...Bohr Physicist Niels Bohr 1885 – 1962: Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark on October 7, 1885 and died November 18, 1962. Bohr was best known as the Danish physicist who won 1922’s Nobel Prize. His father was Christian Bohr, Professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his mother was Ellen Bohr. For recreational activity, he was a passionate football player. Niels Bohr Education: In 1903, he entered Copenhagen University to study physics. He received his Master's degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctor's degree in 1911. While still a student he was awarded a gold medal from the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, for his "experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets." Professional Work & Awards: As a post-doctoral student, Niels Bohr worked under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge and studied under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester, England. Inspired by Rutherford's theories of atomic structure, Bohr published his revolutionary model of atomic structure in 1913. In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen. In 1920, he was named director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. In 1926, Bohr became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and received the Royal Society Copley Medal in 1938...
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...Niels Hedrik David Bohr Niels Hendrik David Bohr was one of the foremost scientists of the 20th century. The Nobel prizewinning physicist was known for his development of the theory of atomic fission that led to the development of the atomic bomb. He was born on Oct. 7, 1885, in Copenhagen, Denmark. His father, Christian, was a professor at the University of Copenhagen and his brother, Harold, was a great mathematician. Bohr and his family grew up in an atmosphere that helped the development of his knowledge. His father was largely responsible for awakening his interest in physics while, his mother came from a family well known in the field of education. After Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, he entered Copenhagen University where He won a gold medal from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences for his theoretical analysis of vibrations of water jets as a means of determining surface tension. He received his Master's degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1909 and his doctorate in 1911 with a thesis Studies on the electron theory of metals. Bohr went to England to study with Sir J.J. Thomson at Cambridge. He had intended to spend his entire study period in Cambridge but he did not get on well with Thomson so, after a meeting with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge in December 1911, Bohr moved to Manchester in 1912. There he worked with Rutherford's group on the structure of the atom. Rutherford became Bohr's role model both for his personal and scientific qualities. Using quantum...
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... Marie Curie (Poland) - Winner of two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry and Physicsfor her studies into Radioactivity and her discoveries of Radium and Polonium. Paul Dirac (England) - An important contributor in the fields of QuantumMechanics and Electro Dynamics, Dirac was co-winner of the Nobel Prize inPhysics (1933). Albert Einstein (Germany) - Arguably needing no introduction, the most famous scientist that lived and a name that has become synonymous in popular culture with the highest intelligence. Enrico Fermi (Italy) - Heavily involved in the development of the world's first nuclear reactor and his work in induced radioactivity saw him awarded with the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics. Vitaly Ginzburg (Russia) - One of three recipients of the 2003 Nobel inPhysics for their pioneering work in the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Christiaan Huygens (Netherlands) - Most well known for his wave theory of light, Huygens is credited with discovering the first of Saturn's moons. Werner Israel (Canada) - In 1990 Israel co-pioneered a study on black hole interiors. Ali Javan (Iran) - Born in Tehran, Ali Javan is listed as one of the top 100 living geniuses and co-inventor of the helium-neon laser. Makoto Kobayashi (Japan) - In 2008 Kobayshi shared the Nobel Prize inPhysics for his contribution in the discovery of the origin of broken symmetry. Philipp Lenard (Hungary) - 1905 recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with Cathode Rays. Felix...
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...Chemistry -Study of the composition, structure, properties, and interactions of matter. -Central Science. BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY 1. Inorganic chemistry is the study of the chemical nature of the elements and their compounds (except hydrocarbons—compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen). Involves substance that do not contain carbon or substances from non-living things. 2. Organic Chemistry, branch of chemistry in which carbon compounds and their reactions are studied. A wide variety of classes of substances—such as drugs, vitamins, plastics, natural and synthetic fibers, as well as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—consist of organic molecules. Study of all substance containing carbon in combination of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. 3. Analytical chemistry is the science of separating complex materials into simpler ones and detecting and measuring the constituents. 4. Physical chemistry is fundamental to all chemistry and deals with the application of physical laws to chemical systems and chemical change. Concerned with theories and experiments that describes the behaviour of chemicals. 5. Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms and life processes. Cell: Compound 1. Protein 2. Carbohydrates - sugar 3. Nucleic acid – DNA, RNA 4. Lipids – fats SCIENTIFIC METHOD * A logical approach to the solution of the problem. STEPS: 1. Identify the problem 2. Gathering Information 3. Formulate hypothesis 4. Experimentation...
