...The Principles of Psychology William James This evaluation and reflection paper focuses on William James’s explanation of phenomena and connection between mind, brain and body discussed in his text “The Principles of Psychology”. In “The Principle” spiritualists explain the way we remember by something in the brain that associate and knows past and events, yet it lacks to answer various oddities like the effects of illnesses and old age to memory. For associationist, association of an idea with the remembered thing results in easier recollection but then again lacks to explain effects of fever and old age. William James stressed that phenomena cannot influence our mind without influencing our body, senses and our brain. The text acknowledges that experiences of body make memory what it is and that mental states need certain body conditions to change. He stressed that mental and body life is affected by inner and outer relations but there is diversity between behavior of intelligence and mechanical performance or semi-automatic for animals saying that the sake of the action and consciousness level defines the difference of the act towards the end result. The text mainly focuses on proving the link between brain and mental condition by giving illustrations of different authors as to prove his text. In his text William James focuses mainly on the connection between our mental state and experiences of our body saying that injuries of brain directly affects our mental state...
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...2: Critically discuss the basic principles of CP. Situate your argument by referring to how a specific school can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. In discussing the basic principles of Critical Psychology, we need to establish what Critical psychology is – what its basic concerns are, etc. After doing that and reaching an understanding of what critical psychology is, we can look at how specific schools can be manipulated to either perpetuate ideologies and ideas or how it can facilitate critical thinking. Critical psychology is an approach rather than a theory, an orientation towards psychological knowledge and practice – and to relations of power in general. It is an orientation that cuts across the various sub-disciplines in psychology and is made up of diverse theoretical perspectives and forms of practice. An omnipresent theme is critical psychology is that of psychology and power itself. At its most basic it is an investigation of the relationship between power and psychology. It is an awareness that psychology itself is powerful and that it plays a role in maintaining and extending existing relations of power. Critical psychology is concerned with both critiquing oppressive uses of psychology and with enabling potentially transformatory forms of practice that disrupt imbalances of power and which have social equality as their goal. The mainstream practice of psychology has attempted to play down its political...
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...The Gestalt psychologists maintained that when people perceive sensory elements their tendency is to see things in terms of the entire form or pattern rather than as individual parts. Identify and describe these basic principles of perceptual organization from the Gestalt perspective: figure-ground, similarity, proximity, and closure. Gestalt psychology was based on the study of perception. Gestalt is a term that means whole. Gestalt physiologists argued that we perceive as a meaningful and complex object, not a series of independent parts. In other words, we perceive any stimulus field as a simplified, balanced, and organized whole. For example, in the perception of letters with missing parts consciousness seeks to fill in this gap, and we recognize the whole letter. The wholeness of perception and its orderliness is achieved through the following principles: figure-ground, similarity, proximity, and closure. Figure-ground is a lot illusions are based on this principle. In a picture we can see either faces or a vase, or either a young or old woman. The illusion is based on gestalt when we focus on the figure from the background. The figure is what comes forward and what make sense for us; the background is what we ignore and what does not come to our consciousness. Similarity is people’s visual perception always tends to classify similar objects the same; therefore, objects with similar characteristics whether size, color, shape, or brightness are perceived as...
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...Basic Concepts and Principles in Psychology Amber Winston Kaplan University PS124 - Unit 3 Assignment 06/02/2015 The video that I chose was Harlow’s Monkey Experiment. Harlow was a Psychologist who provided an understanding of human behavior and development. Harlow used the social behavior of monkeys for an attachment deprivation. Harlow believed the monkey study demonstrated that the need for affection created a stronger bond between mother and infant more than physical needs (food). Social development begins at birth as a child forms an attachment (a strong emotional bond) with the primary caregiver, usually the mother. In Harlow's initial experiments, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at six to twelve hours after birth and were raised instead with substitute or "surrogate" mothers made either of heavy wire mesh or of wood covered with cloth. Both mothers were the same size, but the wire mother had no soft surfaces while the other mother was cuddly covered with foam rubber and soft cloth. Both mothers were also warmed by an electric light placed inside them. Even when the wire mother was the source of nourishment (and a source of warmth provided by the electric light), the infant monkey spent a greater amount of time clinging to the cloth surrogate. These results led researchers to believe the need for closeness and affection goes deeper than a need for warmth. This experiment was just an example of how a human infant or child needs love and affection...
