...achieve prosocial effects is through persuasive public health campaigns. Achieving this positive media effect is challenging due to the complexity of both creating effective messages and the emotional responses of individuals who choose to engage in unhealthy behaviors. This challenge provides ground for rigorous media research into how features of health messages engage mental processes that underlie message effects. The experiment reported here is designed to contribute new insight into how media producers can meet the challenge of producing effective health messages. The objective of this study is to advance understanding of how anti-tobacco videos are processed and responded to by smokers. According to the...
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...JUNE 9, 2013 . LEAVE A COMMENT This blog will discuss the market of tobacco products through the applications of economic tools and analysis. To analyse the market, we will examine the price elasticity demand and income elasticity demand of tobacco products the factors affecting each of these and the externalities caused by this product. Further, to explore further into the tobacco market, this blog post will discuss the theory of Rational Addiction, which contributes greatly to tobacco consumption. A. Elasticity of tobacco products Before analysing the elasticity of the tobacco market, it is important to know the fundamentals of elasticity. To start, elasticity refers to the degree of change of the demand or supply of a product in response to change in price of the product. The elasticity of products varies because consumers may find some products more essential than others. A good or service is considered to be highly price elastic if a price increase leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded or supplied. Conversely, the demand and supply of price inelastic goods or services sees modest changes with any change in price. In most countries, the price elasticity of demand for tobacco products is fairly inelastic. This will be discussed further below. I. Calculating price demand elasticity To determine the price demand elasticity of a product’s demand curve, the following equation can be used. Elasticity, Ped = (% change in quantity / % change in price) ...
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...To persuade my audience about the negative effects on smoking Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience about the negative effects through education Thesis: There is no doubt that smoking cigarettes is an extremely harmful habit rooted in our culture that needs to be ended. Introduction I. Attention Getter: Have you ever had to watch your loved one that you know suffer or die from smoking? When I was just eight years old I witnessed my great-grandma die from lung cancer. Distraught and confused, I asked my mom for an explanation and she simply held up a cigarette. I don’t understand how something so small and accessible can have such a huge impact on a person’s life. Whether you’re currently an avid smoker or despise the addicting habit, there is no denying the negative consequences that come from smoking cigarettes. Today, over millions of people all over the world voluntarily choose to poison their bodies with countless harmful toxins all leading to one eminent result: a prompt and unavoidably strenuous fatality. I. Thesis: There is no doubt that smoking cigarettes is an extremely harmful habit rooted in our culture that needs to be ended. II. Preview: Today I am going to talk to you about the negative effects smoking imposes on your body, how educating people about this harmful habit will prevent more deaths and possible resolutions to this problem. III. [Transition: Preview the introduction] Body I. Problem: The negative effects smoking imposes on your body A....
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...Identify that market failure, and illustrate the failure using an appropriate diagram. Ans. Cigarettes represents a market failure of externatilities. They are sited as negative externality as they affect the wellbeing of the bystander and the person neither pays nor receives any compensation for that negative effect. A smoker enjoys the puff of the smoke and the bystander inhales the fumes of the cigarette and indirectly suffers health hazards. And if the bystander fells sick because of the smoke as one reason he will not be compensated by the smoker for the ill- health and therefore, smoking has a negative impact on a person who has not paid for the cigarette and still has suffered a loss. This reduces the MSB by the extent of the negative effect on bystander; hence the socially efficient smoking is less than the free market level of smoking. A Negative Externality in Consumption can be analyzed by a decrease in the marginal social benefit of consumption below the marginal benefit to consumers. (If a smoker benefits $8.20 and non-smokers lose $4.00, then society as a whole benefits $4.20) S = MC D = MB 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 E Price of a pack of cigarettes Quantity of cigarettes $14 12 10 8 6 4 2 MSB MSB curve shifts downward by the amount of the externality --- the marginal external effect Q 2. Many economists believe that a Pigovian tax is the most efficient mechanism for offsetting this market failure. Explain what is meant by the term ‘Pigovian...
