...exchanges is attributable to the difference between the US and Israeli Capital markets Law, and that law really matters. Do you agree with Ariel Yehezkel? Why does law matter? Introduction: Capital market is a market where buyers and sellers engage in trade of financial securities like bonds, stocks, etc. The buying/selling is undertaken by participants such as individuals and institutions. Capital markets help channelise surplus funds from savers to institutions which then invest them into productive use. Generally, this market trades mostly in long-term securities. The capital market efficiency is usually determined by how well the regulatory measures are defined since for there to be a proper functioning capital markets there has to be factors such as integrity and transparency as well as accountability. The law has been known to be the best institution to provide a mechanism that ensures the factors are well enhanced as well as promoted. Why the law matters The significance of protecting the proper functioning of markets has long been recognized and the law is deemed to be a proper tool to achieve this. The importance of protection of protecting the markets as opposed to the individuals within it has also been recognized and legislative intervention is justified. It is important to highlight the extent to which the law has been considered to be of great importance in many jurisdictions in that capital markets are regulated at two levels, namely; Self-regulation by self-regulatory...
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...provisions were made to check the flow of capital into production of essential commodities. * These rules continued after the war and culminated into the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947. For the purpose of this act an office of the Controller of Capital Issues was set up which was vested with the powers to approve the kind of instruments, size, timing and premium of issue. * It was proved over time that the provisions in the CIC Act were totally inadequate to regulate the growing dimensions of capital market activity. * This led to the enactment of Companies Act and Securities Contracts(Regulation) Act in 1956.For the first time during the 6th five year plan period. * The securities market showed a potential not only to mobilize savings of the household sector but also to allocate it with some degree of efficiency for industrial development. * This gave birth to new intermediaries and institutions in the security market and thereby created new investment opportunities and awareness among the investors. * Under these circumstances, the govt felt the need for setting up of an apex body to develop and regulate the stock market in India. * Eventually, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was set up on April 12, 1988. it took four years for the govt to bring about a separate legislation called Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. * OBJECTIVES OF SEBI: 1. Investor protection 2. Steady flow of savings 3...
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...Intro 1.0 Capital Safety is the global leader of fall protection, confined space and rescue equipment. RFID (radio frequency identification) is a wireless data collection technology. RFID technology has the ability to identify, track and assign information to unique items without direct contact or line-of-sight scanning. I-Safe TM consists of passive RFID tags (transponders) that can be scanned by mobile readers (receivers) that synchronize data to a web-based secure information portal. Abstract 1.1 The project at hand being studied is on how radio frequency identification system (RFID) has been implemented to help better manage capital safety’s fall protection equipment. The information system being used has become an important role on how they manage their product to help, cost, improve safety compliance, reduce risk, and enhance safety within government regulations. Capital safety has become the global leader in fall protection. With the use of radio frequency identification device they can tract and maintain their equipment in timely manner. 1.2 Author and Team Member Group Project Assignment #5 Mohamed Mohamed, Lei Thongvivong Travis Boyd, Zach Jones Carl Bisciglia, Yong Yang Table of content 1.3 Target of study 1.4 Capital safety is the organization being studied in our group. They can be identified by their NACIS and SIC codes that put them in industries like: oil and...
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...Marketing management Marketing Management Answers Semester-1 Marketing Management Section A Part One 1. Production concept. 2. Consumer. 3. Reference groups. 4. Product life cycle. 5. Brand identity. 6. Price discrimination. 7. Strategic channel alliance. 8. Transportation. 9. Informative Advertising. 10. Sales forecasting. Part Two 1. Consumer is the most important person. The business revolves around the consumer. So, while operating as a firm, it is essential for the firm to gain the good understanding of its market. The more the Consumer Behavior is learnt the more the needs and wants of the Customers are fulfilled. The Study of consumer behavior helps us in the following ways; • To design the optimal product or service for customers. • To determine where the product or Service should be available that would easy for the customers to buy. • To determine what price will the customers give up purchasing product or service? • To determine which method of Promotion would be most effective for getting the customers to buy a product. • It helps in changing the behavior of the consumers. • To improve performance of the organization. • To achieve the organizational objectives 2. Price A value that will purchase a definite quantity, weight, or other measure of a good or service is called Price. As the consideration given in the exchange for transfer of ownership, price forms the essential basis of commercial transactions. It may be fixed by a contract, left...
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...“Better a diamond with a flaw than a pebble without.” Confucius. Society has all sorts or rules, norms, and values. However, we don’t all necessarily share these common. Ideally, laws embody rules made by society to protect the weak and enforce a common standard. They represent a binding contract between citizens. When we imagine a world where everyone does just what they want, chaos and anarchy remains; at which point none of us would know where we stand when we do things. Fortunately, society has long established and continues to reinforce the importance of rules and structure. In effect, laws make us all responsible to society and its betterment. Everything about daily life is affected by law, whether we like it or not. Laws, good or bad, are essential to society; our “communities”, as we know them, would cease to exist outside this fact. Nevertheless, since humans are not perfect, “human laws”, whatever its source or intended impact/ remedy, are intrinsically flawed. History is consistent with this fact. Laws set “appropriate behaviors”, but “appropriate” is subjective to conditions, time, power, and/ or struggles. While we don’t want to live without laws and, God forbid, become animals, there are laws that should be changed. History proves how laws can often unfairly discriminate against particular groups of people based on race, gender, and/ or sexual orientation. The theory of law is far from the reality of its application. There has been gross misconduct on...