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...Incorporation of Community Psychology Principles at Yonsei Language Exchange Jae-ho Kim Yonsei University Fall, 2013 Incorporation of Community Psychology Principles at Yonsei Language Exchange Yonsei Language Exchange is an agency associated with the cultural exchange program offered by The Office of International Affairs at Yonsei University and the Global Lounge Student Committee known as Yonsei Global (“Language Exchange,” 2012). Their headquarters are located in the Global Lounge at the Sinchon Campus of Yonsei University. It was founded exactly one decade ago in 2003 by Lee Seung Chan. The program initially received participants in multiples of 10. However, the organization has now blossomed into a popular program attracting an average of 700 to 800 applicants per semester. The current president of the agency is Hee Yeun, a Yonsei University student. She has maintained her position for four and half semesters, which is equivalent to about two and a half years. President Hee Yeun works alongside with two other co-workers. Although the program consists of a small team, there is a lot of responsibility and work that goes along with the success of the agency. Yonsei Language Exchange starts at the beginning of every semester. However, preparation begins weeks in advance. The LE president and her two co-workers begin sending out applications via email to accepted exchange students three weeks before the semester starts in order to have sufficient time for...
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...Gestalt Psychology Reflection Jessica Flatequal PSY/310 11/09/2015 University of Phoenix Major contributors of Gestalt Psychology were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler. The main observations, questions, and principles characteristics from Gestalt Psychology became part of every American Psychologists mental equipment. Mark Wertheimer wrote a paper on phi motion in 1912, which was known to start Gestalt Psychology. Throughout this paper I will review the main contributing events in Gestalt Psychology and its influences in America. Contributions Gestalt contributed to therapy known as Gestalt therapy which focuses on raising individuals boundaries, needs, and sensory. This therapy helps contribute to one’s own self-worth. Gestalt has always focused on whole rather than individuals. Gestalt psychology focuses on human experiencing psychological events as a whole. Wertheimer shifted his interest from law to philosophy and psychology. He had an influence on other things besides the school of thought such as sensation and perception. Kurt Koffka main interest of study was colors such as the difference of color with short and long wave lengths. As a professor at Smith College where he studied the principles of Gestalt, concentrating on focusing and memory. Wolfgang Kohler worked side by side with Werheimer and Koffka at the University of Frankfurt where he studied perceptual ideas through...
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...Jason Sapir Ethics Awareness Inventory Personal ethics in psychology The American Psychology Association (APA) has set standards for psychologist to follow while practicing, practicing psychology is a commitment to increase professional knowledge of behavior and scientific knowledge. Psychologist uses his or her gained knowledge to assist individuals in understanding themselves and to improve conditions of society, organizations, and themselves (O’Hanlon, 2006). Commitment to society to develop choices concerning human behavior and informed judgments, practicing this in psychology will require many roles, educator, therapist, consultant, and researcher (O’Hanlon, 2006). Principles in psychology are important in safe guarding the rights of the individual interacting with the psychologist, if a conflict occurs attempts to resolve the conflict with a responsible solution that does the least harm to the client. Psychologists display professional and scientific judgment that affects the lives of others, they guard against political factors, financial, personal, and social factors that have the potential to misuse of the psychologists influence (O’Hanlon, 2006). The Code of Ethics in psychology is a guideline for psychologist providing guidance and standards of professional conduct. Psychologist while practicing use these...