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...Examining the Application Business Ethics and Laws in the Tobacco Industry Abstract “Ethics is not something exterior to the economy…rather, ethics is and interior principle of the economy itself, which cannot function if it does not take account of the human values of solidarity and reciprocal responsibility.” (Pope Benedict XVI) I agree with Pope Benedict. Ethics deals with values that relate to the nature of human conduct and values associated with that conduct. In today’s business environment it is critical to understand the relationship between ethics and business law as ethical behavior and corporate responsibility are more important than ever. It has been argued that good ethics within an organization equate to good business, although good ethics are not required to be successful in business. This examination will put a spotlight on the role of ethics in the business environment, with a particular look at the application of ethics in the tobacco industry. Keywords: ethics, business ethics, natural law, tobacco Examining the Application Business Ethics and Laws in the Tobacco Industry “Business transactions are completed through a combination on values of the parties and the laws that reflect those values and the importance of ones word in business.” (Twomey & Jennings, 2014, p. 33) Business ethics examine an organizations ethical principles and potential moral and ethical dilemmas. In a general sense, business ethics is the application of moral and...
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...multifaceted aspect of marijuana, cigarette trends, and the correlation between their recent waves of popularity. We will explore the historical facts of past tobacco trends to the present marijuana movement including widely held attitudes and beliefs about both substances. The thesis of this research will be to explore the differences between marijuana and cigarettes and social stigmas. Including the shift in popularity between tobacco and marijuana the MJ activist group known as NORML supporting the legalization of cannabis, while anti tobacco organizations have increased to ban cigarette smoke in public places. This research will conceptualize the meanings behind the negative stigmas associated with drugs legal and illegal influence. The problem is a double standard between the political views of marijuana and cigarettes. The political perspectives seem to be focused on public stigmas about the substance(s) rather than deciding drug laws based on medical science. Marijuana and tobacco have a shared relationship in the type of substance use. Framing theory will be used to explore four correlations in the aspects of: (1) Marijuana short and long term effects, (2) medical pros and cons, (3) recreational use and political standpoints, and (4) the social stigma. The hypothesis of this research is that there is a negative stigma attached to Marijuana (MJ) and not cigarettes because it is...
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...use of tobacco be criminalised? Provide arguments for and/or against (relates to defining crime; concepts of deviance etc) There is irrefutable evidence of the harmful effects of the consumption of tobacco products which has resulted in a rethink of both manufacture and supply of tobacco by greater society. Global legislation initiatives have enabled the close monitoring and control of the industry however the overall consumption of cigarettes and tobacco based products has not significantly decreased worldwide. The following discussion will seek to identify whether the manufacture, supply and use of tobacco should be criminalised or whether it should be closely regulated by government policy makers. Scientific studies have confirmed the dangers associated with passive smoking and its physiological effects on the human body. From a legal perspective, the act of public smoking could be considered a crime. Government regulation has introduced the banning of smoking in public venues yet this has done little to deter the consumption of tobacco in designated smoking areas. This discourse will argue that smoking should not be criminalised as it removes the freedom of choice which underpins the very foundations of democratic society. The criminalisation of tobacco would also reduce the amount of revenue that government could raise by encouraging criminal profiteers in engaging in the black market sales of tobacco. In contrast, the manufacture and marketing of tobacco has undertaken...
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...Tobacco in America Edward Seavey Drugs and Society Professor Fuchs DeVry University TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction p. 3 II. History of Tobacco p. 4 III. Social Acceptability p. 6 IV. Medical Issues Related to Tobacco Use p. 8 V. Public Health Campaign p. 9 VI. Legal Measures to Ban Cigarettes p. 10 VII. Conclusion p. 12 Introduction Tobacco and nicotine are legal substances in the United States but are surrounded in a flurry of conflict and controversy. Tobacco can be used in the form of snuff, chewing tobacco, traditional cigarettes and more recently the electronic cigarette. After heavy advertisement and use over the past decades there have been many studies that have shown the negative health effects that tobacco can have on the individual and those around them. Tobacco use is the leading cause of lung and mouth cancers in the United States and also plays a role in many other organs such as the heart and lungs. Armed with this information the government and many other agencies have taken to public health campaigns to raise awareness of these negative effects. In recent years there have been many laws put into place to control tobacco ranging from increased taxes and prohibiting where it can be used. This paper is going to lay out how tobacco production helped shape the United States, how it was an acceptable act to partake in and how in modern times it is becoming a health and legal issue and whether or not it is okay for the government...
