...elected into power in February 1936. The coup was ordered by General Mola on this date because of the assassination of a leading monarchist, Jose Calvo Sotelo by the Assault Guard. However the outbreak of civil war also had underlying long-term causes such as social divisions in Spain and more short-term ones such as a lack of political consensus during the time of the Second Republic. This essay will consider the extent to which the different factors were responsible for the outbreak of civil war in 1936. The assassination of Calvo Sotelo, a leading monarchist who opposed the Popular Front, by the Assault Guard was responsible for General Mola ordering his instructions for the coup to go ahead that ultimately led to civil war. On 13th July 1936, in reprisal for the murder of a Jose Castillo, a left-wing member of the Assault Guard, his colleagues drew up a list of prominent right-wing targets, arrested Sotelo and later murdered him. The assassination made up Mola’s and the other army general’s minds over whether to launch the coup and on the 17th July 1936, just five days later the coup was launched in Morocco. The assassination of Sotelo was partially responsible for the outbreak of civil war because it gave Mola the justification he needed to launch the coup and thus plunge Spain into civil war. Mola could now argue that the army had a responsibility to step in and restore peace and order to an increasingly violent situation. Also the fact that the assassinations were carried out...
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...“Surrealist artists, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí and Pablo Picasso were clearly influenced by their experiences of the Spanish Civil War” To what extent is this statement accurate? The rise of a revolution in 1930 Spain provoked artistic nightmarish visions in many European artists. Individual Surrealist artists responded differently, some abandoned peaceful propaganda for weapons and violence, while others, like Joan Miró, involved their artistic innovation directly in the service of the war efforts. However, artistic expressionism was the main forum by which Surrealist artists such as Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí and Pablo Picasso expressed their opinions and depictions regarding the Spanish Civil War. The artists explored diverse views of fascism, death, despair, desire and hope through intricately detailed paintings heavily influenced by the war. 1930s Spain was deeply politically divided between the Nationalist and the Republicans. Generals Franco and Sanjujo led the Nationalists, right wing, with the support of the cities of Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and Valencia. Whereas the Republican parties, left wing, led by Azana were supported by the cities of Cadiz, Saragossa, Seville and Burgos. Nationalists embodied monarchists, landowners, employers, the Roman Catholic Church and the army, whereas Republicans consisted of the workers, trade union, socialists and the peasantry. The Great Depression took a heavy economic toll on Spain causing the collapse of the military dictatorship...
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...------------------------------------------------- Spanish Civil War (incidents) – Izquierda Republicana (1937) Izquierda Republicana 2013/1/12 Editorial Denny Kim The ‘Spanish Civil War’ was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Which perhaps was predictable, the “pendulum of Spanish electoral politics swung back to the left” [1] in 1936. Spanish Left-Wing party adopted and practiced electoral strategy called ‘Popular Front’ (strategy of electoral cooperation of unification of vote; thus defeating right-wing parties) supported by ‘Comintern / Communist International’ in France [3]. The practice of ‘Popular Front’ was an effort to prohibit extreme-right from taking power. On the other hand, the Right -Wing formed a ‘National Front’ coalition in response, which caused more polarization. As a result, the socialist withdrew their support for the ‘Popular Front’ as protest of its moderation. Hence, public disturbance occurred sooner soon started spiraling the country out of control. Nevertheless in 1936, February, the first general election of the ‘Second Republic’ was “called to restore order” [1]. The Left-Wing Popular Front coalition won and gave a majority to a coalition of the Republican Left IR (Izquierda Republicana). Out of 13.5 million Spanish populations, over 9,870,000 participated in the election. There were 4,654,116 votes for the ‘Popular Front’, whereas there were 4,503,505 for National Front...
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...underwent more drastic changes during the sixty years between the outbreak of the Civil War and the conclusion of World War I. During this time period, the military went from small, localized, unprofessional and poorly trained groups to large, centralized, professional military units that rivaled the best militaries in the world. The transition of the U.S. Military started when the United States’ foreign policy increased their interests worldwide following the Civil War, engaging in conflicts in both the Caribbean and in Asia, culminating when the United States entered World War I not in their own interest, but rather in the interest of protecting European allies. This signaled the U.S.’s new role as a world power that has interests in global stability and maintaining strong alliances. However, none of these military advancements would have been likely to take place had the initial priority to increase military operations hadn’t occurred solely to preserve the Union. The Civil War began with the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April 1861, but both the Union and Confederate armies were not prepared to fight a ground war at that time, as armies had to be raised, mobilized, trained, and supplied for the upcoming war. The first ground battle of the war, the Battle of Bull Run, was not fought until more than three months after the attack on Fort Sumter, and even then those armies were disorganized and ill-prepared for war. The Union Army consisted of only 16,000 men when the South...