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...7. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Abstract It is believed that the school of functionalism was first established in 1896 by the publication of John Dewey’s article “The Reflex Arc in Psychology. Functionalism can be defined as a broad school, which focuses on the function of the mind and mental processes, as opposed to the structure of the mind. The school also focuses on how behaviour allows individual adjustment to the environment (Hergenhahn, 2009). The purpose of this essay is to highlight the importance of knowing how the school originated and the basic principles such as; stream of consciousness, habit and instincts, the self and emotions, which shape what functionalism is today. Furthermore it is important to recognise the substantial contributions functionalism made to the broader psychology field such as; applied psychology, memory and behaviourism. Moreover it is important to acknowledge that introspection was the main approach many functionalists perceived to be authentic. Although a further recommendation for research could be how society’s fixation on technology influences an individual’s mind and body in regards to adaptation to the environment. Functionalism: Historical origin, principles and contributions to the field of Psychology Functionalism is an approach that has not been defined with clarity (Hergenhahn, 2009). Although Hergenhahn...
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...Applying Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology utilizes scientific methodology to get a better understanding of people behavior who works in organizational settings. Organizational psychology has principles to help employees understand the behavior of the people working in organizational settings (Jex & Britt, 2008). The knowledge obtained from organizational psychology helps organizations to become more effective. Organizations are defined through defining characteristics, behavior patterns, and structures imposed on the perspective applicants. This paper will contain discussion of these principles within the recruitment process from both organizational and applicant perspectives along with how organizational psychology principles is used in the recruitment process, organizational socialization concept, and applying organizational psychology to organizational socialization. This paper gives personal insights of how they relate to work experiences. Organizational and Applicant Perspective of Recruitment Process According to Taylor and Bergmann (2006), organization’s recruitment process is toward green production. Employees and organization receive benefits that attract ideal employees because organizational recruitment has affected the reactions applicants have towards organizations and the job attributes associated with the positions such as salary and organizations locations. Organizational perspective of the recruitment process is that behavior...
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...Industrial Organizational Psychology Paper Edward Oliver, Jr. 435/ Industrial Organizational Psychology May 23, 2012 Dr. Keisha Pou Industrial Organizational Psychology Paper In the 21st century various companies in the United States and internationally have used Industrial Organizational Psychology (I/O) in the workplace. For example, AT&T use extrinsic rewards programs to motivate their sales representative to increase sell volumes at each mobility center. Kaiser Permanente also has extrinsic rewards if the departments in the faculties have a high score in customer service they receive an expenses paid vacation to an exotic island in the Bahamas or Caribbean. In this paper the author will identify the evolution of Industrial/Organizational psychology, the difference of Industrial/Organizational psychology and other disciples of psychology, the use of Industrial/Organizational psychology in companies, and the role of Industrial/Organizational psychology in research and statistics. The evolution of Industrial/Organizational Psychology According to Spector (2008), the evolution of I/O psychology begins in the twentieth century, which started in the late 1800s. The two psychologists responsible for I/O psychology is Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott both of these...
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...Organizational Psychology Chasity Roush PSYCH/570 August 11, 2014 Instructor: Michelle Seyfarth Organizational Psychology The field of psychology was established over one hundred years and is concerned with human behavior. Psychology, over the course of time, has developed into many different fields that are growing and presenting in depth focuses on certain aspects of human behaviors in the workplace known as organizational psychology. Organizational psychology is the application of existing scientific knowledge and psychological principles to organizations (Van Knippenberg, 2011) and has significant growth over the last one hundred years. The health of the organization, the interests and concerns of the employees within an organization, and how organizations succeed as a whole are motivating factors behind organizational psychology. Through scientific application, studying employee attitudes and behaviors, evaluating company standpoints, and teaching leadership skills, organizations can increase organizational success and focus on increasing workplace productivity. Assessments of psychical and mental behaviors of employees within organizations provide useful information for organizational psychologists to evaluate the health of the workplace. Organizational psychologists can facilitate responses to issues and problems involving employees by serving as advisors and middle men for different areas of the organization...