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...more cancer-causing chemicals than cigarettes. While it is true marijuana deposits more tar and has more types of cancer causing chemicals than tobacco this claim is very misleading. There is a lot more of those cancer-causing chemicals in cigarettes, compared to pure tobacco, and THC (a chemical found in marijuana) has been found to counteract against cancer causing carcinogens. Cigarettes, not tobacco alone, contain much more cancer-causing chemicals than marijuana due to all the chemicals added by big tobacco companies. Cigarettes are also smoked much more frequently than marijuana, and there is no popularly safe way to get rid of harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke (Marijuana has Vaporizers, Concentrates and edibles that virtually eliminate all cancer-causing carcinogens). Another argument against marijuana legalization is that it will have a negative effect on teenagers, due to them smoking pot. One this is just a cover because if this were true all narcotics (most more dangerous than marijuana) including tobacco, alcohol, and many others would be illegal. Two the rate that teens are arrested for marijuana possession is 6 times that of any other demographic age group. Arresting that many teens has a negative effect on school, social life, as well as the chemistry of society and families. I have partially addressed positive effect on teens that marijuana could have by saying that 41 billion in lost revenue can go to underfunded school and help create better learning environment...
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...Phillip Morris international. GlaxoSmithKline are a pharmaceutical company that sell ¼ of the worlds pharmaceutical products. They are a monopoly (which can be seen as negative for competition in the smaller places) that sells 4 billion products a year. (Positive)They have a positive effect on the world’s health as they research and develop into many of the world’s largest infections and diseases. This research and development can have positives as new medicines can be developed in order to treat the world’s health. (in total 722 million pounds has been invested into CHD by the country to find cures.) Furthermore the company also donates 750 million products per year to the world’s poorest countries who can’t afford to buy basic medicine. (Negatives) However on the other hand, GlaxoSmithKline is a business who wants to make money out of peoples bad health it made 2282 million before tax last year and only sent 3% of that money into research and development where it could of spent far more into helping the ill through research and development. (Tobacco) Furthermore Phillip Morris international produces tobacco and cigarettes – it sold 850 billion cigarettes in 2006. It is helping world health by researching and developing into new strands of tobacco that are healthier than normal ones in order to reduce the risks of tobacco on people’s health.(Positive – but is it entirely?) EXEMPLAR SCRIPT 6 – GCE GEOGRAPHY – GEOG1 13 of 13 On the other hand PMI has also been giving out ‘free test...
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...needed revenue to cover healthcare expenses. One way of generating this revenue is by increasing taxes on items and activities that are considered to be “unhealthy,” like alcohol, tobacco, and legalized marijuana, in the form of “sin taxes.” Generating revenue through this form is considered to be a “win-win” because of the revenue generated and the cutback on “unhealthy” activities. Although, increasing “sin taxes” on these items may seem like a great idea, research has led me to believe that such increases might not be enough to solve the revenue shortage, and could be detrimental to the financial and physical welfare of low-income families. When considering the question if increasing “sin taxes” is the best solution to help fund the rising costs of healthcare, the moral issue is important to consider. Though, drinking and smoking are a personal choice, the effects associated with such activities can impact society as a whole. Such effects include diseases as a result of second-hand smoke, alcohol-related traffic accidents, and negative activity brought on by addiction. The preamble to our Constitution states that our government has an obligation to “promote the general welfare.” Therefore, the government has a responsibility to intervene on the public’s behalf in response to these negative effects. In an article on the ethics of “sin taxes,” Rebecca Green (2010) wrote that when an individual engages in behavior that is destructive to both self and others, the government...