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...North South University LAW 200 Assignment # 2 Prepared for: Barrister A.M. Masum Faculty of Business North South University Prepared by: ID NAME 062 528 030 M.Montasir Imran Khan Section: 02 Page | 1 “A proper balance of the rights of majority and minority shareholders is essential for the smooth functioning of the company.”- Explain & Illustrate? 1. Introduction: The basic principal relating to the administration of the affairs of a company is that “the will of the majority is supreme”. The general rule is that the decisions of the majority shareholders in a company bind the minority. 1 In a world that recognizes ‘simple majority rules’, minority shareholders of companies are by default vulnerable to oppression, disregard and unfair treatment by majority shareholders who are in control of the company. Majority shareholders also have certain obligations to minority shareholders in their capacity of controlling the corporation. In certain cases this minority shareholder right can be exercised directly against a shareholder, without having to go against a corporation or through the derivatives action process.2 In such case a proper balance of the rights of majority and minority shareholders is essential for the smooth functioning of the company. The oppression of minority or mismanagement of a company by majority therefore calls for some remedial action. 3 Today’s minority shareholders come to the corporation with varied attitudes and agendas. Although...
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...determines at the macro level the path and methodology of rendering services by the enterprise. Strategy outlines the approach of the enterprise and is formulated by the senior management. Based on the strategy perspective, IT is affecting the way in which enterprises are structured, managed and operated. One of the most dramatic developments affecting enterprises is the fusion of IT with business strategy. Enterprises can no longer develop business strategy separate from IT strategy and vice versa. Accordingly, there is a need for the integration of sound IT planning with business planning and the incorporation of effective financial and management controls within new systems. Management primarily is focused on harnessing the enterprise resources towards achievement of business objectives. This would involve the managerial processes of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting. Every enterprise regardless of its size needs to have an internal control system built into its enterprise structure. Control is defined as: Policies, procedures, practices and enterprise structures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that business objectives will be achieve and undesired events are prevented or detected and corrected. We are aware that auditors could be involved in providing assurance requiring review of information systems as implemented from control perspective. However, auditor may also be required to provide consulting before, during...
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...(Hill 54). It might be a poem that you write, a computer software, a mother’s invention of saline Boogie Wipes for babies or a formula for a new drug. Creators can be given the right to prevent others from using their inventions, designs or other creations and to use the right to negotiate payment in return for others to use them. These are “Intellectual property rights”. They allow the creator or owner of a patent, trademark, or copyright to benefit from his or her own work and prevent others from copying and profiting from that work. What is the importance of protecting intellectual property? The importance of protecting intellectual property has far more to do with than ethics and fairness to inventors. Intellectual Property Protection Rights (IPR’s) provide incentives to innovators to produce new inventions as...
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...TERM SHEET FOR SERIES A ROUND OF FINANCING OF XCORP Amount of Investment: $3,000,000 Investors: ABC Ventures XYZ Capital Type of Security: Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Premoney Valuation: $7,000,000[1] Capital Structure Following Series A Round: Existing holders of Common Stock 55% Option Pool 15%[2] Holders of Series A Preferred Stock 30% Total 100% Use of Proceeds: The Company shall use the proceeds from this financing for working capital purposes. Dividends: The Company will not pay dividends on its shares of Common Stock or any other stock which is junior to the Series A Preferred Stock unless a like dividend is paid on all shares of Series A Preferred Stock on a pro rata “as converted” basis.[3] Conversion: Each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be convertible, at any time, at the option of the holder, into shares of Common Stock, at an initial conversion ratio of one share of Common Stock for each share of Series A Preferred Stock. Mandatory conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock upon the effectiveness of a registration statement covering a firmly and fully underwritten public offering of Common Stock of the Company by a reputable underwriter acceptable to the Investors at a price which equals or exceeds five times the purchase price per share of the Series A Preferred Stock and where the aggregate gross proceeds...
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...1.0 Introduction The report topic ‘Role of a Credit Rating Agency in the capital market development of Bangladesh’ is a significant one in the present capital market context of Bangladesh. The report focuses on increasing the understanding on the workings of the present capital market, the concept of credit rating and the effect it can have on the capital market. 1.1 Origin This report has been authorized to the students as an integral component of the Business Communication (C- 501) course requirement. The Course Instructor Ms. Mahjabeen Ahmad has authorized this report on March 27, 2002 with the date of submission being June 30, 2002. 1.2 Objective The main objective of the report is: ▪ To portray the role that a Credit Rating Agency (CRA) can play in the capital market development of Bangladesh The sub-objectives of the report are: ▪ To review the current situation of the capital market of Bangladesh ▪ To discuss the activities /operations of a Credit Rating Agency 1.3 Scope The scope of the report is limited to the presentation of a broad overview of the capital market of Bangladesh, definition and description of general activities of a Credit Rating Agency and the impact it can have on Bangladeshi capital market. The depiction does not include any discussion on the Stock Exchanges of Bangladesh or the International capital market. Since the rating business in Bangladesh is still at its infancy, no practical example...