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...The second character is Clara Barton from the story “Clara Barton.” The conflict she had to overcome was man versus society. This changed who she was because it exposed her to the brutal parts of the world where even light can’t get to or escape and war and terror surrounded her. Clara Barton was an American nurse, suffragist, and humanitarian who is remembered greatly for establishing the American Red Cross. Clara Barton would serve as an American nurse although until her tragic death in 1912. Barton had done humanitarian and medical work in several foreign wars and even the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. Barton’s first job was as a schoolteacher until she became a clerk in the US Patent Officer in 1854 until the Democrats...
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...Clara Barton Clara Barton was Born in Massachusetts on December 25, 1821. When the civil war broke out, Clara Barton was one of the first volunteer nurses they had. With the outbreak of the civil war, Barton saw the need for an efficient organization to distribute food and medical supplies to the troops. Clara Barton was one of the first people that volunteered and to show up on the war grounds. With her came three army wagons filled with medical and food supplies. Unlike some other nurses and doctors, Barton would go out into the war grounds to help the wounded soldiers. The other doctors and nurses would have to wait until the wounded soldiers arrived at whatever the would call a hospital at the time. With her support and medical...
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...A war poet is a poet writing in time of and on the subject of war. The term, which is applied especially to those in military service during World War I,[1] was documented as early as 1848 in reference to German revolutionary poet,[2] Georg Herwegh.[3] Contents [hide] * 1 World War I * 1.1 In England * 1.2 In other countries * 2 The Spanish Civil War * 3 World War II * 3.1 In England * 3.2 In America * 4 Later American war poets * 5 References * 6 Notes * 7 External links ------------------------------------------------- World War I[edit] See also category: World War I poets In England[edit] For the first time, a substantial number of important English poets were soldiers, writing about their experiences of war. A number of them died on the battlefield, most famously Edward Thomas,Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Charles Sorley. Others including Robert Graves,[4] Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon survived but were scarred by their experiences, and this was reflected in their poetry. Robert H. Ross[5] characterised the English "war poets" as a subgroup of the Georgian Poetry writers. Many poems by British war poets were published in newspapers and then collected into anthologies. Several of these early anthologies were published during the war and were very popular, though the tone of the poetry changed as the war progressed. One of the wartime anthologies was The Muse in Arms, published in 1917. Several anthologies...
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...5. Why did the Franco regime seek to reverse gains made by Spanish women in the early twentieth century? Indisputably, General F. Franco’s dictatorship in a “Nationalist Spain” truncated both social and political progress made by women throughout the period of the early 1900s. In order to discuss the crucial motives for the totalitarian regime’s reversal of such developments, a brief historical background of European stances on the roles of women must firstly be examined. As established by H. Graham, attempts at preserving socio-cultural conservatism to uphold political ideologies during this era were geared primarily towards the reiteration of traditional gender roles in society. The influence of existent policies in a Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany at this time were, undoubtedly, of great influence on Franco’s regime. Earlier legislation enforcing this conservative perspective in Spain confirms such views, in that under these laws women could only conduct certain economic affairs, make purchases and sign contracts under supervision of a dominant husband - “el permiso marital” being required. This concept of subordination to men permeated Spanish society, restricting women to lives of exclusive domesticity. As ‘queen of the home’, the majority of middle and lower class women were uneducated illiterates, generally ignorant and uninvolved in political affairs and indoctrinated by traditions of Catholicism supremacy. However, several feminist organisations formed in the early...
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...almost unknown cause, he was not recognized for his actions because of his beliefs. This man is Norman Bethune, a surgeon, a communist but most importantly, a dreamer. Norman Bethune was born on March 4, 1890, in Gravenhurst, Ontario. In his childhood, he attended the Owen Sound Collegiate and Vocational Institute. His father a was clergy, but his family was a long line of doctors. He took a year off in 1911 to go to a remote mining and lumber camp nearby Sudbury to help immigrant workers with writing and speaking English. He stayed for one year, and after his return to Toronto, he enrolled in the medical school at the University of Toronto. In a stint of patriotism at the outbreak of WW1, Bethune joined the Canadian Army’s No.2 Field...
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...Buffalo Soldiers in America A buffalo soldier was an African American serving in one of the U.S. Army's African American units. The term buffalo soldier comes from an Indian term that described the resemblance between the soldier hair and a buffalo's head hair. It is unclear from which the term originated in the Cheyenne, Apache, or Kiowa tribe. It is still unclear whether the Indians meant respect or disrespect by using this term for them. There were many recruits waiting to be enlisted but black officers were hardly heard of. African Americans were eager to enlist as the army gave them the chance for social and economic prosperity something difficult to achieve in a society that was all but closed to them. Many knew nothing of the world outside the world beyond the city or plantation they had spent their whole life on. They could not go back now they were free but many did not have skills to go forward or a place to go. So many felt that the army would be a new home to others it was the adventure of being sent west to help tame an untamed wilderness. This could lead them to their great dream the dream of building a new life on their own land. The Buffalo Soldiers wore the same uniforms as the rest of the U.S. Army of the same time period. The only difference was due to delivery times. New uniforms and equipment were delivered in the order of the units. 1st Cavalry received the first shipments then the 2nd and so on. That meant that the 9th and 10th Cavalry received their uniforms...
