...civil war, a host of factors, including international affairs, economic and social inequality and the sectarian make up of the Lebanese government were responsible for the violent outburst and the war’s duration. The Phalange Party’s April 13 attack on a bus carrying Palestinians, reprisal for a shoot out at a church where Phalange members had been in attendance, was not even mentioned in the relevant chapters on the civil war in Struggle Over Lebanon by Tabitha Petran. Instead, Petran documents the factors that contributed to the setting of the stage for and provoking the civil war. Fear over the increase in sectarian militias had been on the national radar as early as May 1973, when President Suleiman Franjieh convened a special cabinet meeting to discuss possible reforms to curb the militias. Petran begins by listing the increased demands of the Sunni population of Lebanon, which began clamoring for a larger slice of political power to match what they believed was their majority status. The Lebanese government had been formed in 1943, based on a census in 1932 when Maronite Christian were the largest sect and thus the role of President was reserved for a Maronite. Sunnis had been given the post of the Prime Minister while the Speaker of the Parliament...
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...Ma. Ellora Reigel G. Solidum 1FM3 1) Define Heresy * It is the selection religious or political doctrines, adhesion to parties in Church or State. * According to St. Thomas: "a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the faith of Christ, corrupt its dogmas" * Heresy is an opinion or belief that does not agree with the belief of a particular religion (Merriam-Webster) 2) How did the Church solve the problem of heresies? Identify the 5 Major heresies and how it was solved. a) Arianism * Emperor Theodosius reversed the policy of his predecessors and sided with Rome. Within the boundaries of the Roman empire the faith of Nicaea, enforced again by the General Council of Constantinople (381), prevailed, but Arianism held its own for over two hundred years longer wherever the Arian Goths held sway: in Thrace, Italy, Africa, Spain, Gaul. The conversion of King Recared of Spain, who began to reign in 586, marked the end ofArianism in his dominions, and the triumph of the Catholic Franks sealed the doom of Arianism everywhere. b) Pelagianism * not being backed by political power * flourished only so long and so far as the temporal power of Byzantine and Persian rulers gave them countenance. * internal dissension, stagnation, and decay became their fate when left to themselves. c) Eutychianism * flourished only so long and so far as the temporal power of Byzantine and Persian rulers gave them countenance. * internal...
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...The Coptic’s believe Christ is one person from two natures and chalecedonians say Christ is one person in two natures. They built their churches in the shape of ship, which comes from Noahs Arc. The majority of Coptic’s had belong to the Coptic orthodox church of Alexandria and about 800,000 are divided between the Coptic catholic and various Coptic protestant churches. The Coptic’s were persecuted by the Byzantine Empire before the Islamic invasion of Egypt brought on persecution by Muslims. The Coptic’s wanted to push for religious freedom and rights. Coptic’s are different by denomination and follow a different religious calendar and generally share beliefs and rituals similar to those of the Greek orthodox churches. For example, we celebrate Christmas on December the 25 and Coptic’s celebrate Christmas on January the 7th on their calendar and their Easter even falls usually in late April or early May. They celebrate their new years of the beginning of spring which is called Nuruz meaning...
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...Post-1945 Multiple Choice and Short Answer 1: Dreaming - refers to all that is known and understood by Aboriginal people. It is the central spiritual concept because it determines not only beliefs and values but also relationships with other people and the overall environment. Aborigines are able to understand creation in a continuing and living sense by virtue of the Dreaming. It explains how the world was created by their ancestors and is passed on orally. E.g. dreaming stories such as the rainbow serpent. Dreaming links Aboriginals to the land, they are interdependent: “Aboriginals live their lives being at one with the land, and without land their Dreaming, tradition and culture are sure to die” (Anne Gray). Kinship – refers to the network of relationships that hold a clan together central to Aboriginal communities. Through kinship, they are instructed about particular obligations, rights and appropriate forms of behavior. It defines where a person fits into the community. Land is important to kinship and is often referred to as “my mother” so it is shared by many people. Disopession- Dispossession resulted in Aboriginals being separated from their physical land, kinship groups and the removal of their children from their families through the “Stolen Generation”. Dispossession first occurred in 1778 when the First Fleet recognised Australia as “terra nullius”. They implemented policies of protectionism where Aboriginals were removed from their rightful land and...