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...and relaxation. I spent my early years growing up in Munich, where I begin school at Luitpold Gymnasium, and my father manufactured electrical products. I have one sister named Maja, she was born in 1881. When my father’s business failed, he and I moved to Milan Italy. In 1896, I begin studying in Zurich, at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute. I received my teaching degree in physics and mathematics in 1900; the same year I renounced my German citizenship, leaving me stateless until 1901, when I become a Swiss citizen. (http://german.about.com) I was employed at the Swiss Patent Office in Berlin from 1902 to 1909, at which time, a fellow colleague at Polytechnic Institute named Mileva Maric, out of wedlock, gave birth to our daughter, Liserl. We later gave her up for adoption. On January 6, 1903, Mileva and I were married in Zurich; we have two sons. (Jahr, 2005) In 1905, I published my doctoral dissertation, including Relativitatstheorie, and received a PhD from the University of Zurich. I served, in 1909 as a Professor at the University of Zurich and in 1910 as a Professor of Theoretical Physics in Prague. In 1912, I returned to Zurich, Switzerland to teach at the Polytechnic Institute. We moved to Berlin in 1914, where I become a German citizen and “a member of the Prussian Academy of Science and director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fur Physik,” (http://german.about.com) while still holding my Swiss citizenship. We “remained in Berlin...
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...impression on his young mind, as he grew, he started building models and mechanical devices, showing deep interest in mathematics. By the age of twelve, he had learnt Euclidean geometry and studied calculus. After his father’s business failed, Einstein’s family moved to Pavia. During this time, he wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields. Einstein did not even complete his high school and he later applied to ETH, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Einstein met his future wife, Mileva Mari in 1896. She was the only woman studying mathematics at ETH. Within a few years, both of them grew loving each other and finally fell in love. In 1900, Einstein graduated with a degree in physics. During 1909, Einstein wrote another paper, this time explaining the photon...
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...Running head: THE HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS/ TECHNOLOGY THE HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS/ TECHNOLOGY Maurice A. Jones (# 4068871) Professor Tracia Craig, ITMG371 American Military University November 14, 2012 The History of Wireless Communication/Technology Introduction Technology in general has touched the lives of everyone on the planet. We use technology throughout our daily activities in a variety of ways, but have you ever just stopped and wondered how some of the technology we use on a daily basis such as wireless technology came about or when and where wireless technology began? Many people are amazed to find that the idea of wireless technology dates back over 200 years. Wireless technology provides a number of different options for communication. Wireless technology allow for needed communications in places where communications services are not available or only temporarily. Wireless technology eliminates the need to remain in a fixed location, such as behind a desk or tied to a land based communication system. Instead, wireless technology gives the flexibility to communicate on the go, to stay connected with the world and enjoy life outside the office. In order to truly appreciate Wireless Communications and the benefits it has to offer, one must have a clear definition of what Wireless Communications is and the ingenuity it took to develop it. Many people have their definition, theory or misconceptions of what they think Wireless...
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...Date: EVENT 1867: Parents Hermann and Pauline marry. 1879 Born 14th March, Ulm, Germany. 1880 Move to Munich. Hermann and brother Jakob establish an electrical engineering firm. 1881 Sister Maria (Maja) born. 1884 Sense of wonder at a compass given to him by his father. Private tuition. 1885 Starts catholic school and violin lessons (until 14.) Jewish religious instruction at home. 1888 Passes entrance exam for Luitpold Gymnasium, Munich. 1889 Meets 21 year old student Max Talmud, introduces Einstein to key science and philosophy texts including Kant’s "Critique of pure reason" 1891: 2nd major sense of wonder with Euclidean geometry. Wrote later: “If Euclid fails to kindle your youthful enthusiasm, you were not born to be a scientific thinker.”Begins to excel in maths and science, despite hating regimentation of school and rote learning. 1892 Einstein is not bar mitzvahed so not technically a member of the Jewish community. 1894 June – Parent’s engineering company go into liquidation, the family move to Milan while Einstein remains in Munich with distance relatives to finish his schooling. 29th December - Einstein leaves school early with a medical certificate, joins family in Milan. He had no school leaving certificate but a letter from his maths teacher confirming his excellent maths abilities. 1895 Essay “On the investigation of the state of the Ether in a magnetic field” in summer sent to his uncle Caesar Kock in Belgium. Einstein’s family...
