...The Mozart effect & Music and Spatial Task Performance Courtney Corkill PSY 363: Cognitive Psychology Argosy University August 1st, 2014 The research hypothesis for Music and Spatial Task Performance is that listening to Mozart may have more of a positive effect on task performance than a relaxation tape or silence. The independent variables are the three groups that are music, silence, and relaxation tape. These are the independent variables because these are what can be manipulated (Gonzalez, C.). The dependent variable is the performance that is measured at the end of each test or experiment. Some variables that the researched were able to control in their study were the sound, or listening conditions, and the environment...
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...Field Research – Baby Einstein and Mozart Effect Week Two Assignment PSYCH/600 – Developmental Psychology December 1, 2014 Introduction Learning through the use of music has been a crucial part of development in every society as far back as the Stone Age. Music, in all its forms, has been a staple in every culture, bringing communities together and connecting generation to generation. According to McBride, “The oral tradition of simple children's songs, folk songs, and lullabies is quickly being lost, replaced by commercially produced popular and rock music as more and more people rely on recorded music rather than singing or playing music for themselves and others” (2002). Baby Einstein videos claim to enhance infant’s knowledge, making them smarter, happier babies. This paper will delve into Baby Einstein’s claims, research rebuttals, and ethical impact as laid out by the American Psychological Association. Area of Development Baby Einstein videos are marketed by Disney Corporation with the slogan “Great minds start little” (babyeinstein.com, 2014). Marketing makes claims that Baby Einstein videos are made to enhance multiple areas such as music, art, language, nature and shapes/numbers. The videos develop the infant’s music skills by enhancing the infant’s rhythm, pitch, and harmony, icon; art through bright, real life picture that have true association. Language is developed through “words, written or spoken, are presented in three languages...
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...nor by pantomime express my thoughts and feelings, for I am no dancer; but I can by tones, for I am a musician.” said Mozart. Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, more commonly known as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. Mozart was the only surviving son of violinist Leopold Mozart and his mother Maria Pertl Mozart and had only one sister, Maria Anna, who was nicknamed Nannerl. Starting music at a young age, his father quickly realised that Mozart had a talent after teaching Mozart the keyboard. Mozart composed his first composition at the young age of 5. Later on in his life, he was appointed an assistant concertmaster. He has also played for royalty and his music influenced a lot of composers later on. Mozart died at the early age of 35 on December 5, 1791. Some reasons why he is the greatest composer in history is that he only lived to the age of 35, while Bach lived to the age of 65, he had learned more instruments than Bach, and the Mozart Effect....
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...The Role of Music in Learning PREFACE This term paper explains the relevance and role of music in learning. It also shows the benefits of listening to soft music in stimulating our mind to do certain tasks. It also discusses the study and research of some people about the goodness of music to body. I hope you will enjoy reading my term paper. - Author – ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Almighty God for guiding and giving me the knowledge to create this Term Paper. And also thank my loving family for their support, specially my mom for giving me some sort of ideas and pushed me to do so. My friends and classmates for sharing their knowledge about my topic. And the last but not the least to my very loving and patient my Communication Skills instructor Mr. Ariel Y. Leonin who did his best in teaching us. - Author - TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE............................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................... ii I. Introduction....................................... 1 • Advantage and Disadvantage of Music in Learning................................ 1&2 II. Body.............................................. 3 • Role of Music in Learning........................ 3-7 • Effects of Music in Mind and Body................ 8&9 • Which Music is Best for...
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...Functions of Music Music therapy Music therapy is a treatment method that involves using music to enhance health. There are many different approaches to music therapy, including creating music, listening to music, and talking about music. Although music therapy is often used to promote mental and emotional health, it may also help improve quality of life for people coping with physical health conditions. . In the 17th century, the scholar Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy noted that music has an "excellent power ...to expel many other diseases" and he called it "a sovereign remedy against despair and melancholy." What Does Music Therapy Involve? A music therapy session may incorporate a number of different elements, such as making music, writing songs, or passively listening to music. While music therapists often aim to foster the patient's emotional expression, there can be many other different goals in a music therapy session. These goals include relief of stress or anxiety, improvement of mood, and enhancement of quality of life for people dealing with illness. Research shows that patients do not need to have any musical ability to benefit from music therapy. Benefits of Music Therapy Here's a look at some key study findings on the health effects of music therapy: 1) Music Therapy and Depression Music therapy may help some patients fight depression, according to a review published in 2008. Researchers sized up data from five previously published...