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...PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Chapter 13 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Section 1: The Psychology of Motivation Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger Section 3: Psychological Needs Section 4: Emotions 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 13 Section 1: The Psychology of Motivation PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What are the four theories of motivation? FOUR THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Instinct Theory – behavior patterns are genetically transmitted Drive Reduction Theory – people act to reduce drives and their associated tensions Humanistic Theory – people act out of the desire for growth and fulfillment beyond basic survival needs Sociocultural Theory – individual needs and motives are influenced by culture and society 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 13 Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the hunger drive, and what are the causes of obesity? HUNGER DRIVE The hunger drive is the urge to eat arising from the need to supply the body with food. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Chapter 13 Section 2: Biological Needs: Focus on Hunger PSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE Question: What is the hunger drive, and what are the causes of obesity? CAUSES OF OBESITY Biological – obesity seems to run in families and genes help determine the number of fat cells a person has Psychological – people tend to eat more when they are under stress or...
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...Ethics Awareness Inventory Ethics is a set of standards that a person holds as value. Hogan (2007) maintains, “Ethics deals with what one should or should not do, according to principles or norms of conduct” (p. 584). The following addresses five points. The first point depicts the results of the ethic awareness inventory (EAI) of this author. Second, discusses the function and relevancy of personal ethics in relation to psychology, principles, and the Code of Conduct. Third addresses how this author intends to apply psychological principles to personal, spiritual, social, and organizational issues. Fourth focuses on how ethics affects psychological knowledge and principles in relation to personal growth, health, and development. The last point investigates the advantages of psychology, and the role ethics play in the pursuit of a degree in psychology. Results of the Ethic Awareness Inventory The ethic awareness inventory provides an understanding of the ethic style of an individual and challenges this person face working with different ethical perspectives. The scoring process of the EAI includes four categories of character, obligation, results, and equity. The results for the EAI of this author for each category includes a scoring rate for character as a 9, obligation was a four, results included the score of -2, and equity produced a score of -11 (The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management, 2008). The character score illustrates a high regard to elements...
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...Applying Organizational Psychology April 28, 2014 Applying Organizational Psychology The purpose of this paper is to describe how the principles of organizational psychology can be applied to organizational recruitment and socialization. The author will discuss the recruitment process from an organizational and applicant perspective. The author will describe how the principles of organizational psychology can be used in the recruitment process. The author will describe the concept of organizational socialization. Lastly, the author will explain how the principles of organizational psychology can be applied to organizational socialization. Recruitment Process from an Organizational and Applicant Perspective During the recruitment process an organizations goal is to gather enough qualified candidates so that they can see who best fits their business, will be a productive employee, and have longevity at the company (Jex & Britt, 2008). The recruitment process is not closely related to organizational psychology, as much as it is to socialization. This is because a successful recruitment process will result in employees being more socialized, and fitting in with the culture of the company (Jex & Britt, 2008). During the recruitment process candidates are not randomly selected, but instead there is planning to it and candidates are picked based upon a strategic planning. Candidates are chosen based upon several factors, which are how...
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...purpose of the measure (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2013). The inventory makes it known that ethical decision-making consists of three different tasks, such as awareness, articulation, and application. I must disagree that any exclusion of the last task would disprove any discussion of the first two. The goal of the inventory is to identify the significant belief structures that guide our ethical decisions. It also assumes that this is just the beginning that concludes in the application of ethical decision-making. Questions in the measure were made up of partial statements followed by four complete statements. Participants were asked to finish each statement with a most liked statement and a least liked statement. Ethical justifying principles change focus as of late from personal character to organizational ethics. The primary focal point of this change is “the misuse of power and discretion by individuals performing organizational roles” (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2013). The client-patient association in psychological therapy or clinical practice is the creation of ethical guidelines with the possibility for abuse of control and lack of attention to discretion. The...
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