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...of play equipment for the kids. The daytime hours are bustling with senior citizens and mothers with their kids. It's a beautiful park with picnic facilities and seating so you can watch your kids play on the playground. • The Experiment Farm Cottage features a variety of events like morning or afternoon tea times on the verandah. This home is a historic site and one of the first colonial homes in the region. Whether you’re visiting, planning to look for a home here, or you live here, this is a must-see site. Schools & Child Care • Rosehill Montessori Kindergarten • Miss Helena Place • St Oliver’s Primary School • The Holy Seminary (a branch of Parramatta’s Catholic Diocese) Places of Worship • Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Church • St. Loannis Greek Orthodox Church Shopping & Dining Harris Park’s shopping district is around the Marion Street area, which happens to be close by to the Parramatta commercial centre, a large hub for shopping and dining. Women's and Men's Clothing • The Saree Shop provides a wide range of colours and styles in modern saree designs in Harris Park. • De Chic is a local women's clothing and bridal store. • Panache Haute Couture is a women's clothing store. • New Maharaja Fashion and Beauty is a nice local clothing shop. • Savage Lingerie Food Markets • Radhe Wholesale & Retail is a local Indian food grocery store. • Patel Brothers Supermarket is an Indian grocery store. • Sabzee Supermarket is a local convenience store. Jewellers • Tuli Jewellers is a...
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...Kadir Has University History of Turkish Republic 4/9/2015 Shah Basit Hussain Qureshi 1- In your view, what were the reasons for the Ottoman Empire’s demise? How did competing internal and external factors play into the weakening of the empire? There were few vital reasons for the downfall of Ottoman Empire’s, linked with some of internal and external factors which played a important role to weaken the Ottoman’s empire. I will take this opportunity to write on this significant historical downfall factors of Ottomans Empire and I will write try to accomplish those major points from which this downfall led to Ottoman Empire. It was the second Egyptian crisis which manifested tensions in the Middle East. The elementary problems of the empire, caused by rising pressure between the different nationalities and communities, which the central government was not capable to get to the bottom of or control. Nevertheless for about 15 years they did not express to large-scale interference on the part of the enormous powers of Europe. The most aggressive internal conflict of these years was fought in the Lebanon. The tough man of the region was the Emir Bashir II, who belonged to the miniature religious group of the people of Druzes 3, but he was converted to Christianity and he ruled the Lebanon from his stronghold in the Shuf Mountains for almost 50 years. He had associated his providence strongly to the Egyptian professional forces, and when the concluding...
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...Juan L. Costa S 1229656 1 December 2013 Words: 1629 Course: Globalization and Cultural Studies Mr. Looi van Kessel, M.A. The English language in Turkey – A case study of linguistic imperialism English is considered to be the world’s lingua franca. It is the most extended language in all kinds of international interactions, including trade, culture, and academia. This is considered to be a factual statement and not a normative one. Certain scholars have considered the rise of English as a positive process in normative terms, while others have critiqued it as a form of imperialism. However, both sides of the argument agree on the principle that English is indeed the global language (Lin and Martin 116). The effects of English linguistic imperialism can be found in a plethora of countries, but they are mostly evident in countries that adopt official language policies to encourage the use of English in order to position themselves closer to the Western world. That is the case of Turkey which has favored English teaching and usage since the late 19th century (Doğançay-Aktuna and Kiziltepe 254-257). Furthermore, this official language policy and its consequences are most noticeable in academia, an environment where English has become an essential tool for participating in the international scientific community. This essay will discuss the case of Turkey as a country that has been directly impacted by English linguistic imperialism, resulting in a struggle between the economic benefits...
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...Syria Syria’s Desalination Investment Syria is a country located in the Middle East between Lebanon and Turkey which boarders the Mediterranean Sea. It is a nation slightly larger than the size of North Dakota and has become the source of investment for Haddock and Siska Incorporated (H&S Inc.) H&S Inc. has obtained a contract from Capital Investor’s Group to invest $50 million in Syria. In view of the fact that the goal of the contract is to spread western ways to the Middle East, H&S has decided to invest in a $34.5 million water distillery plant. This plant will benefit the people of Syria and their economy by purifying and distill rating 5 million gallons of water a day . This purification process will continue to help boost Syria’s agricultural sector which has already contributed to the country’s economic growth. In addition, the World Factbook identifies Syria as having problems with water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes. The country also has inadequate potable water. Within the next 20 years, it is said that Syria will be in a crisis for water. In light of this information, there is a growing need to develop water desalination technology. The need for this technology has led Syria to form the Scientific National Commission for Water Desalination. H&S hopes that their investment will offset the water problems. In order for this investment to take place a throughout investigation of the country’s economic, political, and social...