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...Music is much more than idle entertainment. It affects the brain in physical ways, altering pathways and stimulating certain areas to grow. Listening to music provides a temporary rise in cognitive IQ levels and learning it actually changes those levels on a more permanent basis. Professional musicians especially show marked differences in physical brain structure and cognitive thought processes. In 1993, a study was done at the University of California, Irvine that showed a temporary improvement of IQ scores when students listened to ten minutes of a Mozart Sonata. The specific area of increased intelligence was spatial-temporal reasoning. This effect has since been dubbed “the Mozart effect” and has encouraged both further study and opposing views (Jones, “Introduction”). More recent and ongoing studies at the M.I.N.D. Institute have shown dramatic math and cognitive enhancements provided by simultaneous musical instruction. The institute implements a side-by-side program of cognition based math games with specialized piano instruction. Students are tested using nationally standardized tests and score an average of 20 percent higher than students not utilizing this type of program. Scores continue to rise the longer the student has been in the program (M.I.N.D. Institute). Spatial-temporal reasoning is highly developed and the music training provides a basis for the students to recognize patterns and symmetry as well as to understand certain mathematical concepts from a musical...
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...Running head: MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT !1 ! ! ! ! ! Music And its Relationship To Overall Intellect Kymberlie Joy Hurd College of Southern Nevada ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Author Note This research paper was done for Psychology 240, Section 4001, taught by Professor Mason MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT Abstract A review of previous studies was conducted to test and measure the correlation of music and its influence on various levels of intellect. Subjects range in age from 9 to 67 and education from elementary school to undergraduate and beyond. Analysis included studies of subjects who listened to music and subjects that have varying levels of musical training. While some studies found significant results in some areas of cognition, intelligence and memory, they were inconsistent and concluded that further testing was needed. This review examines further the question of causation with music as a variable with a direct effect to a subject’s intellect as addressed by Schellenberg (2011). To understand if there is a direct relationship between music and intellect, further research of a subject’s background and mentality is required. !2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MUSIC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OVERALL INTELLECT Title of Paper Here Many studies have sought to provide a significant and reliable relationship between music as a factor of a subject’s intelligence or memory retention. The results are often conflicting within each experiment...
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...The effects of music on children and young people. 1. The effect of music on IQ Campabello, Nicolette; De Carlo, Mary Jane; O'Neil, Jean; Vacek, Mary Jill Music Enhances Learning. Dissertations/Theses; Tests/Questionnaires. 2002 An action research project implemented musical strategies to affect and enhance student recall and memory. The target population was three suburban elementary schools near a major midwestern city: (1) a kindergarten classroom contained 32-38 students; (2) a second grade classroom contained 23 students and five Individualized Education Program (IEP) students; and (3) a fifth grade classroom. Students exhibited difficulty recalling facts and information in a variety of subject areas evidenced through an inability to gain mastery of grade level skill areas. Research suggests that young students have difficulty understanding concepts and lack the ability and desire to learn. A successful program needs to be developed to teach these concepts. A review of solution strategies suggests that the following musical techniques proved to be helpful for increasing student recall because the songs helped with phonemic training, mnemonics, setting desired skills to familiar tunes, and linking connection to cultural themes. Research has shown that preschool children taught with an early exposure to music through games and songs showed an IQ advantage of 10 to 20 points over those children taught without exposure to the songs. In the same study, students at age...
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...Benefit of Music Introduction Music can make someone feel sad, happy, angry, and other types emotions. Not only can music effect someone’s mood, but it can also be very beneficial to early brain development, autobiographical memory of Alzheimer patients, and language development. To provide you with more facts about music and its beneficial impact on the human brain, I found five sources that provided more facts and studies that prove the benefits of using music in everyday life and for educational purpose. I found research on the impact of music on brain development by using the scholarly writing found in Mohave Community College’s database. The purpose for this paper is to educate my readers on the positive effects music can have on...
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...Music is unique to human beings. We are the only species on earth capable of making and comprehending music. It has existed since the early stages of human life; it is believed that music was developed before language and speech. It has the power to change our moods and behavior, as well as affect the way we go about the things we are simultaneously doing. Music is constantly changing and evolving, and many times it shapes our current culture. There is argument over whether the music nowadays has a negative effect on America’s youth. Hip-hop takes the blame for many social problems in America, however many people overlook the influence it has and are unwilling to learn what it is about. Music, and more specifically hip-hop, has a positive influence on people and our culture in several different ways, including the way it affects the human brain, and the way it shapes and changes our culture and society as a whole. Music has an effect over people on a neurological level, which goes unnoticed by many. Music makes the human brain operate and can be beneficial at very early stages of brain development. Music helps immensely in learning and memorization; babies can even speed up their auditory comprehension due to musical exposure. Adults speak slowly to babies, annunciate syllables, and emphasize the pitch of their voice according to whether they are saying a demand or a question. For example the pitch of your voice goes up when asking a question and goes down or stays even throughout...