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...LESSON 1: History of Electronics The introduction of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. With the vacuum tubes the manipulation signals became possible, which could not be done with the early telegraph and telephone circuit or with the early transmitters using high voltage sparks to create radio waves. Example: weak radio and audio signals can be amplified, audio signals such as music or voice can be superimposed radio waves. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the swift progress of radio communication technology before World War II and the development of early computers during and shortly after the war. The transistor invented in 1948, has now completely replaced the vacuum tubes in most of its application. Incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor materials and electrical contacts, the transistor provides the same functions at reduced cost, weight and power consumption and with higher reliability. Subsequent advances in semiconductor technology, in part attributable to the intensity of research associated with the space exploration effort led to the development of the integrated circuit. Integrated circuits may contain hundreds of thousands of transistors on small piece of material and allow the construction of complex electronic circuits, such as those in microcomputers, audio, and video equipment and communication satellites. ...
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...The 20th Century Genius Award Hum/102 October 19, 2011 The 20th Century Genius Award The nominated figure that stands out in my mind as a genius of Western culture would be Albert Einstein. His work and cultural contributions can be classified in both the Age of Modernism and the Age of Pluralism for the 20th Century Genius Award. The following examples will include a synopsis of the life and times of Albert Einstein, A survey of the ideas and works recognizing the reflections of his genius, and an appraisal of his impact on the arts and culture. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 to Hermann and Pauline Einstein a scientifically minded family, who were non-practicing Jews in Ulm, Wurttemberg Germany. As a child, he was very curious, and lively. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school, and his mother insisted for him to take violin lessons. Although he detested the lessons, and later on decide not to continue with them, he would later on find an appreciation and great comfort in Mozart’s violin sonatas. At the early age of five, Albert was fascinated by complex scientific and mathematical concepts at a very early age. Hermann Einstein shows his son a pocket compass, and Einstein with his sense of wonder, and curiosity realizes that something in “empty” space controlled the needle; he later on describes the experience as a revelation of his life. Albert Einsteins hobbies was to build models and mechanical devices for his amusement although he showed...
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...works on radio, he is often called the “Father of Radio.” In 1897, he travelled to London together with his mother to have his invention get patented because the Italian government was less interested in his work, and he succeeded. On March 3, 1898, Marconi set up a radio system in Ireland, so the government could send messages or important information to their ships. Marconi also set up 2 radio stations on both sides of English channels while French government also set up radio system for their troops. On December 12, 1901, Marconi successfully sent a message across the Atlantic Ocean, and everyone could not believe it. So by May 21, 1908, almost every country is using Marconi’s invention. In 1909, together with German physicist, Karl Ferdinand Braun, Marconi received a Nobel Prize Award for his work in Wireless Telegraphy. During World War I, he was able to use his invention by transmitting short wave as a means of transmitting secret messages. Early Childhood: Guglielmo Marchese Marconi was born from a wealthy family. He was born on April 25, 1874 in Bolonga, Italy. He was the second son of Giuseppe Marconi and Annie Jameson. His father...
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...They travelled through France and Belgium, where they’d been heavily guarded, and finally arrived ear Cambridge, England, where they allowed more freedom. In 1945 Hahn had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year 1944 for his discovery of the fission of the atomic nuclei. Hahn finally received his award on December 10, 1946, in Stockholm, Sweden, because he was not allowed to exit the country of England before. When in England, Otto Hahn had been elected by the Honorary President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and directors to be their president. The Americans and the French finally recognized the Kaiser Wilhelm Society but changed its name to the Max Planck Society in April 1948. During the next fourteen years, Hahn contributed to the rehab and the development of the Max Planck Society (Hahn, 1966). After World War 2 had ended, he campaigned against the use of nuclear weapons. In 1955 he initiated the Mainau Declaration...