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...What is now Cavite City was once a mooring place for Chinese junks trading that came to trade with the settlements around Manila Bay. In 1571, Spanish colonizers founded the port and city of Cavite and fortified the settlement as a first line of defense for the city of Manila. Galleons were built and fitted at the port and many Chinese merchants settled in the communities of Bacoor and Kawit, opposite the Spanish city to trade silks, porcelain and other Oriental goods. The vibrant mix of traders, Spanish seamen and local residents gave rise to the use of pidgin Spanish called chabacano. In 1614, the politico-military jurisdiction of Cavite was established covering all the present territory except for the town of Maragondon, which used to belong to the corregimiento of Mariveles. Maragondon was ceded to Cavite in 1754. Within Maragondon was a settlement established in 1663 for Christian exiles from Ternate, Mollucas. Owing to its military importance, Cavite was attacked by foreigners in their quest to conquer Manila and the Philippines. The Dutch made a surprise attack on the city in 1647, founding the port incessantly, but were repulsed. In 1672, the British occupied the port during their two-year interregnum in the Philippines. American forces attacked the Spanish squadron in Cavite. The Spanish defeat marked the end of Spanish rule in the country. Missionary orders acquired and enlarged vast haciendas in Cavite during the 18th and 19th century. These haciendas became...
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...Clara Barton Clara Barton was a self-taught nurse, teacher, humanitarian, writer, philanthropist, lobbyist, and the founder of the American Red Cross. Barton’s nick-name was known as the “Angel of the Battlefield” for her volunteering efforts during the Civil War. Barton was a strong, tough, and compassionate woman, and if not for those characteristics, she may have not had set such a huge impact to those who were fighting in battle (Anderson 4). Clarissa Harlowe Barton was born on December 25, on Christmas day of 1821, in Oxford, Massachusetts, and was the youngest of five children. Her parents’ names were Sarah Stone Barton and Stephen Barton. Barton was educated in public schools and began teaching at the age of fifteen. In 1850, she attended...
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...changed how the Island is today. In the early 1900's the island had a breakout of yellow fever that affected hundreds of people throughout the country. After multiple years of research an American military doctor, Dr. Walter Reed led a commission that determined that the disease was caused by mosquitos. During this same time period The United States and Cuba both agreed and signed the Platt amendment which was put in place after the Spanish-American war. In the year 1900 the yellow fever disease had an outbreak and began to spread throughout Cuba. In 1901 U.S. Army doctor Walter Reed who at the time had recently studied a case of malaria in Washington Dc, went to Cuba and led a 4-team commission that started in May of 1901 and it eventually led to the verification that Yellow Fever was caused by Mosquitos. Also during the same time period in the early...
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...OVERTAKEN The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night of July 7, when Filipino writer José Rizal was to be banished to Dapitan. Initially, the Katipunan was a secret organization until its discovery in 1896 that led to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Being a secret organization, its members were subjected to the utmost secrecy and were expected to abide with the rules established by the society. Aspirant applicants were given standard initiation rites to become members of the society. At first, membership in the Katipunan was only open to male Filipinos; later, women were accepted in the society. The Katipunan had its own publication, Kalayaan (Liberty) that had its first and last print on March 1896. Revolutionary ideals and works flourished within the society, and Philippine literature were expanded by some of its prominent members. In planning the revolution, Bonifacio contacted Rizal for his full-fledged support for the Katipunan in exchange for a promise of rescuing Rizal from his detainment. On May 1896, a delegation was sent to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms. The Katipunan's existence was revealed to the Spanish authorities after a member named Teodoro Patiño confessed the Katipunan's illegal...
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...During World war 2 the main Axis powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan, while the main Allied powers were; England, The United States, The Soviet Union (aka USSR), and France. There were also some neutral countries consisting of Eire (Republic of Ireland), Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Afghanistan, and Portugal. World War 2 is one of the bloodiest conflicts in the world’s history and it is important to learn and remember why things happened the way they did. Each country had their own reasons for fighting in the war, and some remained neutral for their own reasons. Hitler in Germany wanted to secure a space in Europe for the “German Master Race”. Italy was a political ally, and japan wanted to expand their empire instead of increasing trade...
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