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...respectively. They are grateful to Alexander Aganin for excellent research assistance, and to Lucian Bebchuk, Mihir Desai, Edward Glaeser, Denis Gromb, Oliver Hart, James Hines, Kose John, James Poterba, Roberta Romano, Raghu Rajan, Lemma Senbet, René Stulz, Daniel Wolfenzohn, Luigi Zingales, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. 2 The so-called dividend puzzle (Black 1976) has preoccupied the attention of financial economists at least since Modigliani and Miller’s (1958, 1961) seminal work. This work established that, in a frictionless world, when the investment policy of a firm is held constant, its dividend payout policy has no consequences for shareholder wealth. Higher dividend payouts lead to lower retained earnings and capital gains, and vice versa, leaving total wealth of the shareholders unchanged. Contrary to this prediction, however, corporations follow extremely...
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...respectively. They are grateful to Alexander Aganin for excellent research assistance, and to Lucian Bebchuk, Mihir Desai, Edward Glaeser, Denis Gromb, Oliver Hart, James Hines, Kose John, James Poterba, Roberta Romano, Raghu Rajan, Lemma Senbet, René Stulz, Daniel Wolfenzohn, Luigi Zingales, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. 2 The so-called dividend puzzle (Black 1976) has preoccupied the attention of financial economists at least since Modigliani and Miller’s (1958, 1961) seminal work. This work established that, in a frictionless world, when the investment policy of a firm is held constant, its dividend payout policy has no consequences for shareholder wealth. Higher dividend payouts lead to lower retained earnings and capital gains, and vice versa, leaving total wealth of the shareholders unchanged. Contrary to this prediction, however, corporations follow extremely...
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...www.thetimes100.co.uk Intellectual property rights and entrepreneurship Introduction People have ideas all the time. In business, new ideas can lead to new products and services. They can lead to a better way of doing something. Ideas can come from existing businesses through research and development. For example, Apple, an established technology company, developed the iPod. Many ideas come from entrepreneurs who go on to start up new businesses. Ideas generate value to the economy by encouraging people to buy or invest in new developments. They also inspire competitors to invent new products in order to regain market share. Intellectual property rights (IPR) can be used to protect the technology, brand name, design and creativity behind the concept. It gives the creator sole ownership of the concept, in a similar way to owning physical property like a house or car. Owners can control the use of their intellectual property to gain financial reward. The UK Intellectual Property Office (UK IPO) helps owners and entrepreneurs to protect their concepts or creativity by registering their intellectual property rights CURRICULUM TOPICS • Entrepreneurship • Enterprise • Types of business • Innovation GLOSSARY Research and development: processes that involve investigating new ideas for products and taking them forward to be test marketed. Entrepreneurs: people who use their ideas and energies to invest in a business in return for profits. Value: how much money something could...
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...challenges of financial integration. It is felt that the present code of the financial sector need to be reviewed and altered, while keeping in mind the present needs of the economy. This is because most of the laws are very old, there are overlaps and inconsistencies, and there is lack of clarity in terms of regulations due to the presence of a number of regulators. It is also argued that the laws in India are traditionally evolved on a problem by problem basis. With the advent of the New Economic Policy in 1991, substantial economic liberalisation took place in India. Between 1991 and 2002, progress was made in four areas. Firstly, capital controls were substantially reduced to give Indian Firms access to foreign market. Also, a new pension system was evolved and the monopolies of the public sector in the insurance field were broken up. This led to the formation of the new Insurance regulator, Insurance regulator and Development Agency. Additionally, significant increase in the equity market as a mechanism to raise finance by firms led to the formation of the financial market regulator SEBI. Also infrastructure institutions, National stock exchange and National Security Depository were also set up. Although, these moves were taken up in the right direction but they were considered to be inadequate because of the diverse nature of the Indian households and firms. There is a constant need of innovation in its product and processes in the financial sector in order to have a wider...
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...liability corporation, how they differ from each other, their advantages and disadvantages. Choosing the wrong structure may lead to paying more taxes and putting my personal properties at risk when something go wrong with my business. Being new in the business world, determining the limitations and liabilities of each business entities will guide me in choosing the right business structure that will best fit to my business field, my limitation, protection of my assets and the potential growth of my business direction. My husband and I were planning to start up a café shop. Joe is a coffee lover and I have a passion in baking. So we believe that putting together his love to coffee and my baking passion into a business is a great idea. There are several factors I should take in consideration in choosing the right entity for this business. First I wanted to know the extent of my personal liability, I am also concern how my earnings and profit will be taxed, how much work do it takes in setting the business into operation and how much capital I need to sustain the business. In order to answer these concerns I have to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each business structures based from these factors. Sole proprietorship is the most simple business structure where a single owner owns and operates the business (Rogers, 2010). It is easy and no expense to form the business, there are no formalities regarding paper works. There is more flexibility being the sole owner. If...
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