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...teslaTesla Biography NIKOLA TESLA THE GENIUS WHO LIT THE WORLD Nikola Tesla symbolizes a unifying force and inspiration for all nations in the name of peace and science. He was a true visionary far ahead of his contemporaries in the field of scientific development. New York State and many other states in the USA proclaimed July 10, Tesla’s birthday- Nikola Tesla Day. Many United States Congressmen gave speeches in the House of Representatives on July 10, 1990 celebrating the 134th anniversary of scientist-inventor Nikola Tesla. Senator Levine from Michigan spoke in the US Senate on the same occasion. The street sign “Nikola Tesla Corner” was recently placed on the corner of the 40th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan. There is a large photo of Tesla in the Statue of Liberty Museum. The Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, New Jersey has a daily science demonstration of the Tesla Coil creating a million volts of electricity before the spectators eyes. Many books were written about Tesla : Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla by John J. O’Neill and Margaret Cheney’s book Tesla: Man out of Time has contributed significantly to his fame. A documentary film Nikola Tesla, The Genius Who Lit the World, produced by the Tesla Memorial Society and the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, The Secret of Nikola Tesla (Orson Welles), BBC Film Masters of the Ionosphere are other tributes to the great genius. Nikola Tesla was born on July 10...
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...Ruiz 1 History 12 17 June 2015 Nikola Tesla: The Father Of Electricity Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in what is today the Republic of Croatia. Tesla grew up in a time where young men had two choices in their lifelong professions, join the army or be a priest. His dad being a priest, one would think a young Tesla would follow in his footsteps, but he didn’t. Luckily for Tesla his love and passion for electricity and inventing would lead him to Joanneum Polytechnic School in Graz, Austria. This is where his professor Jacob Poeschi brought a generator to his physics class and author Stephanie Sammartino McPherson states in her book ar of The Currents that while W watching the dynamo perform, Tesla thought it was needlessly complicated (page 16). When Tesla voiced his opinion, his teacher didn’t like that very much. Poeschi would spent the rest of the class explaining why Tesla’s idea would not work. Tesla was humiliated by the criticism of his teacher, but he didn’t let it sway him.He believed in his heart that he could make a system for powering machines with alternating current. There is something about great thinkers and the way they use criticism and negative energy to fuel their own inventive power, and Tesla was no exception. One afternoon while walking through the park in Budapest with a good friend. The setting sun brought on a spark of inspiration inside Tesla's mind. Dropping to the ground, he grabbed a nearby twig and started to draw a diagram in the dirt...
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...A Short History of Economic Thought Hans-Walter Lorenz FSU Jena Winter 2012/13 Hans-Walter Lorenz (FSU Jena) A Short History of Economic Thought Winter 2012/13 1 / 93 Outline, Relevance, and Contents Outline, Relevance, and Contents Outline Very brief overview of a few dominant authors (starting around 1700 and ending in our times) Due to time restrictions: selection is to some extent arbitrary Emphasis on authors with a major influence on the development of economics Note: Empty entries are open for students’ presentations Hans-Walter Lorenz (FSU Jena) A Short History of Economic Thought Winter 2012/13 2 / 93 Outline, Relevance, and Contents Outline, Relevance, and Contents Relevance: Reasons for concentrating on the history of thought General historic interest (assumed!) Developing a sense for connections between political/technical history and the emergence of new economic ideas Many recently discussed topics in economics have ancestors in previous decades and centuries; many ‘brand-new’ approaches actually possess long beards (however often forgotten). Hans-Walter Lorenz (FSU Jena) A Short History of Economic Thought Winter 2012/13 3 / 93 Outline, Relevance, and Contents Outline, Relevance, and Contents Contents The Classics – Quesnay, Smith, Ricardo, Say, Malthus, Marx The Neoclassics – Marshall, Walras, Menger, Gossen The Keynesian Revolution The Neoclassical Synthesis and the New Classical School Strategic...
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