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...What is the Connection Between Religion and Terrorism? Recalling the last twenty years, what is observed is the resurfacing of the drive for terrorism all due to one’s religious belief. One can accept that there is a logical link between religion and terrorism. The link being complicated in nature, aims attention to the role religion plays in violence being legitimized. Religious terrorism is considered to be a type of political violence that is driven by the outright faith that a deity has authorized the act of terrorism for a much greater triumph in that faith. Gus Martin defines religious terrorism as a religion legalizing violence as long as such violence is the desire of an individual’s deity. In today’s society, religion has become the dominant cause of political violence. However, nationalism and ideology aren’t the only great stimulants for extremist behavior. For the first time, dominating the international community are religious extremists. There is acceleration in the repetitiveness, magnitude and the far-reaching spectrum of religious terrorist acts which is encouraged by globalization. One's religious belief can be used as the main reason behind terrorism, whether it may be a primary or a secondary motive. The fine points of the political and the cultural environment are the main factors which these motives can be relied upon, significant to a particular terrorist act. Religion can be seen as the main motive behind a terrorist behavior; on the other hand, it can...
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...Michigan Columbus Credit Union Lisa Flanigan Courtney Johnson Mary Smith-Biles Todd Buchanan Madonna University MKT 6210 Table of Contents Introduction Page 3 Brand Building Page 8 The Numbers Page 11 Conclusion and Marketing Ideas Page 22 Bibliography Page 24 Introduction by Lisa Flanigan Credit Unions are not-for-profit financial institutions that are owned by all of its members. The focus of the credit union is to help its members save, borrow, and receive affordable financial services. One way is by offering higher interest rates on savings accounts which can be important to people in general but also to the young population who are just starting to save for college or some other long term item such as a car. Typically, credit unions charge lower fees compared to banks and provide credit at competitive rates. Like any other business, Credit Unions must have enough income/ assets to cover expenses related to running a business or risk the possibility of becoming insolvent. Lending money to members is a source of income for credit unions. When borrowers default on this lent money, this puts a credit union at risk and causes tougher rules on responsible lending. They are also known for providing service at the personal level by helping their members plan for the future. The first credit union was founded in southern Germany in the year 1864 by...
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...THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS AND RADICALISM Dr. M. LAL GOEL Also known as Dr. Madan Lal Goel University of West Florida lgoel@uwf.edu Abstract. The notion of a clash of civilizations has gained notoriety since the terrorist attack on WTC on 9/11/2001. Professor Samuel P. Huntington has popularized the view that the coming global conflict will be among major civilizations, not among different political ideologies. He identifies eight major civilizations: the Western (Europe and North America), Slavic (Russia and Eastern Europe), Islamic, Confucian, Hindu, Japanese, Latin American, and the African. Of particular focus in the present paper is the threat to civilization from radical Islam. Three factors that foment radicalism are described: the Islamic theology of exclusiveness, the nostalgic memory of a Muslim empire that lasted nearly 1,000 years, and the consequences of oil boom in the Middle East. Population estimates for different civilizations are provided at the end. Introduction The theory of a clash of civilizations has been with us for some time. British historian Arnold Toynbee used the term in a series of lectures he delivered in 1953. The Middle East specialist Bernard Lewis wrote in 1990 that the Muslim rage against the West is “no less than a clash of civilizations” (Lewis, 1990, p 60). Samuel P. Huntington, a Harvard University political science professor, has given new currency to the notion of a clash of civilizations. His 1993 article in Foreign...
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...Cross Cultural Managment MGT 3146 Mr. Kiren Ross Usman Habib M00429797 Table of Contents PART 1: 4 1) INTRODUCTION: 4 2) Country Macro Level Fact Sheet 5 Socio-Economic Comparison (CIA, 2015) 5 3) Hofstede Model : Comparing Lebanon and Netherlands 8 PART B : Cultural Intelligence 10 1) Cultural Intelligence: Globalization 10 2) Decision Making: 11 3) Negotiation & Communication: 12 4 )Leadership: 14 Section C: Advice and Recommendation 15 PART 1: 1) INTRODUCTION: The term globalization has been defined as the process in which different countries interconnect because of the dependence that the buyers, sellers, producers and governments (Parker, 2005). During the course of the last decade the world has seen globalization increase in such a magnituite that the world as a whole is seen as a single market place. Due to the adaptation of this concept, different cultures have to come together to work for a single goal their organizations provide them with, which normally is ‘success’. Culture is defined as a set of values, traditions, mind set, and norms that a set of people follow in that geographical location, these are the things passed on from generation to generation (Hofstede, 1980). For a business to be successful outside their home country, they need to understand the culture they are going into as well as understand the differences it holds from their originating country. Successful businesses creates a work force with enough multi-cultural...