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...Running Head: THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON READING COMPREHENSION The Effects of Classical and Contemporary Music on Reading Comprehension of College Students Louis Sandro Y. Aboga Bakhita Mae Alexie N. Llames Aquinas University of Legazpi The Effects of Classical and Contemporary Music on Reading Comprehension of College Students Music is more pervasive now than at any other point in history, functioning not only as a pleasurable art form, but also serving many important psychological functions (MacDonald, Hargreaves and Miell, 2002) and influencing cognitive functioning (Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky 1993) Music and Reading Comprehension Etaugh and Ptasnik (1982) found that individuals who rarely studied with background music showed better comprehension when they learned in silence, while those who frequently studied with music performed better in the presence of music. Hall (1952), exploring the possible uses of music in schools, found that performance on reading comprehension tests was significantly improved when background music was playing; 58% of the 245 8th and 9th graders taking part in the study, showed an increase in scores a reading test. Physiological Aspect on Music and Memory Numerous previous studies have tested to determine if the above conditions do in fact play an integral role in being a catalyst or antagonist to understanding complex literature. First the topic will be addressed from a biological perspective: processing in...
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...Music is much more than idle entertainment. It affects the brain in physical ways, altering pathways and stimulating certain areas to grow. Listening to music provides a temporary rise in cognitive IQ levels and learning it actually changes those levels on a more permanent basis. Professional musicians especially show marked differences in physical brain structure and cognitive thought processes. In 1993, a study was done at the University of California, Irvine that showed a temporary improvement of IQ scores when students listened to ten minutes of a Mozart Sonata. The specific area of increased intelligence was spatial-temporal reasoning. This effect has since been dubbed “the Mozart effect” and has encouraged both further study and opposing views (Jones, “Introduction”). More recent and ongoing studies at the M.I.N.D. Institute have shown dramatic math and cognitive enhancements provided by simultaneous musical instruction. The institute implements a side-by-side program of cognition based math games with specialized piano instruction. Students are tested using nationally standardized tests and score an average of 20 percent higher than students not utilizing this type of program. Scores continue to rise the longer the student has been in the program (M.I.N.D. Institute). Spatial-temporal reasoning is highly developed and the music training provides a basis for the students to recognize patterns and symmetry as well as to understand certain mathematical concepts...
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...Research 2008, Vol. 3 The Effects of Different Types of Music on Cognitive Abilities Laurel Harmon, Kristen Troester Taryn Pickwick, Giovanna Pelosi Western Connecticut State University A variety of research has been conducted on the effects of different types of music on cognitive abilities. Many of these studies are based upon the Mozart Effect, which claims that listening to classical music has an advantage over other types of music on learning. This study consists of two experiments which tested 54 college students ages 18-50. In Experiment 1, we hypothesized that participants exposed to Mozart would score significantly higher on a listening comprehension test than those exposed to rock music or silence. In Experiment 2, we hypothesized that listening to rock music would result in lower reading comprehension test scores than classical music or non-music groups. An ANOVA test indicated that the results for both experiments were non-significant. The relationship between music and learning has been an area of interest for researchers for many years. Some studies have shown that music can enhance cognitive abilities (Hall, 1952), and others have shown that it can interfere with complex cognitive processes but not simple processes (Fogelson, 1973). In 2004, researchers conducted a study that presented the effect of Mozart’s music on learning. The effect demonstrated that there may be an important relationship between certain types of music (e.g. classical) and learning...
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...In his article, Daniel Levitin not only explain why we like music, but also goes to explain how we develop these interests from a scientific angle. The article begins with Levitin discussing the “Mozart Effect.” He disagrees with the experiment due to the fact that, while the intentions of the experiment were for better, the way the experiment was conducted caused the results to be considered uncreditable. “The study was claiming some the right things but for the wrong reasons” (Levitin). He then uses this as a transitional tool into the main part of his paper. Levitin focuses on the comparison between babies and adults, and the way that they process music neurologically. For example, babies enjoy simple tunes due to the consonant intervals...
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...to be the most important agent of socialization the development of new technologies has bridged an increasing gap between the older and younger generations. Newer generations are drawn into the entertaining and appealing world of technology and are being constantly bombarded with messages from a multitude of media sources, these messages not only promote products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. With lesser and lesser interaction between the older and younger generations cultural traditions, values, morals and attitudes of institutions and families are being disintegrated and replaced by the mass Medias ideas and perceptions. This social conditioning is spread mainly through Music, television, the internet and print media. Music exerts significant influences on its listeners as it can express, convey and illicit powerful emotions that its...
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