, some of my favorite time during the day is the time I spend driving to and from work (I live about twenty minutes from where I work). I often listen to the radio, so I don't know if I'm technically alone, but it's time where I can think and reflect on things that have happened during the day. It's often during this time that I have some of my best ideas, too. If we ought to be familiar with anyone, it should be ourselves. And spending time alone can help us come to know ourselves better. In this lesson, you will read some pieces that show the authors learning about themselves. You will see through the readings how the experiences we go through often teach us things about ourselves that we didn't...
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...A2 PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION: RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE What follows should act as reminders. For full revision you need to do more than rely on these notes. Use your course notes, essays and text books. 1. Key Words: Religious language is cognitive if it is thought of as conveying knowledge of what is really there. Religious language is non-cognitive it is thought as conveying feelings or expressing desires or guiding ways of behaving. Religious language is realist if it is thought of as conveying testable facts that actually pertain in reality. Religious language is non-realist it is thought of as conveying guiding ideals but with no basis in factual reality. Religious language offers a correspondence theory of truth if it is thought of as being able to point to the reality that it is trying to convey. Religious language offers a coherence theory of truth if it is thought of as conveying making sense within a network of other beliefs which people hold to be true. 2. What Religious Language is: Religious language is an outlet for emotion in special times of life. Religious language is the language of worship. It is performative, ‘I baptise you in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit’, and it is prescriptive (law making – i.e. honour your father and mother). However, none these uses of religious language is our focus. Our focus is how religious language might make truth claims about the reality of God and whether it can succeed in doing this. Philosophers...
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...Metaethics Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theoryfocus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is. Just as two people may disagree about the ethics of, for example, physician-assisted suicide, while nonetheless agreeing at the more abstract level of a general normative theory such as Utilitarianism, so too may people who disagree at the level of a general normative theory nonetheless agree about the fundamental existence and status of morality itself, or vice versa. In this way, metaethics may be thought of as a highly abstract way of thinking philosophically about morality. For this reason, metaethics is also occasionally referred to as “second-order” moral theorizing, to distinguish it from the “first-order” level of normative theory. Metaethical positions may be divided according to how they respond to questions such as the following: * Ÿ What exactly are people doing when they use moral words such as “good” and “right”? * Ÿ What precisely is a moral value in the first place, and are such values similar to other familiar sorts of entities, such as objects and properties? * Ÿ Where do moral values come from—what is their source and foundation? * Ÿ Are some things morally right or wrong for all people at all times, or does morality instead vary from person to person, context to context...
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...Phenomenon and What the Government Really Knew .............. ................... ........ .......... .. .... ... ........... ....... ..... Michael D. Swords Fewer Sightings in the National Press: A Content Analysis of UFO News Coverage in The New York Times, 1947-1995 .......... ................ John C. Hickman, E. Dale McConkey II, and Matthew A. Barrett COMMENTS AND RESPONSES Robert R. Young, John S. Carpenter ...... ............... ... ......... ................................ ..... ............ BOOK REVIEWS Alien Discussions, ed. by Andrea Pritchard, et aI., and Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind, by C. D. B. Bryan ....... ....... Thomas E. Bullard Encounter at Buff Ledge, by Walter N. Webb ........... .... ...... ...... ... ... .. Richard F. Haines The Gods Have Landed, ed. by James R. Lewis ............ ... .............. Charles F....
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