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...Jeff Sweitzer Composition ll Dr. Alex Morris Proposal Essay Cigarette Smoke It is obvious to all of us that tobacco is extremely harmful. Growing up in the culture that we do, the dangerous effects of tobacco are commonly known. Even with all of these warning signs, tobacco use is still extremely common around the world. Leah Diplacido a Ph.D. with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) reports that “438,000 deaths are attributed to cigarette smoking each year: an additional 38,000 deaths are caused by second hand smoke” (DiPlacido 1). This stat makes tobacco the number one preventable cause of death in the United States. Throughout my paper I am going to examine the effects tobacco has on the individual, the effects of second hand smoke, and discuss how quitting may be difficult. Following my examination of tobaccos dangers I will explain a solution that will help limit tobacco users as well give aid for those who are trying to quit the use of tobacco. We all know that tobacco smoke contains chemicals but do we know what these chemicals are and what they can do? The one chemical that people are familiar with is Nicotine. Nicotine is an extremely addictive ingredient of cigarettes. Nicotine plays the part of getting users “hooked”. Although nicotine is a dangerous chemical used in cigarettes there are a number of other chemicals to watch out for. The American Lung Association concluded, “Cigarette smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, 69 of which are known to...
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...FDA’s Research Study 1. Study Design 2. Use of FDA’s Study Results in Selection of Images 3. Comments on FDA’s Research Study C. Comments to the Docket 1. Comments Submitting Research on FDA’s Proposed Required Warnings 2. Other Comments D. Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area E. Non-Selected Images 1. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes are addictive’’ 2. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke can harm your children’’ 3. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease’’ 4. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause cancer’’ 5. ‘‘WARNING: Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease’’ 6. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby’’ 7. ‘‘WARNING: Smoking can kill you’’ 8. ‘‘WARNING: Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in nonsmokers’’ 9. ‘‘WARNING: Quitting smoking now greatly reduces serious risks to your health’’ 10. Image for Advertisements With a Small Surface Area IV. Comments Regarding Textual Warning Statements A. Changes to Textual Warning Statements B. Attribution to the Surgeon General...
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...also be able to see how we can reduce the effects of cancer by reducing the cost of other tobacco products. You will also see long term elasticity of demand for cigarette smoking and what does this mean for the likely impact of taxes on long-term cigarette use and do you think taxing can be effective in decreasing the use of alcohol? Explain your answer using economic theory The people that are mostly affected by the increases in tax on cigarettes according to Frank J. Chaloupka would be the youth and Adults. The single most consistent finding of many econometric studies of the issue of cigarettes price being increased would lead to a drop in smoking. The ten percent increase in cigarettes price would overall drop the consumption of cigarettes sales by fiver percent. (Chaloupka, p. 3) By increasing the price in cigarettes it would most likely affect the youth and young adults do to the price increase. According to Study in 1996 by Chaloupka and Grossman they confirmed the earlier studies that the are three times as sensitive to the price increase then the adults (Chaloupka, p. 4) because they don’t have money like adults would have. Over all with the tax increase we will see a decrease in overall sales of cigarettes. To have the great effect on reducing cancer from the use of tobacco use we should tax Efforts to prevent the onset or continuance of tobacco use face the pervasive, countervailing influence of tobacco promotion by the tobacco industry, a promotion that takes place...
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...puts Dr. Jeffrey Wigand (Russell Crowe) at odds with Brown & Williamson, the third largest tobacco company in the country. Wigand was fired from his position as Vice President of Research and Development, at which he was instructed to hide information related to the addictive nature of nicotine. The plot takes off when Lowell Bergman (Al Pacino), a producer for 60 Minutes, discovers that Wigand has a story to tell. The best way for Wigand to tell that story is with the help of Bergman, via an interview aired on 60 Minutes. However, tobacco companies have a history of viciously defending their profits, by whatever means necessary, and Brown & Williamson does just that. The story hits a climax as the interests and incentives of the television station CBS, 60 Minutes, Dr. Wigand and Brown & Williamson are played out. Portrayal of Business The film portrays business in an extremely negative light. It focuses on two central conflicts – one between Brown & Williamson and Wigand, the other between CBS Corporation and Bergman. Brown & Williamson is the primary antagonist. The film is ripe with examples of the bad things they do. Their principle, most damaging offense is deceit. They are charged with covering up the addictive properties of nicotine and finding ways to exploit it to increase profits. For example, in Wigand’s interview for 60 Minutes, he says that tobacco companies view cigarettes only as a delivery device for nicotine. He also says they take advantage...
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