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...Knowing your body shape is the key to successful dressing, no matter what trends or fashion fads are happening. Stick to the rules and you’ll never be stuck for something to wear again APPLE BODY SHAPE Of all the fruit in the fashion basket, the apple, with its rounded tummy and big bust, can be one of the most difficult to dress. Luckily you also often benefit from slim hips, a great bum and lovely legs. Find out how to make the most of your apple body shape with these expert fashion tips. Use clothes to sculpt your midriff, so it looks less like an apple and more like an apple core. At the same time, draw attention to your favourite bits – that cleavage, those legs, and anything else you really like. Body control underwear will work wonders to define your middle area too, pulling you in at the waist. Don’t hide in baggy trousers. Show off your lovely legs with straight or boot-cut trousers. Look for flat-fronted trousers with a wide waistband to draw attention away from the stomach. Open up the neckline. V-necks and scoop-necks are good for apple-shaped ladies as you often have a great bust. Don’t be afraid to show it off. Use structured, tailored jackets to give definition to your upper body and show off good shoulders. Look for single-breasted versions with one or two buttons. Wrap dresses are always a winner for an apple body shape as they fit nicely over a fuller bust. A side tie on the dress will draw attention away from the stomach. Drop earrings will draw attention...
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...A Cup of Coffee with the Linovamvaki Reviving ethnic and cultural integration on the island of Cyprus Michael Apicelli IRP-601 Dayton 18 December 2006 The island-nation of Cyprus, although small, serves as the location of the most long-standing UN Peace-keeping mission in the world. The UN-established “green line” divides Cyprus into two parts, the lower 2/3 of the island known as the Cypriot Republic, is almost exclusively populated by denizens whose ethnic identification is classified as Greek. The northern third of the island, occupied by self-avowed Turkish Cypriots, recognizes itself as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The only other country in the world that recognizes the TRNC is Turkey, while the Republic of Cyprus is recognized internationally. While the international community recognizes the Republic of Cyprus as having jurisdiction over the island as a whole, in fact the Republic’s authority stops at the green line, a fact which has led at a number of confusing international issues, including Cyprus’ and Turkey’s EU accession bids. The Beginnings of Cypriot History Cyprus is an island state that has only recently achieved sovereignty. Inhabited for well over two thousand years, it has a four hundred year colonial history of shared culture, language, and mores between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots that populate its scenic mountains, plains, and beaches. These shared mores and sense of culture will prove...
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...CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH Table of Contents PROLOGUE I. The life of man - to know and love God nn. 1-3 II. Handing on the Faith: Catechesis nn. 4-10 III. The Aim and Intended Readership of the Catechism nn. 11-12 IV. Structure of this Catechism nn. 13-17 V. Practical Directions for Using this Catechism nn. 18-22 VI. Necessary Adaptations nn. 23-25 PART ONE: THE PROFESSION OF FAITH SECTION ONE "I BELIEVE" - "WE BELIEVE" n. 26 CHAPTER ONE MAN'S CAPACITY FOR GOD nn. 27-49 I. The Desire for God nn. 27-30 II. Ways of Coming to Know God nn. 31-35 III. The Knowledge of God According to the Church nn. 36-38 IV. How Can We Speak about God? nn.39-43 IN BRIEF nn. 44-49 CHAPTER TWO GOD COMES TO MEET MAN n. 50 Article 1 THE REVELATION OF GOD I. God Reveals His "Plan of Loving Goodness" nn. 51-53 II. The Stages of Revelation nn. 54-64 III. Christ Jesus -- "Mediator and Fullness of All Revelation" nn. 6567 IN BRIEF nn. 68-73 Article 2 THE TRANSMISSION OF DIVINE REVELATION n. 74 I. The Apostolic Tradition nn.75-79 II. The Relationship Between Tradition and Sacred Scripture nn. 80-83 III. The Interpretation of the Heritage of Faith nn. 84-95 IN BRIEF nn. 96-100 Article 3 SACRED SCRIPTURE I. Christ - The Unique Word of Sacred Scripture nn. 101-104 II. Inspiration and Truth of Sacred Scripture nn. 105-108 III. The Holy Spirit, Interpreter of Scripture nn. 109-119 IV. The Canon of Scripture nn. 120-130 V. Sacred Scripture in the Life of the Church nn. 131-133 IN BRIEF nn...
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